Ch. 39 NotesThe Stalemated Seventies

Election of 1968Election of 1968A. Nixon and his VP nominee- Spiro Agnew - win.

B. Humphrey runs as Democrat.

C. Wallace as American Independent

southern white racist guy!

(last time one of these runs!!!)

A. Nixon and Agnew win the 1972

Presidential election by a landslide! – (Was it corrupted???)

B. Democrat- Senator George McGovern from South Dakota

(Notice Nixon only lost 1 state!)

Election of 1972Election of 1972

Changes in the Supreme CourtChanges in the Supreme CourtWarren Burger/Burger CourtWarren Burger/Burger Court

1. Shifts from liberal court (Earl Warren, Civil Rights, etc.) to a more conservative court

2. Nixon nominated Warren Burger as chief justice after Earl Warren

3. Nixon placed three other conservatives on the bench also

StagflationStagflation Stagflation:

combination of rising unemployment and inflation (both bad)

2. Large problems with federal deficit, costs of Johnson’s War on Poverty and Vietnam3. August 1971- New Economic Policy/ “NIXONOMICS”- freeze on prices, rent, and wages.

New FederalismNew Federalism

Republican attitude of reducing federal government's role in the economy, and a return of power to the states.

OPECOPEC 1. Organization of

Petroleum Exporting

Countries- countries that got

together to “monopolize oil prices”2. 12 countries made up of Algeria, Angola,

Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

3. Announces a price hike-1973: Oil goes from $3.00 a barrel in the summer to $11.65 a barrel by December (today it is $101.00 a barrel)

Energy Energy CrisisCrisis

1. 1970s- Rising oil costs

became a major cause

of inflation and consumer worry.

2. US has become increasingly dependent on foreign oil since WWII.

3. Oct, 1973- Arab nations cut off oil shipments to the US as punishment for US support of Israel in the new Arab-Israeli war.

4. Price of petroleum shot ups 400%, created shortages in oil, gas, heating, etc.– And we thought Katrina was bad? H

Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental Protection

1. EPA- federal group established in

1970 in response to an oil spill off of the coast of Santa Barbara, Ca. The FIRST Earth Day celebration and continued environmental legislation (air, water, recycling, conservation)

2. Clean Air Act- set air-quality standards and tough emissions guidelines for automakers (1970)

3. Water Quality Act- required oil companies to pay part of clean up costs of oil spills (1972)

4. Endangered Species Act- protect the wildlife of extinction (1972)

Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger1. Nixon’s Secretary of State2. Had advised IKE, JFK, and LBJ3. Later will serve as Reagan’s foreign-affairs

advisor4. Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1973

5. Shared Nixon’s idea of Realpolitick- national interest, rather than ideals such as democracy and human rights- should guide US foreign policy.

Nixon-Kissinger ApproachNixon-Kissinger Approach1. The chief goal of their foreign policy was to

establish a balance of power among the world’s five major powers.

a. United Statesb. Chinac. Japan d. Soviet Unione. Western Europe.(France and Great Britain)

NixonNixon’’s China Visit- Feb. s China Visit- Feb. ‘‘72721. Nixon is perhaps best known

for his China visit.

2. Improved relations with China by lifting trade and travel restrictions

3. The 2 nations worked together to promote peace in the Pacific

4. Nixon proposed the eventual withdrawal of US troops from Taiwan to promote a new policy he was planning regarding Soviet Union.

The Moscow Summit-May The Moscow Summit-May ‘‘7272Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)-

US and SU sign a treaty limiting the number

of continental nuclear weapons- those capable of traveling long distances. 2. These talks actually began in ’69. 3. This did not end the Arms Race, but it

was a small step toward reducing the nuclear threat

4. SU enters into détente- a lessening of military and diplomatic tensions between the countries

Cambodia- Cambodia- ’’69-7069-70

1. Nixon plans to send troops through neutral Cambodia to cut off supply lines of North Vietnamese troops. (because of the Ho Chi Minh trail… remember?)

2. Nixon orders widespread bombing of Cambodia- he and Kissinger keep this a big secret from American people.

3. Nixon feared international uproar over the invasion.4. A revolt overthrows Cambodian leader in March ’70- Nixon’s attitude changes

5. Because the new leader was pro-American, Nixon makes his strategy public. 6. 80,000 US troops enter Cambodia and the North Vietnamese enter too. Cambodia is now under attack….

