ch 17: prokaryotes: bacteria & archaea
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch 17: Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea
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Prokaryotic cell (from Wikipedia)
Fimbriae/
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Bacterial conjugation: moving DNA to another cell
Folded “extra” plasma membrane
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Endospore = Spore
only a few bacteria can make these
bacilli
cocci
spirals & vibrios
Most common shapes
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Most common reproduction - binary fission
copy chromosome (DNA)
continue to grow until big enough to split
Organism Nutrition
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Organism Nutrition
Organism Nutrition
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Domain Bacteria = Kingdom Bacteria
early step in identification
peptidoglycan in cell walls
a lot = Gram +
a little = Gram -
Gram- P: Proteobacteria: chemoheterotrophic animal gut inhabitants
Escherichia coli
Salmonella Yersinia
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more P: Proteobacteria: chemoheterotrophic symbiotic nitrogen-fixers
Rhizobium
root nodules
(tip of a root hair)
more P: Proteobacteria: photosynthesizers
Purple non-sulfur bacteria
(photoheterotrophic) eg: Rhodospirillum
Purple sulfur bacteria
(photoautotrophic)
eg: Chromatium
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more P: Proteobacteria: chemoheterotrophic plant pathogens
Agrobacterium
Other examples:
Pseudomonas syringae, P. cepacia (some other pseudomonads are not plant pathogens)
causes “crown gall”
more P: Proteobacteria: other human pathogens
Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease)
Francisella (Tule fever)
Neisseria
- gonorrhea, - meningitis
Rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
(brucellosis)
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more P: Proteobacteria: other chemoheterotrophs Spirillum
Vibrio Flashlight fish (with bioluminescent Vibrio)
And a few chemoautotrophs: Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas
Gram -
P: Chloroflexi = green non-sulfur bacteria
(photoheterotrophs)
eg: Chloroflexus
Gram -
P: Chlorobi = green sulfur bacteria
(photoautotrophs)
eg: Chlorobium
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Gram - P: Cyanobacteria
photoautotrophs Anabaena
heterocyst
phycocyanin phycoerythrin
Anabaena fern
Accessory pigments
“green manure” symbiosis
N fixation
more P: Cyanobacteria
Spirulina
Prochloron
symbiosis with tunicates
Nostoc
Prochlorococcus Synechococcus
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more P: Cyanobacteria
Lyngbya
Trichodesmium Oscillatoria
sheath
toxic
† Microcystis
Gram- P: Spirochaetes human pathogen examples Borrelia burgdorferi
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Gram- P: Chlamydiae human pathogen examples
Gram + P: Actinobacteria chemoheterotophs
Streptomyces
Frankia N fixation
Brevibacterium
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Bacillus
B. anthracis (mammal pathogen)
B. thuringensis, B. popilliae (makes natural insecticide)
Gram + P: Firmicutes
more P: Firmicutes
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
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Lactobacillus
more P: Firmicutes Mycoplasma
Staphylococcus Streptococcus
Domain Archaea = Kingdom Archaea = archaebacteria (older)
pseudomurein cell walls (instead of peptidoglycan)
extremophile examples:
methane-producers, temperature, salt, acid
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Thermoplasma
P: Euryarcheota
Methanobacterium Halobacterium
Pyrodictium
P: Crenarcheota Sulfolobus
Thermoproteus
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Known only from environmental samples
3-4 known phyla
& Nanoarcheota ?
(at least 1 more phylum is being discussed)
In 2015, a surprise