Ad Astra Per Aspera:Kansas Becomes a State

(Ch. 5 – Pages 96-119)

1861 – Kansas becomes a state and Topeka the capital

1861 - 1865 – The Civil War

1862 – James Lane recruits African-American soldiers for the First Colored Infantry

1863 – Quantrill and Confederates raid Lawrence

1864 – Battle of Mine Creek and Sand Creek Massacre

1866 – Construction on Capitol Building Begins

1867 – Medicine Peace Lodge Treaty

Timeline

Fort Atkinson was established 8 August 1850 Fort Aubrey was established early in September 1865Fort Belmont was built about 1860 Fort Dodge was established April 10, 1865Fort Harker was established in August of 1864 Fort hays was established October 11, 1865Fort Larned was established October 22, 1859

Fort Leavenworth, was established May 8, 1827 Fort Mann was established in 1845

Fort Monument was established in Nov. of 1865

Jan. 29, 1861 - Kansas statehood begins

State government based on Wyandotte Constitution

Charles Robinson elected first governor

Kansas ~ The 34th State

“Kansas has been the testing ground for every experiment in morals, politics, and social life...every political fallacy nurtured by misfortune, poverty, and failure... has here found tolerance and advocacy... something startling has always happened, or has been constantly anticipated.”

~ John James Ingalls

John James Ingalls Proposed state

motto and designed state seal (though seal was changed) as secretary of state

Member of the 1859 Wyandotte Constitutional Convention

Kansas State Constitution

United States Constitution

Slavery Bill of Rights prohibited slavery (1861)

Did not prohibit slavery until 13th Amendment (1865)

Women’s Suffrage

Women given right to vote in school board elections (1861)

Did not allow women to vote until the 19th Amendment (1920)

Kansas State and U.S. Constitutions

Seal of the Territory of Kansas

Seal of the State of Kansas

Populi Voce Nata“Born of the Popular Will”

Ad Astra Per Aspera“To the Stars Through

Difficulty”

Landscape with a rising sun (the east). River and steamboat (commerce). Settler's cabin and a man plowing a field (agriculture). Wagons heading west (American expansion/pioneer life). Seal also

shows Indians hunting buffalo, 34 stars (34th state to join Union) and the state motto (“Ad Astra Per Aspera”).

Drouthy Kansas by Henry Worrall

Drouthy: thirsty or dry

The artist Henry Worrall attempted to improve the image of Kansas as a dry and uninhabitable place

What persuasive techniques did Worrall show in his painting?

Ad Astra Per Aspera

“To the Stars Through Difficulty”

State Motto

Wyandotte Constitution modeled after U.S. Constitution

Document has Bill of Rights

Inalienable - incapable of being alienated, surrendered or transferred

Establishing a State Government

Legislative Branch

Makes and passes laws

Two chambers: House of Representatives and Senate

Senate - 40 members who serve four-year terms

House of Representatives - 125 members who serve two-year terms

State Government

Executive Branch

Administer laws passed by legislature  Headed by Governor who may serve up to

two four-year terms

Includes Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Treasurer and other agency directors

Governor can approve or veto bills

State Government

Judicial Branch

Interpret laws and settle disputes between people

Hear criminal cases where the state brings charges against a person

State Supreme Court has 7 justices appointed by the governor

State Government

A criminal case involves a crime. The court decides if a person is guilty and what punishment fits the crime.

Remember – All people are innocent until proven guilty (It’s the American way)

A civil case is between two parties that have a dispute over such things as money or property rights.

State Government - Judicial Branch Criminal and Civil Cases

Local governments include city and county government.

Makes local laws called ordinances

Makes sure federal, state and local laws are followed

Provides important services, safe communities and a desirable place to live

Federal (United States), State (Kansas), Local: County (Johnson County), City (Olathe)

Local Government

Governor of Kansas

Charles Robinson1st Governor of Kansas

Sam Brownback46th Governor of Kansas

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Drought, failing crops and, in some areas, scarce drinking water

No money in the state treasury, and state was in debt

No guns or ammunition in state armory – a storehouse for arms

Hostile border with proslavery Missouri

A Rough Start

Kansas Relief Committee – appealed to the government, churches and people to provide assistance to the starving people of Kansas

Broadsides – advertisement or public notice printed on a large piece of paper

A Rough Start – Help!!!!

