1. Chapter 2

2. What does biology have to do with psychology? Everything psychological is simultaneously biological . Reciprocal relationship between biology and behaviors and mental processes. Chemistry Electrochemical Hormonal Genetics

3. What is the nervous system? Electrochemical communication system Gathers and processes/integrates information Produces responses to stimuli Coordinates working of cells Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Neurons Sensory information in, processing, commands out

4. How is the nervous system organized? Parasympathetic (Calming) Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic (Voluntary) Autonomic (Involuntary) Sympathetic (Arousing) Brain Spinal Cord

5. What do the different branches do? CNS Brain Spinal cord PNS Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic

6. How do the different branches communicate? Electrochemical impulses Specialized cells Neurons send, carry, receive messages Glial cells provide support to neurons, maintain neural environment

7. What does a neuron look like?

8. What else is involved in neural communication? Glial cells Oligodendrocytes brain Schwann cells body Nerves clusters of axons Myelin Neurilemma membrane Only in PNS

9. How do these cells communicate? Resting potential Semipermeable membrane Negative ions inside Positive ions outside Action potential Threshold, all-or-none principle Reverse charge

10. What stimulates communication? Neurotransmitters chemical messenger Synaptic vesicles sacs of neurotransmitters Receptor sites binding site on receiving cell Neuron or muscle/gland Synapse junction between two neurons

11. Neural Communication

12. Neural Communication

13. What happens after the neuron fires? Cleaning up the synapse Reuptake sucks NTs back up into the pre- synaptic neuron Enzymes break down NTs in the synapse

14. What prevents neurons from firing all the time? Excitatory synapse Inhibitory synapse Multiple synapses with each cell Effect is based upon combination

15. What are the different neurotransmitters? Acetylecholine (Excitatory) Skeletal muscle Memory, arousal, attention Glutamate (Excitatory) Learning, memory Synaptic plasticity

16. What are the different neurotransmitters? GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid; Inhibitory) Inhibit neural communication Maintain Serotonin (Excitatory or Inhibitory) Produced in brain stem Sleep, mood, appetite

17. What are the different neurotransmitters? Dopamine (Excitatory or inhibitory) Movement (Parkinsons) Pleasure/reward (learning, motivation) Mood Endorphins (Neural peptide) Analgesic Endogenous opiods

18. Can substances act like neurotransmitters? Agonists drugs that mimic or increase effect of neurotransmitter Binds to receptor and activates Antagonists drugs that block the effect of the neurotransmitter Blocks receptor/absorption Abuse and withdrawal

19. What controls our body? CNS Brain Spinal Cord Purposes Processing/integration of information Decision making Commanding other systems

20. Sensory nerve root (Carries information in) Motor nerve root (Carries commands out) White Matter (Axons, carry information to/from brain) Gray matter (cell bodies)

21. Can the spinal cord work independent from the brain? Pain - Reflex Arc Sensory neurons carry sensory information to the spinal cord Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons Motor neurons carry commands out to muscles/glands

22. What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? All parts of the nervous systems other than the brain and spinal cord Somatic nervous system senses and voluntary movement Autonomic nervous system organs, glands, involuntary muscle movement

23. What makes up the somatic nervous system? Sensory pathway all incoming sensory information Motor pathway commands to skeletal muscles

24. What are the branches of the autonomic nervous system? Sympathetic arousal, threat Parasympathetic restore/maintain normal functioning Cooperative systems

25. What do the two systems do to the body? Sympathetic Parasympathetic Dilates pupils Contracts pupils Increased Heart Rate Decreases heart rate Activates sweat glands Deactivates sweat glands Stimulate release of stress hormones Signal adrenals to stop releasing stress hormones Increased respiration Slows respiration Inhibits digestion and excretion Activates digestion and excretion

26. Why are we talking about hormones? Hormones chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands Travel within the bloodstream Affect muscles, organs, glands, and brain activity Slower but longer lasting action

27. What are the major glands and hormones? Pituitary Gland master gland Adrenal Glands Stress response Epinephrine & Norepinephrine sympathetic arousal Cortisol stimulates release of glucose (brain) and fatty acids (muscles) to provide energy during stress response

28. Through what path does a stress response occur? Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary Pituitary stimulates adrenal glands Adrenal cortex releases stress hormones that increase metabolic activity (fight or flight response)

29. Are there other important glands? Pineal Gland melatonin Thyroid Gland thyroxin, metabolism Pancreas insulin and glucagons, regulates blood sugar Gonads sexual behavior and reproduction

30. What are the different parts of the brain? Hindbrain Limbic system Cerebrum

31. Cerebrum Limbic System Hindbrain

32. What are the different parts of the hindbrain? Medulla Pons Reticular formation Cerebellum

33. What are the functions of the medulla? Spinal cord entry Heart rate Breathing,Waking, Swallowing Sensory crossover

34. What is the purpose of the pons? Links cerebellum and cortex Motor nerves crossover Coordinates movements of left and right sides of the body Sleep, dreaming, arousal

35. Pons Medulla

36. What is the purpose of the reticular formation? Network of neurons that go from the spinal cord to the cortex Alertness, arousal Selective attention

37. What is the purpose of the cerebellum? Involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement (e.g., sitting upright, balance) Coordinates voluntary rapid muscle movements (e.g., typing) Reflexes, skills, habits

38. Cerebellum Reticular Formation

39. What are subcortical structures?

40. What makes up the limbic system? Amygdala Emotional control and expression, emotional memories, fear, recognition of emotions

41. What makes up the limbic system? Hippocampus Memory storage, acquiring new memories, organizing memories, learning

42. Amygdala & Hippocampus

43. What makes up the limbic system? Thalamus Sensory relay station (except smell)

44. What makes up the limbic system? Hypothalamus Eating, drinking, sex, emotion, stress, sleep, body temp, fear, endocrine system

45. Thalamus & Hypothalamus

46. What makes up the limbic system? Basal Ganglia Coordinates voluntary muscle movement with cerebellum and cortex (inhibition)

47. Basal Ganglia

48. What is the cortex? The outermost layer Higher order functions Executive functioning thoughts, planning Association areas connects sensory info and memory

49. How is the cerebrum divided? Hemispheres (Left & Right) Corpus Collosum Lobes Occipital Frontal Temporal Parietal

50. What do the different lobes do? Lobe Functions and areas Occipital Primary visual cortex - Processes visual information that comes in from the eyes Visual association cortex helps identify and make sense of visual information Parietal Somatosensory cortex receives sensory information from skin & muscles (touch, temperature, pressure) Temporal Primary auditory cortex & auditory association area processing and making sense of auditory stimuli Frontal Higher mental functions planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making, language, control of emotions Motor cortex controls voluntary muscle movements

51. Are the two halves different? Both hemispheres work in tandem Left side: language (ability to produce meaningful sounds/gestures), analytical processing (bit by bit) Right side: Holistic processing (global patterns) Creative and integrative/fluid processing

52. Can the brain change? Plasticity rewiring, recovery Lateralization does not mean that the other side cant do it if it needs to Can train the brain

53. Plasticity

54. Conclusion Biologically, behaviors are influenced by a combination of Neurotransmitter levels Brain functioning/structures Hormones Biology + environment + personal + cognition = behavior