Ch 28 America on the World Stage

1899-1909

Consequences of War

US gets more respect in international circles as world power.

Increases US Nationalism. Helps north and south closer

together; Mahan is vindicated; more

resources poured into Navy. US stuck with Philippines and

far-east entanglement Philippine Insurrection lasted

nearly three years and claimed 4000 American lives.

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

Little Brown Brothers” In The Philippines

Philippines became a US headache.

The Filipinos wanted a deal similar to Cubans

1899 the Filipino’s revolt War of atrocities on both sides. US loses more soldiers and

spends more money fighting against Filipinos than it had in the Span Am war

Filipino army is quickly defeated

Philippine Rebellion Becomes a Vietnam like

guerrilla jungle warfare, Vicious and difficult for

Americans to fight. Anti-imperialist in US

redouble their protests. War finally ends in 1901

when US captures Aguinaldo, but still sporadic guerilla terrorism.

1,500,000 Filipino casualties, disestablishment of the Catholic Church as the state religion, and the introduction of the English language.

Rebuilding Philippines

McKinley appoints a commission.

William Howard Taft. Millions of US dollars poured in

to Philippines to help build the country.

Roads, sanitation, education, public health

Philippines finally get their freedom in 1946 after WWII .

Thousands of Filipinos emigrate to the US.

China

Japan defeats China in 1895.

China weak but filled with huge markets and lush natural resources,

Imperialist powers in Europe and Japan want to exploit China.

begin to carve up into spheres of influence

lease-holds expropriated from China’s weakened government.

Americans become alarmed at what is going on.

Open Door Policy

Sec. of State, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China.

The open door policy stated that all European nations, and the United States, could trade with China.

Boxer Rebellion

In 1900 nationalists known as “boxers” rebelled with the mission to “kill foreign devils.”

Over two hundred missionaries and other whites killed

foreign diplomats were besieged in the capital

A multinational force of 18,000, including 2500 Americans sent to put down the rebellion.

Succeed quickly and relatively easily. US participation is a marked departure

from traditional policy of not becoming entangled in foreign disputes.

Election of 1900

McKinley is renominated easily. He is very popular. Why?

Won a war, Won territory for the US Reestablished the Gold Standard

on firm footing Ushered in economic prosperity.

Republican Platform? Gold Standard, expansionism and

prosperity. McKinley stays on the porch

KICKING TEDDY UPSTAIRS

Teddy Roosevelt a national hero and star.

Easily elected Governor of NY.

NY political machine hated him. He is headstrong - progressive

Scheme to nominate him as VP.

TR doesn’t want the job but got stuck with it.

Election of 1900

Dewey?? Democrats nominate Bryan again He still wants silver! Bryan strategy to make the

campaign one about Imperialism didn’t work well

“7 million Filipino Slaves” McKinley wins by nearly 1 Mill.

votes and 292-155 in the electoral vote.

Is this a mandate for Imperialism?

Election of 1900

TR: Brandisher Of The Big Stick

Six months into his second term, McKinley is assassinated by an anarchist

TR suddenly president to the horror of the conservative, eastern, moneyed arm of the party.

Roosevelt a reformer, but McKinley elected on the idea of standing pat.

TR Bio and Overview

History Channel on TR

Columbia Blocks The Canal

TR was an internationalist. He believed America needed to be engaged in overseas matters.

The Spanish-American War showed need for a canal somewhere in Central America.

Acquisition of Pacific territories. Trade to California and East Defense

TR determined to get Canal Built. Three Problems

Barriers to Building

Legal issues: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850 It bound both parties not to "obtain or maintain" any exclusive

control of the proposed canal. It guaranteed the neutralization of the canal. It stipulated that neither signatory would ever "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America," nor make use of any protectorate or alliance, present or future, to such ends.

Technological issues: French had failed in Panama building sea-level canal.

Mud slides, Yellow Fever. Liver damage, bleeding mouth, eyes,

black vomit Where to Build? Senate ultimately chose Panama

over Nicaragua

Columbia Balks

Panama is a province of Columbia.

America negotiates treaty with Columbian ambassador.

Treaty is very favorable to the US.

Columbian Senate rejects and demands more money.

TR furious.

Uncle Sam Creates Panama Panamanians revolted

Upset by the potential loss of the Canal

French agents of old Canal Company were also displeased.

French agents foment a rebellion and raises a token rebel force.

Panamanians “revolt” 11/3/1903 US warship prevents Columbia

from responding TR quickly recognizes new

Panamanian government and gets treaty for canal

Building the Canal

Canal started in 1904 and finished in 1914.

Huge engineering feat. . George Washington Goethals

Disease is as big a problem as engineering.

William C. Gorgas Canal costs 400 Mill. Canal a symbol of what Americans

could do with daring and use of technology.

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

Roosevelt Corollary

European countries unhappy with many Latin American Nations

Germans attack Venezuela Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe

Doctrine. The corollary stated that not only were

the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.

1905, US invades Dominican Republic.

The Big Stick

Roosevelt On The World Stage

1904 War between Japan and Russia. Japan running out of men and money. Japan secretly approaches TR and

asks him to negotiate a peace treaty. He brings the parties to US and rams

through a treaty TR gets Nobel Peace Prize, but both

Japan and Russian grow hostile to the US.

Japan starts to emerge as a rival to US interests in the far east.

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Japanese Laborers In California

Many Japanese moved to California to farm in the lush valleys.—70,000

Californians were nervous about “Yellow Peril.”

SF Segregates the schools Japanese government protested.

TR got Japanese to secretly agree to limit emigration to US

School board rescinded their segregation policy.

Great White Fleet

TR sends the entire navy battle fleet on a tour of foreign ports, including Japan

Root-Takahira agreement of 1908. Affirmation of the independence and

territorial integrity of China (i.e. the "Open Door Policy" as proposed by John Hay), maintenance of free trade and equal commercial opportunities, Japanese recognition of the American annexation of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the Philippines and American recognition of Japan's position in northeast China.