ch. 50 ecology – the study of interactions of organisms and their environment
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Ch. 50Ecology – the study of interactions of organisms and their environment
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• I. The environment includes abiotic and biotic components
– A. Biotic – involves living components (food)
– B. Abiotic – nonliving components (water, temperature)
• II. Ecological research– A. Organismal – distribution of organisms
– B. Population – Factors that effect population size and composition
– C. Community – Studies inhabitants of a certain area
– D. Ecosystem – energy flow and chemical cycling
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• I. Aquatic and Terrestrial biomes– A. Aquatic biomes occupy the most biosphere
» 1. Life arose in water» 2. Fresh water = 1% salt, Salt water
3% salt» 3. Vertical stratification – decreased
light intensity with increasing depth» a. Photic zone – upper layer, light
sufficient for photosynthesis» b. Aphotic zone – little light, no
photosynthesis» c. Shallow water warm, deep water
cool» d. Thermocline – narrow horizontal
zone between warm and cold waters» e.Benthic zone- bottom of aquatic zone
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Interesting research54
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• 4. Freshwater biomes– a. Littoral zone – shallow well lit waters
close to shore
– b. Limnetic zone – open well lit waters away from shore
– c. Profundal zone – deep aphotic zone beneath limnetic zone
– d. Oligotrophic – lakes are deep nutrient poor
– e. Eutrophic – shallow nutrient rich very productive
– f. Mesotrophic – moderate productivity
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• 5. Wetlands – area covered by water that supports aquatic vegetation
– a. Hydrophytes – cattails, pond lilies can grow in water or soil
– b. Basin, Riverine, and Fringe ( can be fresh or salt water)
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• 6. Estuaries – freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
• 7. Marine zones– a. Intertidal zone – shallow zone terrestrial
meets ocean (tide pools)
– b. Neritic zone – intertidal to the edge of continental shelf (reef)
– c. Oceanic – from one shelf to another
– d. Pelagic – open waters
e.Benthic – sea floor
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• I. Organismal ecology• A. Costs of homeostasis
» 1. Regulators – maintain homeostasis through behavior or physiology
» 2. Conformers – allow fluctuations in internal environment with external environment
» 3. Principle of allocation – each organism has a set amount of energy
» B. Responses to environment» 1. Physiological – acclimation.
When a person travels to high altitudes with low oxygen after a matter of days they produce more red blood cells
» 2. Morphological – reversible – change in the amount of fur, irreversible –Arrowleaf plant in water has no cuticle, out of water it has one.
» 3. Behavioral – animals will move from uncomfortable areas