ch. 6 post war canada 1950s - lewis landmulroney forge closer us ties. 1983 strategic defence...
TRANSCRIPT
CH. 6POST WAR CANADA
1950 & 60s
“Do You Remember These?” video.
THE CHANGING FACE OF CANADA
SUBURBS/ AUTOMOBILE
1950s WOMEN(Stay-at-home, femininity,
resentment)Read “When He Comes
Home From Work”
TEEN CULTURE(Boomers, Guides/Scouts, Educated,Rockers/Elvis - No hip shots),
TV / CONSUMERS(Ed Sullivan, Mickey, Roy Rogers)(Appliances, Barbie, Sugar Cereals)
MASSEY COMMISSIONProtect Can.Identity (CRTC, CBC, NFB)
IMMIGRATION - 1945-60 = 2 MILLION
1956 HUNGARIAN REV.- 37 000
NEW TIMES NEW LEADERSHIP
Mackenzie King retired in 1948. Louis St. Laurent took over
– Social welfare, hospital insurance, Canadian culture, Canadian autonomy.
– Brought a bankrupt Newfoundland into confederation.» Centralization resettlement program still resented.
John Diefenbaker won 1957 election.– T.V. suited his personality – 1st Western PM
King - 1948 St. Laurent – 1957“Uncle Louis (p. 180 )
LIBERALS
P.C. - Diefenbaker
DUPLESSI & QUEBEC NATIONALISM-Duplessi & Union Nationale Party = ‘Distinct Nation.’- Catholic Church defended Quebec culture.- Duplessi encouraged foreign $ = jobs / anti-union.- corrupt – ‘Duplessis Orphans / ‘The Great Darkness era
Original Quebec Flag(Note – Maple Leaf, fleur-De-lys, Sacred Heart ofJesus, blue & white was Sam. de Champlain flag
1949 - Newfoundland
POST WAR PROSPERITYCanada’s post war economy.
- new laws set to give old jobs back.- war years = service years.- women encouraged to leave factories.- free tuition / living allowances for
schooling.- Veteran’s Land Act – low mortgages.
SPREADING THE WEALTH- Prov. Gov’ts reluctantly gave Feds.
taxation powers.(for ed. Health etc)- Equalization transfer payments to
‘have-nots.’- Tax breaks promoting industry.
CANADIAN POSITVES- Alberta oil = boom towns.- Ontario manufacturing (ie auto). - Increased infrastructure. - American investment (good???)- Rise of the Labour movement.
- wages, hours, benefits, etc.- WW II modernized Canada.
With the good comes the bad!
Remember Rosie’s original purpose?
WWII – EAST MEETS WEST
IVAN MEETS GI JOE
X
THE IRON CURTAIN
Compare NATO & the Warsaw Pact to the ‘Iron Curtain”
THE COLD WAR
THE ISSUESSoviet Union vs.USA
Communism vs. CapitalismGov’t Control vs. Private Enterprise.
No Opposition vs. Basic Freedoms.Soviet Expansion (E. Europe) = American Suspicion.
Vice-versa – Soviets feared US expansion.
After WW II, a war of propaganda and fear materialized between the USA and the Soviet Union. No shots were
fired but the two superpowers stockpiled nuclear weapons.Canada sided with the USA.
Did ‘Nukes’create peace?
The Cold War 1945-1991
Iron Curtain –A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communistlands of East Europe from the West.
DUCK & COVER
DUCK & COVER VIDEO
COLD WAR ATHOME
Gouzenko’s story sparked fear:- Bomb Shelters- Civil Defence Plans- “Duck & Cover” campaigns- The “Red Mennace”- McCarthy’s ‘Witchhunts’(USA)- Can. refused to outlaw
Communism.
Igor Gouzenko – Russian spy who cameforward to notify authorities – no one
believed him at first. Atomic secrets.
WESTERN RESPONSES TO THE COLD WAR
NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Org.)
(1949)
US, Canadian, & Western Europe defence organization.» Attack one – Attack all!!» Soviets responded with
‘The Warsaw Pact’(1951).– St. Laurent pushed for Canada’s
middle power involvement.» Canada adapted defence to align with NATO.Smart??? Independence??? U.S. Marshal Plan
$ to help poor European Nations
WESTERN RESPONSES (cont.)
DEW(Distant Early Warning Sign)
– A joint system of radar was put in place to warn/protect N. Amer. from attack.
- Long range bombers put N. America at risk.
NORAD(North American AerospaceDefence Command)
Defienbaker committed to a joined US/Can.fighter force, missile bases, & air defence. NORAD - Today
US military in Can. caused many Canadians alarm.
CANADA’S AVRO ARROW
CANADIAN CREATED- Top-notch technology- Employed thousands- Expensive
Diefenbaker Cancelled- Scientists left Canada – To U.S.
- Crippled Can. air industry- Bomarc Missiles cheaper
U.S. created / U.S. relations- Huge controversy (good/bad???)
PLANNING FOR PEACETHE UNITED NATIONS (UN)Collective Security - Formed after WW II to
keep peaceTwo bodies: General Assembly (all members) 10 rotating
Security Council. (Super Powers)
The Security Councils ‘veto’- prevented effectiveness- the Soviets vetoed 75 of the 78 times.
The UN also pledged to abolish disease, famine & help improve human rights. (WHO, UNICEF, IMF)
Canada involved in almost every UN operation since 1956.
