(Ch. 7) Section II: The Rise of (Ch. 7) Section II: The Rise of RussiaRussia

(Pages 158-163)(Pages 158-163)

(Ch. 7) Section II: The Rise of (Ch. 7) Section II: The Rise of RussiaRussia

(Pages 158-163)(Pages 158-163)

This section is about:This section is about: The formation of The formation of

Russia, including the Russia, including the influences of influences of Byzantium and the Byzantium and the conquering Mongols.conquering Mongols.

The early founding of The early founding of the cities of Kiev and the cities of Kiev and Moscow.Moscow.

Russia’s a huge place today (Europe and Russia’s a huge place today (Europe and Asia).Asia).

The U

ral

Mts

.

The Eastern HemisphereThe Eastern Hemisphere

Russia is divided into 3 large Russia is divided into 3 large areasareas

The tundra (frozen area without trees)

Forests

Steppes (great plains with few trees)

Russia also has many good rivers which are useful for trade and travel -such as:

•The Moscow

•The Volga

•The Dnieper

Varangians and RussiansVarangians and Russians(2 peoples moved into Russia at this (2 peoples moved into Russia at this

time)time) Slavs – from eastern Slavs – from eastern

Europe.Europe. Vikings (Varangians) Vikings (Varangians)

sailors, merchants, and sailors, merchants, and traders who used the rivers traders who used the rivers to trade with Arabs and to trade with Arabs and Byzantines.Byzantines.

One of the trading centers One of the trading centers was at Kiev – where the was at Kiev – where the Slavs and Vikings cultures Slavs and Vikings cultures merged. merged.

They became the first They became the first Russians.Russians.

Kiev became the first Kiev became the first capital city (879-1169). capital city (879-1169). They were very influenced They were very influenced by the Byzantines.by the Byzantines.

The Byzantine influence in Russia:The Byzantine influence in Russia:

Byzantines sent Byzantines sent missionaries to Kiev and missionaries to Kiev and it became an Eastern it became an Eastern Orthodox Christian city.Orthodox Christian city.

Princess Olga and later Princess Olga and later her grandson Prince her grandson Prince Vladimir fell in love with Vladimir fell in love with the style of the church the style of the church and ordered everyone to and ordered everyone to convert (in 990 all Kiev convert (in 990 all Kiev citizens were baptized in citizens were baptized in the Dnieper River).the Dnieper River).

At that point, the church At that point, the church and the government and the government were closely were closely connected…….connected…….

The Byzantines had a The Byzantines had a

huge impact on huge impact on the culture of Russia.the culture of Russia.

Russian rulers even Russian rulers even began to think they began to think they were the heirs to the were the heirs to the Byzantine Empire.Byzantine Empire.

They used the Cyrillic They used the Cyrillic alphabet.alphabet.

The adopted Byzantine The adopted Byzantine art, architecture, and art, architecture, and music.music.

Their churches were Their churches were even built in a Byzantine even built in a Byzantine style “onion dome.”style “onion dome.”

St. Basil’s St. Basil’s Cathedral Cathedral

Vladimir died and his son Vladimir died and his son Yaroslav continued changing Yaroslav continued changing

Kiev Kiev He put down written He put down written

laws.laws. He supported the arts.He supported the arts. He translated Greek He translated Greek

works into Russian.works into Russian. He arranged marriages He arranged marriages

with other royal with other royal families in Europe.families in Europe.

Increased Kiev’s control Increased Kiev’s control from the Baltic Sea to from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea (that’s a the Black Sea (that’s a lot).lot).

After Yaroslav died, his sons fought for After Yaroslav died, his sons fought for powerpower

In 1203, Kiev was In 1203, Kiev was destroyed.destroyed.

In 1204, In 1204, Constantinople was Constantinople was destroyed.destroyed.

Trade was affectedTrade was affected Kiev’s northern Kiev’s northern

territory was attacked territory was attacked by German knights.by German knights.

And, then, the Mongol And, then, the Mongol invaders came from invaders came from central Asia.central Asia.

(It’s not sounding too (It’s not sounding too good for Kiev)good for Kiev)

The MongolsThe Mongols

Lived north of chinaLived north of china Live in small group Live in small group

(herders)(herders) They were an They were an

average group until…average group until… Genghis Khan Genghis Khan

(“universal ruler”) (“universal ruler”) took control.took control.

Even after he died, Even after he died, his son’s carried on his son’s carried on his conquests of new his conquests of new lands.lands.

The Mongols showed The Mongols showed up up

in Russia about 1223in Russia about 1223 Their first couple of Their first couple of

attacks were attacks were unsuccessful.unsuccessful.

In 1237, they attacked In 1237, they attacked at a time the Russians at a time the Russians were not prepared.were not prepared.

The Mongols burned 14 The Mongols burned 14 cities in 1 month.cities in 1 month.

In 1240, they destroyed In 1240, they destroyed Kiev and slaughtered Kiev and slaughtered their people.their people.

They kept going – even They kept going – even into Europe (Poland. into Europe (Poland. Hungary, the Balkans).Hungary, the Balkans).

