ch. 8: business organizations
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Ch. 8: Business Organizations. Business Brainstorm. Think of your business, would you want to own it by yourself, or with others? What are the pros/cons of each option? If shared ownership, in what structure?. Section 1: Sole Proprietorships. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 8: Business Organizations
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Business Brainstorm
• Think of your business, would you want to own it by yourself, or with others? – What are the pros/cons of each option?– If shared ownership, in what structure?
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Section 1: Sole Proprietorships
• Small, family-owned businesses have long served as the foundation to America’s economy.
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Business Organization
• A business organization is any establishment formed to carry on commercial activity.
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Liability vs. Rewards
• Liability is the legal obligation to pay bills and take responsibility for something.
• Rewards are the benefits/profits received from businesses. – We will categorize businesses according to who is
liable/rewarded for them.
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Sole Proprietorship
• A sole proprietorship is a business owned and managed by a single individual.
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Sole Proprietorship
• Owners of sole proprietorships hold all of the liability & benefits of the business.– A majority of the businesses in America (75%)– Account for a minority of the total sales (6%)
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Start-Up
• Sole proprietorships are relatively easy to start.• Most require minimal legal requirements.
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Legal Requirements
• Business License: Authorization from local government
• Site Permit: certificate of occupancy for a building (if not based at home)
• Name: businesses must register their name• Zoning Laws: Cities and towns designate
separate areas for different uses.
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Advantages and Disadvantages
• Sole responsibility: • Requires a high degree of initiative and energy– Receive all rewards (profits) – Responsible for all liability (potential loss)
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Section 2: Partnerships
• A partnership is any business organization owned by two or more people who divide ownership (responsibility, and profit/liability)
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General Partnership
• Partners in general partnership share equally in both responsibility and liability.
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Limited Partnership
• Only one partner is required to have unlimited personal liability.
• One or more partners may be limited.– They do not actively manage the business.– Can only lose the amount of money the invested.
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Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
• Recognized by many states, all partners have limited liability in the event of extreme mistakes or problems.– Attorneys, physicians, dentists, accountants
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Advantages of Partnership
• Relative ease of start-up• Shared decision making and responsibility• Specialization: each partner may have different strengths• Larger pools of capital/assets
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Disadvantages of Partnerships
• Unlimited liability– Unless an LLP, at least one partner has unlimited liability
• Potential for conflict– Minority owner can get run over
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Section 3: Corporations, Mergers, and Multinationals
• Increasingly, American business is controlled by large, multinational corporations.
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Corporations
• A corporation is a legal entity owned by individual stockholders who face limited liability for the firm’s debt.
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Stock
• Corporations are owned by anyone with stock in the company.
• Stock is a certificate of ownership in a company.
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Private Corporations (closely held)
• Some corporations are incorporated, but only issue stock to select people.
• Stock is rarely traded and is often held within families.
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Publicly Trade Corporations
• Publicly held corporations are traded on the open market (Ex: New York Stock Exchange).
• Anyone can buy shares in a publically traded company.
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Advantages of Incorporation
• Limited liability• Easily transferable ownership• Ability to attract large amounts of capital• Long life
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Disadvantages of Incorporation
• Expense and difficulty of start-up• Double taxation• Potential loss of control by founders• More requirements and regulations
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Horizontal Mergers
• Horizontal mergers are when two companies competing in the same market merge together.
• Chrysler + Daimler-Benz = DaimlerChrysler
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Vertical Merger
• Vertical mergers combine two or more firms involved in different stages of producing the same good.
• Owning the natural resource mining, transportation, and manufacturing of the a product.
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Conglomerates • Conglomerates merge more than three businesses
that make unrelated products. – Kraft Foods– Time Warner– Coca-Cola
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Multinational Conglomerates• Multinational conglomerates operate and sell all of
the world. – Coca Cola CEO: "We are not an American company. We are
an international company that happens to be based in Atlanta, Georgia."
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Section 4: Other Organizations
• Franchises, nonprofit organizations, and cooperatives are other forms of business structures.
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Business Franchise
• A franchise is a semi-independent business that pays fees to a parent company in exchange for using their brand.
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Advantages to Franchises• Management training and support• Standardized quality• National advertising/brand recognition • Financial assistance • Centralized buying power
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Disadvantages of Franchises
• Franchising fees and royalties• Strict operating standards• Purchasing restrictions• Limited product line• Summary: Limited freedom
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Cooperative Organizations
• A cooperative is a business owned and operated by a group of individuals for shared benefit.
• Example: Farm cooperative
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Nonprofit Organizations
• Nonprofits operate like businesses, but do not operate to generate a profit.
• Education, hospitals, social work agencies, Churches, YMCAs, museums, etc.
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Professional and Business Organizations
• Professional organizations are resources for a given occupation– National Education Association, American Medical
Association
• Business Associations are resources for local businesses– Better Business Bureau