Ch. 3 & 4

1. Study of demography, language, religion, customs, political systems, economic systems, and culture

2. Culture: beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life

SOCIETY: A CULTURAL GROUP THAT SHARES A GEOGRAPHIC REGION

ETHNIC GROUP: SPECIFIC GROUP THAT SHARES LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS, & COMMON HERITAGE

1. Earth’s population is 6.7 billion2. Population Density varies however (avg # of ppl per sq. mile)

3. Type of land determines where and how ppl live4. When a piece of land reaches its carrying capacity, then the

land can no longer support any additional organisms

BIRTHRATE: # OF LIVE BIRTHS EA. YR PER 1000 PPL

MORTALITY-RATE: # OF DEATHS EA. YR PER 1000 PPL

FERTILITY RATE: AVG. # OF KIDS A WOMAN HAS DURING HER CHILDBEARING YRS (15-45)

INFANT MORTALITY-RATE: # OF DEATHS OF KIDS <1 YR/ 1000 LIVE BIRTHS

This is the population growth rate. All populations have a typical population increase pattern. This diagram shows

that pattern.

This is a graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population. Used to see what type of country it is

economically.

Push Factors are those reasons why someone would leave their homeland and migrate to another country. Pull Factors are the

reasons why that particular country seems appealing.

IMMIGRATION (PPL WHO MOVE INTO A COUNTRY) + BIRTHRATES = EMIGRATION (PPL WHO MOVE OUT OF A

COUNTRY) + DEATH-RATES

URBANIZATION: THE GROWTH OF

CITIES, URBAN GEOGRAPHY – STUDY OF HOW PPL USE SPACE IN CITIES RURAL: COUNTRYSIDE

SUBURBS: BUILT UP AREA AROUND CITIES

METROPOLITAN AREA: CITY, SUBURBS, & THEIR LINKS

1. Residential: where ppl live2. Industrial: used for manufacturing

3. Commercial: used for private business4. Central Business District: core of the city, businesses, housing,

museums, etc

1. Cultural Hearth: where major trait of human culture developed (Mesopotamia)

2. Language: reflects cultural identity, dialects3. Religion: supports a culture’s values

4. Technology: availability and impact5. Social Organization: social class

6. Women & Minorities: often treated as 2nd class citizens

1. Innovations: taking existing technology and resources and creating something new

2. Diffusion: spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior

3. Acculturation: society changes b/c it accepts of adopts an innovation

1. Monotheistic – belief in one god2. Polytheistic – belief in many gods

3. Animistic – traditional, belief in divine forces of nature

When cultures come together through diffusion. Natural blending of cultures.

Repressive governments often try to restrict cultural diffusion and so they limit free speech, free press, free

assembly, what someone can read or watch on TV or the internet

TRADITIONAL ECONOMY: SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES, LITTLE SURPLUS, COTTAGE INDUSTRIES

COMMAND ECONOMY: ECONOMIC DECISIONS ARE MADE BY THE GOVT. (COMMUNISM)

MARKET ECONOMY: FREE ENTERPRISE, CAPITALISM, LAWS OF SUPPLY & DEMAND, GOVT. REGULATIONS

MIXED ECONOMY: SOCIALISM, GOVT. OWNS SOME BUSINESS WHILE PRIVATE INDV. OWN THE REST

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP): TOTAL VALUE OF ALL GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCED BY A COUNTRY IN 1 YR

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP): TOTAL VALUE OF ALL GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCED WITHIN A COUNTRY IN 1 YR

These are materials in the environment that humans use. They can be renewable or non-

renewable

EXAMPLE: SOIL EXAMPLE: WATER

FOSSIL FUELS: COAL, OIL, NATURAL GAS FORMED FROM PLANT AND ANIMAL REMAINS

MINERALS SUCH AS GOLD, SILVER, TIN, COPPER

NUCLEAR ENERGY: PRODUCED BY FISSION, NEEDS URANIUM (LIMITED), CONCERNS OVER RADIOACTIVE WASTE

WATER POWER: FALLING WATER TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY, INCLUDES OCEAN TIDES

WIND POWER: WIND BLOWS TURNING TURBINES & PRODUCE ELECTRICITY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: HEAT FROM THE EARTH IS USED FOR ELECTRICITY

Energy produced by the sun, also used for electricity, nonrenewable b/c the sun will eventually burn out in about

5 billion years

1. Water is renewable, but limited2. 460 million ppl live in water-stressed countries

3. Drought- US donates $532.6 million in food aid for drought stricken countries

4. Irrigation is the biggest consumer of water5. Pollution is another major issue

1. Activities that rely directly upon natural resources2. Ex. Mining, herding, hunting, gathering, fishing, forestry

3. Farming: subsistence farming & commercial farming

1. When ppl use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value

2. Ex. Flour, plywood, electrical power3. Cottage industries – subsistence economies

4. Commercial Industries: clothing, cars, appliances, machinery

1. Activities that serves others 2. Ex. Doctors, lawyers, teachers, judges, hairstylists, mechanics,

restaurants, bankers, insurance companies

1. Activities that focus on the acquisition, processing, & sharing of information

2. Ex. Education, government, information processing, and research

EXPORTS: GOODS SENT OUT OF A COUNTRY

IMPORTS: GOODS BROUGHT INTO A COUNTRY