ch 22 the sun & it’s solar system
DESCRIPTION
Ch 22 The Sun & It’s Solar System. http://www.brainpop.com/science/space/sun/index.weml. I. Safe Methods for Studying the Sun. Spectroscope Solar Telescope Satellites. 1. Spectroscope. Chemical composition Temperature Internal Pressure. 2. Solar Telescopes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ch 22 The Sun & It’s Solar System
http://www.brainpop.com/science/space/sun/index.weml
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I. Safe Methods for Studying the Sun
1. Spectroscope2. Solar Telescope3. Satellites
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1. Spectroscope
a. Chemical compositionb. Temperaturec. Internal Pressure
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2. Solar Telescopes Projects a large image of the
sun into a dark underground room
Uses special glasses for viewing
Ex. Kitt Peak National Observatory in AZ
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3. Satellites
1. SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory): Study Sun-Earth Connection, launched in 1996
2. YOHKOH Spacecraft (designed to study the Sun’s Corona, launched in 1991):
3. ULYSSES in a polar orbit over the sun
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Solar Max to Solar Minimum
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B. Properties of the Sun
1. Average size star2. Diameter = 1,380,000 Km3. Surface Temp = 55000C4. Interior Temp = 15,000,0000C
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C. The Sun’s Atmosphere
3 Regions Photosphere Chromosphere Corona
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1. Photosphere
Apparent bright yellow surface of the sun
Area of Sunspots Made of Granules
Granules- the tops of individual columns of gases
Gases rise from region below the photosphere
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2. Chromosphere Above Photosphere Lower part of the outer
atmosphere Seen only during a solar eclipse Colored Red by glowing Hydrogen Radiates mostly X-rays & UV Area of prominences
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3. Corona
Above Chromosphere
So sparse in gas it would be considered a vacuum on Earth
Seen during a total solar eclipse as a faint, pearly light
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D. Solar Features1. Sunspots- Dark, cooler areas on
the photosphere that occur in cycles Dark center called an umbra Lighter rim called penumbra
Occur in pairs of opposite magnetic charge, like a bar magnet
Appear to move from left to right across the photosphere
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2. Solar Prominences Huge loops of gas
that connect different parts of sunspot regions
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3. Solar Flares Sudden eruption of heated
hydrogen & energy around the area of a sunspot (a prominence that has exploded)
Directly correlated to sunspot # (#of sunspots ,# of solar flares)
Source of Solar wind bursts http://www.trschools.com/staff/g/cgir
tain/flare1.mpg
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4. Solar Wind Constant stream
of electrically charged particles coming from the corona
Given off in all directions
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5. Coronal Holes
Great tears in the Corona
May extend halfway around the sun
Do not close for several months
Source of solar winds
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6. Auroras Northern Lights = Aurora Borealis Particles of solar winds interacting
with Earth's Magnetic Field & upper atmosphere
Mostly occur in Earth's polar regions
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7. Magnetic Storms When particles thrown out by coronal
holes & solar flares are added to the constant solar winds
Auroras may be seen at middle latitudes
Compasses may read incorrectly Cellular & cordless telephone
reception may be interrupted May interfere with radio frequencies
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Sun Spots to Auroras
Aurorasv is ib le a t p o les
Aurorasv is ib le a t lo we r la t itu d es
M agnetic Stormso ccur
Solar W indb u rsts p ro du ced
Solar Flaresin c re a se
Sunspot# in c re a ses
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E. Source of the Sun’s Energy
E=mc2 Matter can be converted to energy &
vice versa Fusion Reactions: Hydrogen that
doesn’t become Helium becomes Energy
5 Billion years of fuel left in the sun Core is only place on sun where
temp, density & pressure are all great enough to sustain nuclear fusion.
