ch. 2 first farmers ag rev
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Two: First Farmers The Revolutions of Agriculture
10,000 BCE – 3000 BCE
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Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
10000 BCE – 3000 BCEWarmer and wetter climate and New Plants
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The Fertile
Crescent
The Cradle of
Civilization
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Why the fertile crescent?
Environment and ResourcesNot all food is equal (plants and animals)
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2 Parts
Neolithic Revolution(~9000 BCE – 3000 BCE)
1. Systematic Agriculture (female led?)
2. Animal Domestication (male led?)
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Wild
Systematic Agriculture
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Domesticated
Wild
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banana watermelon eggplant carrot
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The Agricultural Revolution marked a decisive turning point in human history. What
evidence might you offer to support this claim, and how might you argue against it?
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What caused the Agricultural Revolution?
•Accident (the bathroom theory)
•Necessity (resource scarcity, climate change, animal migration, etc.)
•Population pressures (supply vs numbers)
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Agricultural origins around the globeNot everywhere at the same time1. 9000-7000 BCE2. 6500-5000 BCE3. 3000-2000 BCE4. 3000-2000 BCE5. 3000-2000 BCE6. 2000-1000 BCE
Southwest AsiaChina
Sub-Saharan AfricaMesoamericaAndes RegionEast. N. America
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Commonalities Variations
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First domestications - Fertile CrescentPlants
• Wheat– Self pollinating and
easy to store
• Barley• Lentils• Chickpeas• Flax• Figs
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Rice (China) 6500-5000 yahigh yields, but requires lots of human involvement
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First domestications - Fertile CrescentAnimals• Dogs•Goats• Sheep• Cattle• Pigs
What can animals do for you?
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Horse 1st domesticated 4000-3500 BCE
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New Diseases From Animals
Small PoxInfluenza Measles
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The Axis Theorywhy is horizontal spread more effective?
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Americas lacked Afro-Eurasian cereal grainsTeosinte vs. Maize/Corn
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Humanity’s first genetic engineered crop
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Wild wheat not that different from domesticated
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Independent Development and Global Diffusionsome resisted, some conflict between groups
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Why did some Neolithic peoples (Americas) advance slower than
others (Afro-Eurasia)?
It is always nice to have “better stuff” and be connected to others
***Some resisted, and some conflict between groups
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Horse vs. Llama
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The Axis Theorywhy is horizontal spread more effective?
Have you ever heard of the Silk Roads?
What is the “Silk Road” of the Americas called?
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Cultural Diffusion
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Ethnocentrism(The Dark Side of Cultural Diffusion)
Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group
Using your culture to draw conclusions about others
Why could this be bad?
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“the result was a long series of
collisions between the
haves and have nots of history”
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Example:The Bantu
3000BCE
absorbed, killed,
infected, or displaced as they spread
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Neolithic Cultures
Pastoral Societies (Herders)
Agricultural Village Societies
Agricultural Chiefdoms
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Characteristics ofPastoral Societies
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Characteristics ofAgriculture Village Societies
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Çatal Hüyük (Turkey) 7500-5700 BCE
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Skara Brae (Scotland) 3180 BCE–2500 BCEEurope's most complete Neolithic village
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Characteristics ofAgricultural Chiefdoms
Cahokia 1100 CE, near modern St. Louis, Missouri
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Effects of the Neolithic Revolution• Food surpluses• Population Increase– Hunter Gatherers = avg kids every 5 years (infanticide)– Domesticated = avg every 2 years
• Specialization of labor (effects?)• Class divisions and formation of Govt–What does government do? What do they take?
• Shorter life expectancy (all eggs in one basket)
• Impact on the environment
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We have become dependent on this specialization of labor (for better or worse)
What happens when crops fail? How many of you could survive?
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2 Final Famous Neolithic Examples
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Ötzi The Iceman ~3300 BCEDiscovered In 1991 In The Alps
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Stonehenge Megalith ~2500
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Was the Agricultural Revolution inevitable?
Why did it occur so late in the story of humankind?