Thad Allton/The Capital-Journal

After a century of debate concerning the artwork at the Statehouse, the "Ad Astra" statue was placed on the Capitol dome in October.

Kansas State Capital

One month after Battle of Mine Creek

Trail from Kansas to gold fields in Colorado ran through Cheyenne and Arapaho lands

About 700 US volunteer soldiers attacked Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle’s camp, killing more than 150 Indians

Led to further distrust between Indians and European Americans.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 (Artist: O. Y. Rookstool)

Three treaties signed between the US Gov. and Indians on the plains - Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Apache and Comanche at Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas

Plains Indians considered Medicine Lodge sacred area and the river to have healing powers

US Gov. wanted peace with Plains Indians by having tribes live on reservations. But many Indians refused.

Medicine Peace Lodge Treaties (1867)

US Gov. promised to protect Indians from whites and provide them with schools, farming tools and food

Treaties opened up area for American settlement and the railroad

Some tribes chose to live on reservations; others chose to remain free.

Medicine Peace Lodge Treaties (1867)

Medicine Peace Lodge Treaties

Comanche Chief Ten Bears

Flew an American flag (given to him by Pres. Lincoln and a white flag from his tipi – but the signals were ignored

Colorado forces killed 163 Cheyenne by shooting or stabbing. They burned down the village encampment. Most of the victims were women and children. For months afterward, members of the militia displayed trophies in Denver of their battle, including body parts they had taken for souvenirs

Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle

Julia Louisa Lovejoy (1812-1882)

Abolitionist

Julia and her husband, Charles Lovejoy, a moved to Kansas Terr. in 1855 from New Hampshire as part of the New England Emigrant Aid Company

Built the first house in Manhattan, later moved to Lawrence

Diary and letters reveal what life was like during the territorial days of Kansas

“My neighbors began to clear their houses of all their valuables, and secrete them in woods and cornfields. I caught a little tin trunk with our valuable papers and husband’s watch in it…and concealed it in tall weeds…Nearer and nearer they came.”

~ Lovejoy, who lived in Lawrence, describing William Quantrill’s raid on the town

Julia Louisa Lovejoy

Kansas and the Civil War

Quantrill Raids Olathe!!!

Just after midnight on Sept. 7, 1862, raiders under the command of William Quantrill attacked Olathe, killing several men and looting businesses and private homes This flag, apparently carried by

one of the Confederate raiders, was dropped in Olathe.

Kansas became a state less than three months before the Civil War started (Kansas statehood begins Jan. 29, 1861; the Civil War starts April 12, 1861)

The Civil War (1861-1865) was fought between the Union (northern states) and the Confederacy (southern states)

Kansas and the Civil War

Most Kansans supported the Union (which they had just joined) and wanted the Union preserved, as did President Lincoln.

Kansas had the highest death rate of any state in the Union (Nearly 8,500 of 20,000 volunteers in Kansas regiments died in Civil War battles

Kansas and the Civil War

Kansas and the Civil WarJames Lane’s Frontier Guard

One of Kansas’ first U.S. senators

Lane organized Kansans into the Frontier Guard

More than 100 Kansans provided special protection for President Lincoln

James Lane

“I have a hundred men from Kansas in this crowd, all armed, all fighting men, just from the victorious fields of Kansas!”

~ James Lane to Southerners who booed him in Washington D.C., showing his resolve to defend the nation’s capital after

the outbreak of the Civil War

Kansas and the Civil War

Dark Blue: Union states

Red: Confederate states

Light Blue: Border states

Kansas and the Civil War

Kansas and Missouri Kansas

Free state

Union state

Missouri

Slave state (Missouri Compromise of 1820)

Border state during Civil War

Not a Confederate state (never seceded from the Union) but home to many Confederates and Southern sympathizers

Battle fought between Union and Confederate forces at Mine Creek, where Union forces defeated Confederate General Sterling Price

At least 200 Confederate soldiers died;

Union troops also suffered causualties

Kansas and the Civil War

Battle of Mine Creek

Battle of Mine Creek painting by Samuel Reader

Samuel Reader

Samuel Reader Self-portrait of Samuel

Reader staking a claim in Kansas Territory.

