ch. 4 “people and places”. 4.1 elements of culture culture: the total of knowledge, attitudes,...
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Ch. 4 “People and Places”
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4.1 Elements of Culture
• Culture:• The total of knowledge,
attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of specific group– Can involve:– Religion, food, education,
language, relationships, etc.
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Society• A group that shares a
geographic region, a sense of identity, and culture
Cubans
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Ethnic Group
• a specific group that shares a language, customs, and heritage.
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Culture Change and Exchange
• 3 Types:1. Innovation
2. Diffusion
3. Acculturation
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Innovation
• Taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need.
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Diffusion
• Spread of new ideas• Resources like the
television and internet help to spread new ideas
Cultural hearth- where it all begin; the site of innovation
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Acculturation
• Occurs when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation.
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Language
• Allows people to communicate
• Helps establish cultural identity.
• Dialect: differ. Version of speech– ie.: southern drawl
• Language can be spread through trade and migration
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Religion
• Monotheistic: one god• Polytheistic: more
than one• Animistic: divine
forces are within nature
• Spread through diffusion and converts
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Major Religions
• Judaism– Holy book is known as Torah.– Centered in Israel
• Christianity– Evolved from Judaism– Based on teachings of Jesus– Holy book is Bible
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• Islam– Based on teachings of the prophet
Muhammad– Holy book is the Qur’an
• Hinduism– Polytheistic– Based on a caste system
• Buddhism– Derives from Hinduism– Goal is to reach an enlightened state known
as “Nirvana”
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Ch. 4.2 “Population Geography”
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World Wide Population Growth
• Birthrate:– Number of births per
1000
• Mortality rate:– Number of deaths per
1000
• Population Growth– “BR-MR”= pop growth
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Population Distribution
• Habitable Lands– Area between 20° and 60° latitude
• Urban-rural mix
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20°
60°
Population Distribution
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Migration
• Movement of people from one place to another
• Push-pull factors:– push: cause people
to leave their homeland
– pull: what attracts people to another location
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Population Density
• Avg. # of people who live in a measurable area
• Carrying capacity: the ability of an areas land to support the inhabitants.
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Ch. 4.3 “Political Geography”
• Nation: – people with common culture living in a
territory
• State :– Independent unit that occupies a specific
territory and has control of internal/external affairs
• Nation-state: – nation and state occupy same territory
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Types of Government
• Democracy: – Citizens hold political
power, either directly or through elected reps.
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Monarchy
• Ruling family, headed by a king or queen holds power. May or may not share power with citizen bodies.
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Dictatorship
• Individual or group holds complete political power.
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Communism
• Govt. and econ. system where all political power and means of production are held by the govt. in the name of the people
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Geographic Characteristics
• Size– More potential for resources and population
base
• Shape– Impacts how goods are moved and how
easily it can be governed
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Location
– Landlocked: land w/ no direct outlet to water
Bolivia
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National Boundaries
• Natural Boundaries– Rivers, lakes, or mountains
• Artificial Boundaries– Fixed line generally following lat. or long.
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Regional Political Systems
• Countries are often divided into smaller systems to make govt. more efficient.– Towns, cities, villages are examples
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Ch. 4.4 “Urban Geography”
• Cities: – Centers of business & culture– Large populations
• Suburbs:– Political units that touch the borders of the
central city– ie: Redlands
• Metropolitan Area:– Cities, suburbs, linked together to form
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Urbanization• Rise in the number of cities and the
changes in lifestyle
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City locations
• Cities grow around lakes, rivers or coastal areas– Areas with good natural resources – Economic growth because of location
• Ex.: Pittsburgh, PA located around iron and coal mines
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Land Use• Residential: homes
and apts.• Industrial :
manufacturing• Commercial: private
businesses
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Central Business District (CBD)
• Core of the city, almost always based on commercial activity
• Land is very expensive
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Ch. 4.5 “Economic Geography”
• Economy:– Consists of the production and exchange of
goods and services among a group
• Economic System:– the way people produce and exchange goods
and services
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Types of Economic Systems
• Traditional econ.: no exchange of money• Command Econ:
– Production is determined by a central govt.
• Market Econ: – Production is determined by demand from
consumers
• Mixed Econ: – combination of command and market econ’s
for the benefit of all
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Economic Levels
• Primary:– Gather raw materials,
derived from resources
• Secondary– Turn raw materials into
goods
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• Tertiary:– Add business and professional services
• Quaternary:– Activities by highly-trained persons
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Natural Resources• Renewable:
– Resources can be replaced through a natural process
• Non-renewable:– Resources that can not be
replaced once they have been removed
• Inexhaustible:– as a result of the planetary
or solar process
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Economic Support System• Infrastructure:
– Basic support system that keeps an economy going
– The more sophisticated the more developed the country is
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Measuring Econ. Development
• GNP Gross National Product:– Total value of all goods and services
• GDP Gross Domestic Product:– Total value of all goods and services within a
country