League of Nations
Approximately 200 Member States (192)
BERLIN
BERLIN1945 - After WW II Germany was divided
between East & West.- Berlin = also divided between East & West- democratic city within E. Germany
1948 – Berlin Airlift. U.S. airlifted supplies.- US $ & new democratic gov’t broke Yalta agreement.
=> Stalin was mad.
1961 - East Germans built the Berlin Wall -‘Wall of Shame’- to keep ‘fascism out.’ OR in?????
1990 – Berlin Wall crumbles. “We are staying , period.”
Soviets – “What happens in Berlin happens in Europe”
KOREATHE KOREAN CONFLICT-Communist north (Soviet /Chinese) vs.
Democratic south (USA)-UN to help south
(Soviet boycott due to no Communist Chinese seat)
- WW III ??? MacArthur threatened Nukes & Chinese invasion.
-1953 = ceasefire – tensions escalated => Vietnam 1960s.
-Korea = “Canada’s Forgotten War”(25 000 soldiers / 2000 dead or wounded)
Wounded in action story.
Gen. MacArthur
SUEZ CANAL /EGYPT
SUEZ CRISIS – 1956-Nasser takes power & accepts Communist arms.- West pulls dam $$$.
- Nasser took over Canal.- Brt., Fr., Israel =
‘Operation Musketeer’- Soviets defended Egypt (Bomb??).- USA angry & caught in Middle- PM Pearson initiated
UN peacekeeping.
Egypt and the Suez Canal
PM Pearson awardedNobel Peace Prize
Sinai Desert
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS1959 – Fidel Castro overthrows pro-US dictator Batista.
US Reaction – Trade Sanctions imposed.1961 – Kennedy approves Bay of Pigs invasion.
Cuban Reaction – Turn to USSR for helpMunroe Doctrine – See Below
1962 – US surveillance shows Soviet MissilesUS Reaction – Naval & Air BlockadeKhrushev refused to remove missiles.WAR????? US & USSR = ALERT
CONCLUSION – USSR removes missiles butUS must agree not to invade Cuba (Missiles out of Turkey?? / Not Public)
Fidel Castro Nationalized Pro-US Cuba
PM DiefenbakerCANADA- Asked for UN checks before
total commitment .-US upset and questioned
Canada’s loyalty to NORAD-80% of Canadians felt ‘Dief’
was wrong.
Cuban Cigars
Munroe DoctrineNo ‘unfriendlies’ near USA
KENNEDY VS. DIEFENBAKER10 Reasons why they hated each other!
SOCIAL STATUSDief. = Lawyer who defended less fortunate.
JFK = Came from rich family
ELECTION DELAYDief congrats after election.
JFK did not reply until Dief inquired why
NAME CALLINGDief was sensitive about German name (WWII)JFK called him “Diefenbawker”…..’Twice’
THE FRENCHDief spoke poor Fr. but tried.JFK spoke better & rubbed his nose in it.
THE ORG OF AMER. STATESJFK publically called out Dief for not joining
THE TREEJFK hurt his back planting a
Ceremomial tree for Can.’s GG
THE DOCUMENTJFK REFERRED TO Dief as an SOB
and got caught.
THE NUKESDief would not let JFK plant nukes without
Can. terms approved.
THE BOREDOMJFK found Dief boring & preferred to talk
to rival Pearson. JFK - “Don’t leave me alone with Dief”
THE ELECTIONJFK HELPED Pearson win
election over Dief.
VIETNAM WARBACK GROUNDEx-French Colony => WW II / Japan / Post War US-USSR
N. = Commi / S. = Democratic-DictatorUSA feared Domino Effect1st =Advisors=>Supplies=>60s = Soldiers.USSR & China sent weapons & aid to North
AMERICAN REACTIONTet Offensive proved N. V. = worthy opponentFirst TV war – Turned American public.Jungle War vs Mighty USA
CANADA’S REACTION 50/50 => Anti-war
Opted out – Volunteers to USAnti-Draft groups for Draft-dodgers
US questioned Canada’s loyaltyPearson / Johnson feud after US bombs
VIETNAM ENDSNixon to office – pull out troopsNorth smashes SouthSupporters = Re-education CampsRefugees (Boat People)
Agent OrangePre-NatalExposure
Ho Chi Minh
Diem =>et al
17th
Parallel
Bombs > WW II
Fr. War = 1946-54USA = 1961-75
By 1972, an estimated 70,000 draft evaders and deserters were living in Canada
Vietnam War NapalmTunnel Rats
1980s COLD WARCOLD WAR CONTINUESNote – In 1970s USSR winning arms race; 1980s Reagan
was to change that.
USA - increases budget- Supported questionable right wing gov’ts
-Nicaragua - US supported Contras????USSR – Supported Pro-Communist struggles.
EVENTS – USSR shoots down S. Korean airliner over Soviet airspace.- USA invades Communist Grenada (Caribbean)
CANADA – Trudeau appeals to both for more restraint.SALT – Limit Arms Race
Mulroney forge closer US ties.1983 Strategic Defence Initiative
(‘Star Wars’) Can. Eventually backed out.Too much $ & US ties.
Soviets criticized as $ encouraging more ‘Nukes’
THE END OF THE
COLD WARMid 80s Gorbachev’s USSR could not keep pace ($$$)
- Proposed massive cuts- Perestroika – Reconstruction- Glasnost – Openess- Encourage other Soviet Bloc
nations to follow.
1991 USSR had collapsed.Member Republics =
IndependenceYeltsin = Democracy
CHINAEncouraged Peresroika
=> CapitalismFreedoms crushed in
Tianaanmen Square