ch 5: large biological molecules (aka. macromolecules)dewhozitz.net/biolv04/5-macromolec.pdf · ch...
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Ch 5: Large Biological Molecules
(aka. Macromolecules) Some terminology: prefix suffix mono- -mer(s) di- tri-, etc. poly-
Reactions that change biomolecules (9.9a)
Functional group transfer Rearrangement
Reactions that change biomolecules: Electron transfer (aka. Redox)
Mnemonics: LEO GR OILRIG
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Reactions that change biomolecules
synthesis
Enzymes: catalysts for biochemical reactions
eg: lysozyme
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
other pentoses:
ribose, deoxyribose
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Monosaccharides can have 2 shapes
Carbohydrates: disaccharides
others: lactose, cellobiose
Polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Other polysaccharides made with this monomer:
glycosaminoglycans/mucopolysaccharides (Animals),
cell wall peptidoglycan (Bacteria) & pseudomurein (Archaea)
N-acetyl glucosamine (& fungal cell walls)
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Lipids:
glycerides monoglyceride
triglyceride
(diglycerides also exist)
Trans
monounsaturated polyunsaturated
Lipids: Phospholipids
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Structures that phospholipids form spontaneously in water
Lipids: Steroids
eg: cholesterol (animals only)
Other steroids (not only animal): testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisone, ergosterol, homobrassinolide, Vitamin D, etc.
Protein functions
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Proteins: amino acids (monomers)
(asymmetric, almost always)
Proteins: 20 amino acids (monomers)
Proteins: 20 amino acids (monomers)
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Proteins: building polymers
Protein: structure
Protein: structure
(1 complete
polypeptide)
(2 or more subunits)
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Protein: sometimes they need help to get into shape
eg: chaperone proteins
(not always possible)
Protein: shape is critical to function
non-functional
Sickle cell disease: 1 amino acid differs
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Nucleic acids: nucleotides (monomers)
Nucleic acids: special nucleotides - adenosine triphosphate = ATP
Nucleic acids: special nucleotides - cyclic AMP = cAMP
Nucleic acid polymers: DNA & RNA
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Central Theory/Dogma of Molecular Biology cell flow of information
Molecular phylogeny of major groups of organisms using rDNA sequences (26.21)
Molecular Evolution
Molecular clock estimates
-> reverse or other engineering possible