He came here for land, but stayed for the free-state cause.

Fought with Union troops against Confederate troops led by Gen. Price; taken prisoner but escaped by posing as a Confederate

Background

“Order No. 11”: issued by Union patrolling the Kansas-Missouri border to clear all settlers out of four western Missouri counties

image depicts the scene of William Quantrill's raid in 1863

Kansas and the Civil War

Quantrill Raids Lawrence!!!

August 21, 1863 - Quantrill and 400 men raided Lawrence, KS.

At least 140 men and boys were killed and about a quarter of the town’s buildings burned.

William C. Quantrill, Confederate guerilla

Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867-1957)

Recreation of Little House on the Prairie cabin (Independence, KS)

Ten Bears (?-1872) Comanche Chief

who spoke at the Medicine Lodge Peace Treaties

Abolitionist, sent letters to newspapers back east about Kansas Terr.

She and her husband, Charles Haseltine Lovejoy, a preacher, moved in 1855 from New Hampshire to Kansas Terr. as part of the New England Emigrant Aid Company.

oldest active army post west of the Mississippi River

Served as first Kansas capital during territorial Kansas

Protected wagons trains on the Santa Fe and Oregon-California Trails.

Fort Leavenworth (1827)

Built to protect the expanding American frontier

Fort Riley (1853)

Troops protect workers building the Union Pacific Railroad

Fort Hays (1865)

Comanche Chief Ten Bears spoke at the Medicine Lodge Peace Treaties

“The Comanches are not weak, and blind, like pups of a dog when seven sleeps old. They are strong and farsighted, like grown horses…But there are things which you have said to me which I do not like. They were not sweet like sugar, but bitter like gourds. You said that you wanted to put us upon reservations, to build us houses and to make us Medicine Lodges. I do not want them.”

Ten Bears

Source: Ten Bears, Yapparika Comanche ChiefPublic Domain Document

I heard of your coming when I was many sleeps away I knew that you had come to do good to me and my people. I looked for the benefits which would last forever, and so my face shines with joy as I look upon you.

My people have never first drawn a bow or fired a gun against the whites. It was you who sent out the first soldier, and it was we who sent out the second.

blue dressed soldiers and the Utes came from out of the night when it was dark and still, and for campfires, they lit our lodges. Instead of hunting game, they killed my braves and the warriors of the tribe cut short their hair for the dead.

The Comanches are not weak and blind like the pups of a dog when seven sleeps old. They are strong and farsighted like grown horses. We took their road and went on it. The white women cried, and our women laughed.

But there are things which you have said to me which I did not like. They were not sweet like sugar, but bitter like gourds. You said that you wanted to put us on a reservation, to build us houses and to make us Medicine Lodges. I do not want them.

I was born upon the prairie where the wind blew free, and there was nothing to break the light of the sun. I was born where there were no enclosures, and where everything drew free breath. I want to die there, and not within walls.

I know every stream and every wood between the Rio Grande and the Arkansas. I have hunted and lived over the country. I lived like my fathers before me, and like them I lived happily.

Do not ask us to give up the buffalo for the sheep. The young men have heard talk of this, and it has made them sad and angry. Do not speak of it any more. The white man has the country we loved and we only wish to wander on the prairie until we die.

Any good thing you say to me shall not be forgotten. I shall carry it as near to my heart as my children, and it shall be as often on my tongue as the name of the Great Spirit.

I want no blood upon my land to stain the grass. I want it all clear and pure, and I wish it so, that all who go through among my people may find peace when they come in, and leave it when they go out.

- Ten Bears of the Yapparika Comanche