They controlled/ruled They controlled/ruled Russia for about 200 Russia for about 200 years.years.

The Mongols were : fierce warriors- but fair The Mongols were : fierce warriors- but fair rulersrulers

The Mongols selected the The Mongols selected the Russian princes (who did have Russian princes (who did have to pay them tribute).to pay them tribute).

The Mongols pretty much left The Mongols pretty much left them alone – and let the them alone – and let the Russians keep their own Russians keep their own laws/customs/religion.laws/customs/religion.

Let the Russian Orthodox Let the Russian Orthodox Church grow (they separated Church grow (they separated from the Eastern Orthodox from the Eastern Orthodox Church and even elected their Church and even elected their own bishop.own bishop.

Donations to the church made Donations to the church made it one of the biggest it one of the biggest landowners in Russia.landowners in Russia.

Built roads Built roads Improved communicationImproved communication

But (some bad Mongol But (some bad Mongol things)things)

But – they did keep Russia But – they did keep Russia isolated from Europe and isolated from Europe and their advances in arts and their advances in arts and sciences of the time.sciences of the time.

The gap between rich and The gap between rich and poor grew.poor grew.

The boyars gained a lot The boyars gained a lot more wealth and power.more wealth and power.

Peasants paid heavy taxes Peasants paid heavy taxes and fell deeply into debt.and fell deeply into debt.

They ended up working the They ended up working the land they lost to the land they lost to the boyars.boyars.

Isolated women (a Mongol Isolated women (a Mongol custom). By 1200, men custom). By 1200, men were completely in charge were completely in charge of women in every wayof women in every way

And, then… And, then… MoscowMoscow

In 1100, it was just a In 1100, it was just a small town, but it was small town, but it was near a river and trade near a river and trade routes.routes.

It became a religious It became a religious center and then also the center and then also the political center of Russia.political center of Russia.

The Mongols pretty The Mongols pretty much left Moscow alone much left Moscow alone (the Mongols trusted (the Mongols trusted them because they paid them because they paid their taxes).their taxes).

The Russian Orthodox The Russian Orthodox Church also often was on Church also often was on the side of the princes of the side of the princes of Moscow.Moscow.

In 1300, Moscow replaced Kiev In 1300, Moscow replaced Kiev as the “center” of Russiaas the “center” of Russia

Mongol leaders were Mongol leaders were becoming weaker.becoming weaker.

The princes of Moscow were The princes of Moscow were becoming stronger.becoming stronger.

And, Grand Prince Ivan III And, Grand Prince Ivan III was going to lead Moscow to was going to lead Moscow to greatness (we call him greatness (we call him “Ivan the Great”“Ivan the Great”))

He ruled Russia from 1462-He ruled Russia from 1462-1505 and united Russia into 1505 and united Russia into the largest state at the time.the largest state at the time.

He’s know as the first He’s know as the first CzarCzar of Russia (king)of Russia (king)

The name comes from The name comes from Caesar – also sometimes Caesar – also sometimes tsartsar

Ivan the Great used the Ivan the Great used the Byzantine Empire to his Byzantine Empire to his

advantageadvantage He married the niece of the last He married the niece of the last

Byzantine emperor (Sophia).Byzantine emperor (Sophia). He used a symbol of the He used a symbol of the

Byzantine Empire (a two headed Byzantine Empire (a two headed eagle).eagle).

He adopted Byzantine court He adopted Byzantine court rituals.rituals.

He issued a code of laws.He issued a code of laws. Some of his people “suggested” Some of his people “suggested”

that Moscow was “the third that Moscow was “the third Rome” (Rome, Constantinople, Rome” (Rome, Constantinople, and Moscow).and Moscow).

So: Moscow must have been So: Moscow must have been the one true seat of the Eastern the one true seat of the Eastern Orthodox faith – and the Roman Orthodox faith – and the Roman Empire.Empire.

Ivan the Great’s Grandson (Ivan IV)…Ivan the Great’s Grandson (Ivan IV)…

Crowned himself czar Crowned himself czar when he was 17.when he was 17.

He started out doing He started out doing some decent things.some decent things.

But when his wife But when his wife died, he became died, he became “unstable.”“unstable.”

That’s why he’s called That’s why he’s called ““Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible.”.”

(His father died when he was 3 and his mom was murdered by boyars, who ruled the country until Ivan was 17 – when he took

over)

had times of great had times of great rage.rage.

distrusted everyone.distrusted everyone. crushed all opposition crushed all opposition

(real or imaginary).(real or imaginary). created a group of created a group of

enforcers – dressed in enforcers – dressed in black robes / rode black black robes / rode black horses.horses.

killed many boyars.killed many boyars. destroyed entire towns destroyed entire towns

he felt he couldn’t he felt he couldn’t trust.trust.

got so mad once, he got so mad once, he even killed his oldest even killed his oldest son.son.

After Ivan the Terrible After Ivan the Terrible died – Russia moved died – Russia moved into a period known as into a period known as the “Time of Troubles.”the “Time of Troubles.”

The Russian TsarsThe nobles / upper class