My Lai Massacre (1968)An attack carried out in March 1968 by the United

States Army on the hamlet of My Lai during the Vietnam War. As many as 500 civilians were killed

during the attack. US soldiers were told that they were to attack the enemy settlement and to be prepared to kill anyone they encountered. As it turned out, only women, children, and elderly

men going about their normal routines were in the hamlet when a platoon entered the area and began herding them into groups to

be executed.

– Many villagers had also been raped and mutilated. Throughout the attack there had been no hostile fire from the village. As a result of My Lai, U.S. soldiers are

now routinely trained to know that orders to kill civilians can and should be disobeyed

NO WONDER AMERICANS WERE PROTESTING the

WAR…

Anti-War Protest IncreaseAnti-War Protest Increase

Pentagon Papers: 1971-New York Times (against the US governments wishes)

begins to publish a collection of secret government documents relating to the war. Causes havoc in the US!!... More protesting… the truth was out

Vietnam Protests Kent State, Ohio• May 4, 1970• 4 shot dead, 11 students

wounded- in a protest rally

Jackson State, MS May 10, 1970

2 dead, 12 wounded

VietnamizationVietnamization1. War strategy of turning over

fighting to South Vietnam and gradually pulling out US troops.

2. Nixon thought this would bring “peace with honor”. He HOPED it would produce a stable anti-communist South Vietnam.

3. When Nixon took office in ’69, troop numbers were 540,000. By ’72 it had dropped to 24,200.

War Powers ActWar Powers Act1. In 1973, seeking to prevent another

“Vietnam”, Congress passes this legislation.

2. This act un-does the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution by reaffirming Congress’s constitutional right to declare war by setting a 60-day limit on the presidential commitment of US troops to foreign conflicts.

Vietnam Peace Accord- cease-fire in Vietnam on January 23, 1973 and by April 29-30, 1975 (2 years later): N. Vietnam captures Saigon (the capital of S.Vietnam), & all U.S. civilians evacuated.

3. Vietnam Vets will

not actually be welcomed

home with the proper

celebration until 1985.

Ending The Vietnam WarEnding The Vietnam War

As the final part of Vietnamization,” leaders met in Paris and officially called a cease fire to

stop fighting in Vietnam,

US soldiers leave

Vietnam finally… now

its up to them…after

involvement under 5 Presidents! Ike, JFK, LBJ, Nixon and Ford!

Chart: Deaths in Vietnam

1960- 1975

WATERGATEWATERGATE1972-19751972-1975

NixonNixon’’s downfalls downfall

BACKGROUND to WATERGATEBACKGROUND to WATERGATE• Nixon plans to run for re-election in 1972, but

his paranoia of others causes him to take measures to ENSURE his re-election.

• The Election is November of ‘72…• Remember the

election map? He

won by a landslide…

Talk about paranoid.

JUNE 13, 1971:JUNE 13, 1971:• The New York Times begins

publishing

THE PENTAGON PAPERSTHE PENTAGON PAPERS;; the Washington Post will soon follow.

Watergate ScandalBreak-in

• JUNE 17, 1972: JUNE 17, 1972: A A Break-in of the DNC headquarters in the Watergate building.

5 men (dressed as plumbers) carrying spy equipment are arrested.

SEPT. 9, 1971:SEPT. 9, 1971:

CREEPCREEP: Committee to Re-Elect the President (Nixon’s campaign people) the name is quite fitting!

THE PLUMBERSTHE PLUMBERS the 5 men (who were dressed like plumbers) were paid “by someone” to burglarize a psychiatrist’s office to find files on the democratic party- (they were linked to Nixon and CREEP)

NOVEMBER 11, NOVEMBER 11, 1972:1972:• Nixon is re-elected in one of the

largest landslides in American political history, taking more than 60% of the vote and crushing the Democratic nominee, Sen. GEORGE GEORGE McGOVERNMcGOVERN of

South Dakota.

SPRING OF 1973:SPRING OF 1973:Washington Post/Deep Washington Post/Deep throat:throat: An anonymous tip from a source known only as “Deep Throat” to the Washington Post newspaper that leads the executive and legislative branches of govt. to investigate Nixon and his people for criminal activities and cover-ups.