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II. Observing the Solar System Solar System includes:
1. 8 Planets 2. Many Natural Satellites (moons) 3. Asteroids, Meteoroids, Comets
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Solar System Cont’4. All of the planets travel in elliptical
orbits (paths around the sun) 5. 5 planets can be seen without a
telescope Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn
6. Meteors can also be seen
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B. Planets & Stars
1. Position of planets related to constellations changes constantly
2. Planets move through the Ecliptic (path through the Zodiac Constellations)
3. Most planets move eastward, night after night through the sky
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Retrograde Motion
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C. Retrograde motion Apparent westward loop of a planet
in its path across the sky Occurs because each planet travels
around the sun at different speeds Planet appears to move backward
when the Earth overtakes it. The more distant the planet is the
slower it changes
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D. Solar System Models
1. Heliocentric Sun centered model of solar system
Present day model Developed by
Copernicus (1473-1543)
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2. Geocentric
Earth centered system Developed by Ptolemy 140 AD
a. epicycles- small orbit of a planet b. deferent- large orbit of planets around the Earth
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III. Motions in the Solar SystemA. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) 1st Long Term Sky Observations (20 years
worth) Supported geocentric model Believed Sun & Moon revolved around Earth Thought other planets revolve around sun Several versions, some have Earth rotating Recognition of failure of Ptolemy's model
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B. Johannes Kepler Inherited Tycho's
work
Supported Heliocentric Model
Designed 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
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3 Laws of Planetary Motion 1st Law - Planets travel in elliptical
orbits with the sun as the focus a. Aphelion - pt. in planet's orbit where it is furthest from the sun b. Perihelion - pt. in planet's orbit nearest the sun
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2nd Law Equal Area Law
a. Speed of a planet around the sun is not constant
b. Planets travel more rapidly when closer to the sun
http://home.cvc.org/science/kepler.htm
http://www.sciencejoywagon.com/physicszone/lesson/03circ/keplers.htm
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3rd Law is the Harmonic Law The time it takes a planet to travel
one orbit around the sun = its period P2=D3 P is the period measured in years & D
is distance in AU (astronomical units) The further a planet is from the sun,
the longer its revolution
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C. Galileo
1. 1st Astronomer with a telescope2. Drew craters he observed on the
surface of the moon3. Discovered 4 largest moons of
Jupiter4. His findings supported the
heliocentric model of the solar system
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D. Sir Isaac Newton Universal Law of Gravitation:
Change in Force = 1 d2
Gravity & Distance are inversely correlated
Gravity & Mass are directly correlated
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Newton’s Worka. Force of gravity between any 2 objects
is related to the distance between the objects & the masses of the two objects
b. Calculated the mass of planets from dimensions of orbit
c. Thought tides were caused by force of moon as it revolves around Earth
d. Used gravity to explain the long orbit of comets & proved they are a part of the solar system
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VI. Other Objects in the Solar System
A. Asteroids - large piece of rock in space; largest is Ceres, then Pallas
B. Escape Velocity- minimum velocity needed to escape the gravitational pull of a planet, moon, or asteroid
http://www.spaceweather.com/Scroll down for near Earth misses
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ASTEROID FLYBY On March 3rd,2003 a 25-meter wide asteroid,
2003 DW10, flew past Earth only 1.4 times farther from our planet than the Moon. John Rogers of the Camarillo Observatory captured this image of the 17th magnitude space rock on March 2nd. Rogers tracked the asteroid, not the stars, so 2003 DW10 appears as a point-like speck in the middle of the image. The surrounding stars are streaked. [3D orbit] [ephemeris]
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C. Kuiper Belt
Vast disk of icy comets starting near Neptune’s orbit
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D. Comets- Composed of dust & rock particles
mixed in with frozen water, methane & ammonia; most have very eccentric orbits
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Comet Hyakutake:
Photograph by M.Geyser.
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Parts of a comet:
1. Coma - hazy, melting ice cloud around the solid part of the comet
2. Nucleus - solid ball of the comet3. Tail - formed by the solar winds
pushing away small melting particles; always faces away from the sun
4. Ex. Halley’s, Encke’s, & Hale-Bopp
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Comets
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E. Meteoroids - The small pieces of rock moving
from space; possibly left over from a fully melted comet
F. Meteor - a meteoroid that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere; glows as it is falling
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G. Meteorite - The part of a meteoroid that did not
totally burn up & strikes the Earth, sometimes making a crater (Barringer Crater Az 25,000 yrs ago)
Antarctic ice caps have the most meteorites
Meteor craters are common on moons & some planets, but not on Earth because:1. atmosphere burns Meteors up2. Earth is geologically active & weathering occurs; erases some of the marks