ch 4 aqueous reactions.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Aqueous
Reactions
Chapter 4
Aqueous Reactions andSolution Stoichiometry
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Aqueous
Reactions
Electrolytes
Substances that
dissociate into ions
when dissolved inwater.
Anonelectrolytemay
dissolve in water, but
it does not dissociateinto ions when it does
so.
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Aqueous
Reactions
Electrolytes and
Nonelectrolytes
Soluble ionic
compounds tendto be electrolytes.
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Aqueous
Reactions
Electrolytes and
Nonelectrolytes
olecular
compounds tend tobe nonelectrolytes,
e!cept "or acids and
bases.
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Aqueous
Reactions
Electrolytes
A stron# electrolyte
dissociates completely
when dissolved inwater.
A wea$ electrolyte
only dissociates
partially whendissolved in water.
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Aqueous
Reactions
Stron# Electrolytes Are%
Stron# acids
Stron# bases
Soluble ionic salts
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Aqueous
Reactions
&recipitation Reactions
'hen one mi!es ions
that "orm compounds
that are insoluble (ascould be predicted by
the solubility
#uidelines), a
precipitate is "ormed.
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Aqueous
Reactions
etathesis (E!chan#e) Reactions
etathesis comes "rom a *ree$ word thatmeans +to transpose
-t appears the ions in the reactant
compounds e!chan#e, or transpose, ions
A#N/ (aq)0 1Cl(aq)A#Cl(s)0 1N/ (aq)
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Aqueous
Reactions
olecular Equation
2he molecular equation lists the reactants
and products in their molecular "orm.
A#N/ (aq)0 1Cl(aq)A#Cl(s)0 1N/ (aq)
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Aqueous
Reactions
Net -onic Equation
2o "orm the net ionic equation, cross out anythin#that does not chan#e "rom the le"t side o" the
equation to the ri#ht.
2he only thin#s le"t in the equation are those thin#s
that chan#e (i.e., react) durin# the course o" the
reaction.
2hose thin#s that didn3t chan#e (and were deleted
"rom the net ionic equation) are called spectator ions.
A#0(aq)0 N/(aq)0 10(aq)0 Cl
(aq)
A#Cl(s)0 10
(aq)0 N/
(aq)
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Aqueous
Reactions
'ritin# Net -onic Equations
5. 'rite a balanced molecular equation.
6. 7issociate all stron# electrolytes.
/. Cross out anythin# that remains
unchan#ed "rom the le"t side to theri#ht side o" the equation.
4. 'rite the net ionic equation with the
species that remain.
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Aqueous
Reactions
Acids
2here are only seven
stron# acids8
9ydrochloric (9Cl) 9ydrobromic (9:r)
9ydroiodic (9-)
Nitric (9N/)
Sul"uric (96S4)
Chloric (9Cl/)
&erchloric (9Cl4)
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Aqueous
Reactions
:ases
2he stron# bases
are the soluble salts
o" hydro!ide ion8 Al$ali metals
Calcium
Strontium
:arium
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Aqueous
Reactions
Neutrali;ation Reactions
'hen a stron# acid reacts with a stron# base, the netionic equation is%
9Cl (aq)0 Na9 (aq) NaCl (aq)0 96 (l)
90 (aq)0 Cl (aq)0 Na0 (aq) 0 9(aq)
Na0
(aq)0 Cl
(aq)0 96 (l)
90 (aq)0 Cl (aq)0 Na0 (aq) 0 9 (aq)
Na0
(aq) 0 Cl
(aq) 0 96 (l)
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Aqueous
Reactions
Neutrali;ation Reactions
bserve the
reaction between
il$ o" a#nesia,#(9)6, and 9Cl.
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Aqueous
Reactions
!idationReduction Reactions
An o!idationoccurs
when an atom or ion
loseselectrons. A reductionoccurs
when an atom or ion
gainselectrons.
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Aqueous
Reactions
!idationReduction Reactions
ne cannot occur
without the other.
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Aqueous
Reactions
!idation Numbers
2o determine i" an o!idationreduction
reaction has occurred, we assi#n an
o!idation numberto each element in aneutral compound or char#ed entity.
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Aqueous
Reactions
!idation Numbers
Elements in their elemental "orm have
an o!idation number o"
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Aqueous
Reactions
!idation Numbers
Nonmetals tend to have ne#ative
o!idation numbers, althou#h some are
positive in certain compounds or ions.!y#en has an o!idation number o" =6,
e!cept in the pero!ide ion in which it has
an o!idation number o" =5.9ydro#en is =5 when bonded to a metal,
05 when bonded to a nonmetal.
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Aqueous
Reactions
!idation Numbers
Nonmetals tend to have ne#ative
o!idation numbers, althou#h some are
positive in certain compounds or ions.>luorine always has an o!idation number
o" =5.
2he other halo#ens have an o!idationnumber o" =5 when they are ne#ative? they
can have positive o!idation numbers,
however, most notably in o!yanions.
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Aqueous
Reactions
!idation Numbers
2he sum o" the o!idation numbers in a
neutral compound is
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Aqueous
Reactions
7isplacement Reactions
-n this reaction,
silver ions o!idi;e
copper metal.
Cu (s)0 6 A#0 (aq)Cu60 (aq)0 6 A# (s)
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Aqueous
Reactions
7isplacement Reactions
2he reverse reaction,
however, does not
occur.
Cu60 (aq)0 6 A# (s)Cu (s)0 6 A#0 (aq)!
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Aqueous
Reactions
Activity Series
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Aqueous
Reactions
olarity
2wo solutions can contain the samecompounds but be quite di""erent because the
proportions o" those compounds are di""erent.
olarity is one way to measure the
concentration o" a solution.
moles o" solutevolume o" solution in liters
olarity (M) @
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Aqueous
Reactions
sin# olarities in
Stoichiometric Calculations
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Aqueous
Reactions
2itration
2he analyticaltechnique in
which one can
calculate the
concentration o"a solute in a
solution.
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Aqueous
Reactions
2itration