MAY, 1973:MAY, 1973:•TELEVISED HEARINGSTELEVISED HEARINGS May,

1973 televised coverage of Senate hearings.

• Americans watch testimony of witnesses and presentation of evidence relating to the criminal charges filed against Nixon and CREEP.

(May, (May, ’’73 cont.)73 cont.)• In June, John Dean (former White House

attorney) directly implicates Nixon in the cover up.

• Another witness comes forward with tape-recorded conversations

• ARCHIBALD COXARCHIBALD COX - prosecutor- demands Nixon turn over the tapes. (Nixon recorded EVERYTHING that went on in the Oval Office- he was sooo paranoid)

• Nixon refuses. He has his secretary “type up the info” instead

OCTOBER OCTOBER 10,1973:10,1973:A CHANGE IN VICE PRES.A CHANGE IN VICE PRES.

Agnew resigns after pleading no contest to charges of tax evasion.

• Republican leader in the House of Representatives- GERALD FORDGERALD FORD - becomes Nixon’s new VP.- HE NEVER GOT 1 VOTE from any American Citizen for Presidential office!!!

OCTOBER 20, OCTOBER 20, 1973:1973:

SATURDAY NIGHT MASSACRE:SATURDAY NIGHT MASSACRE: After 2 government officials refuse to resign rather than fire Cox (the prosecutor), Nixon sends Robert Bork to fire him.

• Many Americans are outraged because 2 gov. officials resigned and 1 was fired on a Sat night while Nixon tried to cover his buttocks!!!

AUGUST 8-9, 1974:AUGUST 8-9, 1974:RESIGNATION & THE RESIGNATION & THE UN-ELECTED PRESIDENTUN-ELECTED PRESIDENT: Nixon

finally agrees to release the tapes. Prove Nixon had directed the Watergate cover-up & authorized illegal activities. Rather than face impeachment, Nixon resigns on Aug. 8,’74. Gerald Ford becomes Pres. On Aug. 9, ’74- He is the only president to not be elected but appointed to the position.

SEPTEMBER, SEPTEMBER, 1974:1974:• PARDON- PARDON- President Ford grants

Nixon a full pardon. He explained that if Nixon were put on trial it would raise questions on both domestic and foreign fronts about our governmental processes and democracy.

Can this possibly be legal? It smells awfully fishy…

Man Lands on the MoonMan Lands on the Moon1. July 16, 1969: Apollo 11 spacecraft leaves Kennedy Space

Center in route to the moon.

2. Astronauts Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

3.July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong leaves the first human footprint on the Moon. (take that, Soviets…ha!)– “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

1. 500,000 Hippies, Doves, Hawks, Gays, Lesbians, Anti-Gays, and even Rednecks attend the 3 day PEACE anti-Vietnam concert in upstate NY.

2. 30 Artists: The Dead, Joan Baez, Crosby/Stills/&Nash, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix…

3. 10 deaths, 2 new babies4. Filth, Hunger, Intoxication, Disorientation, and

Rain…and lots of love, man!

Woodstock: Woodstock: August August ‘‘6969

Twenty-sixth AmendmentTwenty-sixth Amendment1. Ratified on July 1, 1971

2. Voting age is lowered from 21 to 18.

3. If you are old enough to be sent to war- you are old enough to vote!

Title IX (9)Title IX (9)

1. Prohibited sex discrimination in any education program or activity, within an institution receiving any type of Federal financial assistance.

2. Girls, this means your athletic groups get just as much funding as the guys!

VII. Important VII. Important Supreme Court Supreme Court Cases of the Cases of the

’’60s-60s-’’70s70sYou’ve GOT to know

these!!!!

Gideon v. Wainwright 1963Gideon v. Wainwright 1963

States must provide lawyers, at the

public’s expense, for poor

defendants charged with serious crimes. Mr. Gideon

“…you have the right to an attorney, if you cannot afford one, one will be provided to you…”

Escobedo v. Illinois 1964Escobedo v. Illinois 1964

1. Granted the accused

the right to have a

lawyer present during police investigations.

Miranda v. Arizona 1966Miranda v. Arizona 1966

1. Accused persons must be informed of their rights at the time of

2. their arrest.

“You have the right to…”

Roe v. Wade 1973Roe v. Wade 1973

1. Landmark US Supreme Court Case: January 22, 1973: Declared that most

2. Right to choose. Laws against abortion violate a constitutional right to privacy

3. Now decades of debates and it divided the country into “pro-choice” vs “pro-life”

Ford Falling Down Air Force One Stairs

VI. Foreign Affairsa. Presided over the official

end to the Vietnam War Cease fire 1973

South Vietnam falls to communism with the fall of Saigon, April 30, 1975 to North Vietnam control

Helsinki Accords• the Helsinki Accords were pretty

broad, but the one issue that was important to the United States, was the elevation of Human Rights, ...signed by US, USSR, 33 others -

Election of 1976a. [D] Jimmy Carter/Walter Mondale b. [R] Gerald R. Ford/Robert Dole c. Very close election

1. Popular Vote: 40,977,147 to 39,422,6712. Electoral Vote: 297 to 240

d. Jimmy Carter's success in the election of 1976 resulted in large part because he seemed to possess honesty, piety, and a D.C. outsider's skepticism of the federal government

Blue=Carter Green=Ford

Panama Canal

1. Pushed for ratification of a treaty that wouldreturn control of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian gov’ton Dec 31, 1999. (so… we gave it back under Bill Clinton…) (Unpopular - had just one vote more than the required #

for the 2/3rds majority!)

Creation of Dept. of Energya. created as a result of the severe

energy crisis of the 1970sb. Carter called for conservation of

fuel and use of alternative energy sources (sound familiar? Still talkin’)

c. Coal miner’s strike and the nuclear power plant accident at Three-Mile Island near Harrisburg, PA dealt blows to his energy policies

Accident at Three-Mile Island a. March 28, 1979: a nuclear power plant in

Pennsylvania experienced a severe core meltdown in one of the plant’s reactorsb. Despite the scare that radioactivity would spread and damage people nearby, no one received a harmful amount.

c. This accident led the U.S. to reform our nuclear power industry to improve safety!

Camp David Accords 1. Carter invited Egyptian president Anwar

el-Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to the presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland, to discuss peace between the two nations

2. Meeting lasted over 13 days during September, 1978 – was successful!

3. Drafted and signed on March 26, 19794. Other Arab nations rejected the Camp

David Accords

Iranian Hostage Crisis

1. Islamic Revolution in Iran occurred on November 4, 1979

2. America supported shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was

forced to leave Iran3. Shah was very ill with cancer and was admitted to an American hospital

4. Iranians believed that his presence in the U.S. would provide a base for the Shah to reclaim his throne

5. Ayatollah Khomeini, a radical Islamic leader and one

of the Shah’s most vocal opponents, became Iran’s leader and proclaimed Iran an Islamic Republic

Iran Hostage Crisis6. Nov 4, 1979: American embassy in Tehran, Iran was attacked and the American Staff was taken hostage

7. Diplomatic efforts failed, and Carter froze all Iranian financial assets in the U.S.

8. Failed military attempt to rescue the hostages – almost half of the helicopters developed mechanical problems; another crashed (8 U.S. Soldiers died during Operation Eagle Claw, April 1980)

9. HUGE embarrassment to the Carter Administration and the U.S.

Downed American helicopter during

Operation Eagle ClawOperation Eagle Claw – on a mission to rescue the hostages

10. Carter eventually secured the release of the hostages

11. 52 men were held hostage for 444 days – release time was scheduled for January 20, 1980, when Ronald Reagan became the next president

China1. Carter Administration formally recognized the People’s Republic as the sole government of China – led to the establishment of normal relations with Communist China.

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan a. Civil war in Afghanistan secular,

communist gov’t vs. Muslims who wanted a more traditional gov’t that followed the religion

b. Invasion of Soviets: Dec, 1979; began a 9-year conflict claimed they were not invading

the country but were supporting a legitimate government against terrorists. C. The US thought the muslims were a better choice than communism… (can we say stoopid!)

D. of course we all know Afghanistan is still a problem!!! Hellloooo Osama Bin Laden ring a bell?

Boycott Olympics Carter withdrew American participationin the summer Olympicsheld in Moscow as a result of the invasion

[60+ nations boycotted in total]

(USSR retaliated by boycotting the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics…)

SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)

1. Carter attempted to negotiate a SALT II treaty with the Soviets,

but some members of Congress felt it threatened American defense

2. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, all talk of ratifying the treaty was pushed aside