ch 34 and ch 35. the road to war in europe 1922-fascist benito mussolini seizes power in italy ...
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THE UNITED STATES AND WW2
Ch 34 and CH 35
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The Road to War in Europe
1922-Fascist Benito Mussolini seizes power in Italy
1931-Japanese militarists invade Manchuria, League of Nations powerless to stop, US issues Stimson Doctrine-US would not recognize territorial gains made by force
1932-Japan bombs Shanghai in China 1933-Nazi Adolph Hitler seizes power in
Germany and pulls Germany out of League of Nations, begins rearming Germany
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War in Europe
1935-Mussolini and Italy attacks Ethiopia in Africa, League tries to boycott goods, but not oil
1935-Congress passes first of a series of Neutrality Acts to keep us out of War 1935-banned the US from supplying nations
at war-set up arms embargo 1936-banned loans to such nations 1937-permitted trade with fighting nations for
non-military goods-(Cash and carry policy)
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1936-Rome-Berlin Axis
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1935-1939-Spanish Civil War Fascists under Francisco Franco
versus the Republican government Dress rehearsal for WWII-Nazis
supported Franco and the Soviets supported the Loyalists, US sat on the side
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1937-Japanese launch full scale invasion of China FDR delivers Quarantine Speech in
Chicago
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1936-1938-Hitler and the Germans militarize the Rhineland, annex Austria
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1938-Munich Conference
British appease Hitler after he demands to get the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
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Anti-Semitism
1935-Nuremberg Laws November 1938-Kristalnacht in
Germany May 1939-937 Jewish refugees on
ship St Louis, refused entry into the US
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1939-Non-Agression Pact signed by the Soviets and the Nazis
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Sept 1939-WW 2 Begins
Sept 1939-Nazis invade Poland, WWII starts, Fall of France(1940) and Battle of Britain (Fall 1940), FDR looks for ways to help but is hampered by Neutrality Acts, 1939-Fourth Neutrality Act passed, ended arms embargo, allowed military goods, but forbade ships to enter danger zones
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WW2 1939-1941
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1940-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
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FDR risks releection
May of 1940-FDR orders secret military equipment to the British, kept secret FDR sends the British 500000 rifles, 900 field guns, and 130 million rounds of ammo
Sept 1940-Congress passes draft law by one vote (Selective Service Act)
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“Destroyer-Deal”
FDR by executive agreement sends the British 50 destroyers, US obtains 99 year leases on 8 naval and air bases throughout the world, bases in Newfoundland and Bermuda, US gives “all aid short of war”, touches off huge debate in US, “US has one foot in the war, and the other on a banana peel.”
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Charles Lindbergh and the America First Committee 800000 members, urged isolationism
and an end to the aid for Britain, sympathetic to Nazis
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1940 Election-FDR v. Wilkie FDR runs and wins third term The big issue is interventionism
versus isolationism, both promised aid to the allies, both promised to bolster the nation’s defenses, both agreed to stay out of the war, Wilkie establishes a Bipartisan Foreign Policy
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3rd term!!
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Lend-Lease proposed by FDR Dec 1940, GB out of money and supplies,
proposes US become the “great arsenal of democracy”, permitted FDR to aid any nation without payment whose defense he believed vital to American security, “If you neighbor’s house in on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the fire is out.”
