ch. 5 review
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Ch. 5 Review. 5.1 Passive Transport. Differentiate the terms solute and solvent. Solute = substance being dissolved Solvent = substance doing the dissolving. What is the solvent inside and outside of the cell?. Water . What are the four components of the cell membrane?. Phospholipids - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 5 Review
5.1 Passive Transport
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Differentiate the terms solute and solvent. Solute = substance being dissolved Solvent = substance doing the dissolving
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What is the solvent inside and outside of the cell? Water
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What are the four components of the cell membrane? Phospholipids Carbs Proteins – both integral and peripheral Steroids (cholesterol)
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What does selectively permeable or semi-permeable mean? Only certain things can pass through
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What are the two main types of transport? What’s the difference between the two?
Passive transport Active transport•No ATP needed
•Movement of particles from high to low concentration
•ATP needed
•Movement of particles from low to high concentration
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List the four types of passive transport. Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Diffusion through ion channels
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Define diffusion. Why does it occur? Movement of particles from high conc. to low
Occurs naturally due to kinetic energy of particles
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Give an example of diffusion. Food coloring in water Perfume/cologne Loss of helium from a balloon Smoke Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other small
nonpolar molecules across the cell membrane
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What is equilibrium? Particles are spread evenly throughout a
space
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Do the particles stop moving in equilibrium? No!
Why not? They have kinetic energy!
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What is osmosis? Movement of water from high to low conc.
through a membrane
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Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic = high solute Hypotonic = low solute Isotonic = same solute
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In which of those solutions are the particles in equilibrium? Isotonic
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Which way does water flow when cells are in a hypotonic solution? In
What happens to animal cells? Cytolysis
What happens to plant cells? Turgor pressure
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What is cytolysis? Cell bursting
Why don’t plant cells experience cytolysis? They have cell walls
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What is turgor pressure? Pressure of membrane pushing against the
cell wall
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Which way does water flow when cells are in a hypertonic solution? Out
What happens to animal cells? Crenation
What happens to plant cells? Plasmolysis
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What is crenation? Cell shrinking/shriveling
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What is plamolysis? Cell membrane pulls away from cell wall
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If you are stranded at sea, why shouldn’t you drink the ocean water? It’s too salty! You would be putting your cells
in a hypertonic environment which would cause them to lose water!!
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What is facilitated diffusion? Assisted diffusion Movement of particles from high conc. to low
through a transport protein called a carrier protein
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Do carrier proteins transport lots of different types of molecules or one type of molecule? One type… they are specific!
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List the steps of facilitated diffusion. Carrier protein binds to molecule Carrier protein changes shape Molecule moves through Molecule released on other side; carrier
protein returns to original shape and is reusable
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What types of molecules move by facilitated diffusion? Glucose Small polar molecules
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What is diffusion through ion channels? Movement of ions from high conc. to low
through carrier proteins called ion channels or channel proteins
Ion channels are also specific – they only move one type of ion
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What is the everyday word for an ion? electrolyte
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Why can’t ions move through the cell membrane on their own? They are charged – repelled by nonpolar
interior of cell membrane
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Some ion channels open and close. What are they called? Gated channels
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What controls the opening/closing of gated ion channels? Cell membrane stretching Electrical signals Chemical signals
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What are some common ions? sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) calcium (Ca2+) magnesium (Mg+) chlorine (Cl-) phosphate (PO4
-) bicarbonate (HCO3
-)
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Why are ions important? Heartbeat and nerve function Fluid balance Oxygen delivery Acid-base balance
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5.2 Active transport
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What’s the difference between active and passive transport? Active transport moves substances against
the gradient Active transport requires ATP!!
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List the types of active transport Protein pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis
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What is a protein pump? Transport protein that moves molecules from
low to high conc. ; requires energy
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What are the basic steps of how protein pumps work? Protein binds to molecule Protein changes shape; this requires ATP! Molecule moves through protein and is
released on the opposite side Protein returns to original shape and is
reusable
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Give an example of a protein pump. Sodium-potassium pump
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Cells must maintain higher sodium _______ and higher potassium _________ the cell. Outside Inside
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Sodium and potassium always move in a ________ ratio. 3:2
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Describe how the sodium-potassium pump works. 3 sodiums bind to the pump on the inside of the cell Protein splits a phosphate from ATP and releases
energy; the free phosphate binds to the pump causing it to change shape
3 sodiums move out
2 potassiums bind to pump on outside of cell Phosphate is released from pump causing it to
change shape Potassiums move in
Protein returns to original shape and is reusable
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Define endocytosis. Talking bulky materials into a cell
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What are the two types of endocytosis? Pinocytosis Phagocytosis
What’s the difference between the two? Pinocytosis – fluids, cell “drinking” Phagocytosis – solids, cell “eating”
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How does endocytosis work? Cell membrane folds inward around material
to be ingested Membrane pinches off inside of cell forming a
vesicle Vesicle fuses with a lysosome to digest
materials
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Define exocytosis. Forcing material out of the cell in bulk
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How does it work? Vesicle containing material fuses with the cell
membrane releasing contents outside
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The cell membrane changes shape… this requires ___________. Energy
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Give three examples of materials released from a cell by exocytosis. Hormones Proteins Wastes