Senator Taft-leading isolationist-“Lending war equipment is a good deal like lending chewing gum. You don’t want it back.” abandonment of neutrality by Congress
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Battle of Atlantic
Spring and Summer of 1941-rages in the Atlantic Ocean as US starts escort duties in the North Atlantic
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Operation Barbarossa
June 1941-Nazis invade the Soviet Union-FDR sends 1 billion in aid to Soviets
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FDR and Churchill-Atlantic Charter
Pledged the US and GB would forgo territorial expansion
affirmed the right of every nation to choose its own form of government
called for freedom of international trade and equal access to raw materials
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Japanese advance
1940-Japanese had invaded in French Indochina
1940-US imposes embargo on Japanese for oil, gasoline, steel, scrap iron
1941-US freezes Japanese assets in US
November 1941-tense negotiations
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Dec 7, 1941-”Day of Infamy” Japanese attack on US Pacific Fleet in
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii US declares war on Japan
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America at War 1941-1945
Koramatsu v United States
Executive order 9066-110,000 Japanese Americans herded into detainment camps-upheld by SCOTUS
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(WPD) War Production Board- managed transition from
nonessential peacetime production to essential wartime production
40 billion bullets 300000 aircraft 76000 ships 86000 tanks 2.6 million machine guns
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(OPI)-Office of Price Administration dealt with inflation with rationing for
essential food items such as butter and meat as well as gasoline
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Selective Service Act and the draft 15 million men served(Army, Navy,
Marines, Coast Guard) and 216,000 women(WACS and WAVES and SPARS)
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Women and the War
Rosie the Riveter-6 million women in work force
Most women still at home as mothers
After war 2/3rds went back home to start having babies
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Financing the War
Taxes-income tax expanded and rates went up to maximum of 90%
Borrowing-huge patriotic bond drives netted billions-
Total cost of victory was more than $330 billion
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War aims
ABC(Americans, British, Canadians)-Agreement
Germany first, Japan second Why-Hitler could knock the Soviets
and British out of the war, Japan could not
America needed to mobilize its vast population and resources before the Germans and Japanese crushed the allies
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Allied Leaders
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American Commanders
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European theater of Operations
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June 6, 1944-DDay
Operation Overlord DDday-2nd front in Normandy, France
opened by American, French, British, and Canadian troops
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Defeating Germany
August-1944-Paris Liberated December 1944-Soviets advancing in
the East
German counterattack-Dec 1944-Battle of the Bulge-0ver 100,000 Americans die
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VE Day-May 8th, 1945
March 1945-Americans reach the Rhine River
April 1945-Americans and Soviets reach Elbe River
April 1945-Soviets reach Berlin April 12, 1945 FDR dies Hitler Commits suicide May 7, 1945-Germany surrenders
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1944 Presidential Election FDR-Democrat-nominated for a 4th term Thomas Dewey-Governor of New York Key Points….. FDR the “forgotten man at the convention” Scramble for the “Vice-Presidency” “Ditch Wallace” Campaign-VP Henry Wallace-New Deal
Liberal FDR settled on Senator Harry S Truman of Missouri FDR won primarily because the war was going well-
Americans wanted continuity 4th term not an issue
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1944 Presidential election
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WW2 in the Pacific
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Early Japanese Advances
Dec. 1941-Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Philippines
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The Philippines
General Douglas Macarthur and 20000 American troops finally surrender to Japanese-leads to Bataan Death march-Mac-“I Shall return”
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Turning Point-Pacific
June 3-6, 1942- Battle of Midway-Turning Point of WW2 in Pacific-carrier based battle
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Island-hopping strategy
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Fight to the death
March 1945-Iwo Jima 4000 Dead Marines 20000 dead Japanese marines
April-June 1945-Okinawa 50,000 American casualties “Kamikazes”
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The Destruction of Japan
March 9-10, 1945-Tokyo Fire Bombing 300 B-29 Superfortresses 250,000 building destroyed, 80,000
dead
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The Manhattan Project
Top secret A-Bomb Program Led by J Robert Oppenheimer July 16, 1945 Trinity Explosion
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Potsdam Conference-Berlin
Truman, Churchill/Atlee, Stalin Ultimatum to Japan to surrender
or face prompt and utter destruction
Post war German plans and no free election in Poland
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A-Bomb
August 6, 1945-Hiroshima-A Bomb August 8-Soviets declare war on
Japan, invade Manchuria August 9, 1945- Nagasaki-A Bomb
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Surrender-VJ Day
August 14, 1945-America accepts Japanese S
September 2, 1945-Surrender on
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay