Ch. 8 – Changes on the Western Ch. 8 – Changes on the Western Frontier (1860 – 1900)Frontier (1860 – 1900)

Culture of the Plains Culture of the Plains IndiansIndians

Native Americans saw land Native Americans saw land as belonging to no one. as belonging to no one.

Viewed white customs of Viewed white customs of farming & mining as farming & mining as disturbing the harmony disturbing the harmony between the natural & spirit between the natural & spirit world.world.

Buffalo was vital to survival Buffalo was vital to survival of Plains Indiansof Plains Indians (food, (food, clothing, shelter).clothing, shelter).

American Indians are Nomadic American Indians are Nomadic people, what do they follow?people, what do they follow?

A.A. Gold & SilverGold & Silver

B.B. LonghornsLonghorns

C.C. Setting of the SunSetting of the Sun

D.D. BuffaloBuffalo

Reasons for American Settlement of the WestReasons for American Settlement of the West 1) inexpensive / abundant land 2) hopes of finding 1) inexpensive / abundant land 2) hopes of finding

gold or silver 3) escape persecution / fresh start (ex: gold or silver 3) escape persecution / fresh start (ex: former slaves, Mormons, etc.)former slaves, Mormons, etc.)

Clash Between Settlers & IndiansClash Between Settlers & Indians Settlers felt they had a right to land b/c Indians hadn’t Settlers felt they had a right to land b/c Indians hadn’t

“improved” it“improved” it (farming / building). (farming / building). U.S. govntU.S. govnt changed its Indian policies & changed its Indian policies & restricted restricted

Indian land to smaller reservationsIndian land to smaller reservations. . Many Many Indians ignored govnt. treaties and hunted on Indians ignored govnt. treaties and hunted on

old lands anywayold lands anyway, often clashing w/ settlers. , often clashing w/ settlers.

All were reasons to move westward All were reasons to move westward except?except?

A.A. Gold & SilverGold & Silver

B.B. Free LandFree Land

C.C. New Indian friendsNew Indian friends

D.D. Lack of persecutionLack of persecution

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Cheyenne Indians were peacefully camped at Sand Creek Cheyenne Indians were peacefully camped at Sand Creek

reservation for winter. reservation for winter. Govnt leaders wanted to see Indians suffer – orderedGovnt leaders wanted to see Indians suffer – ordered U.S. U.S.

soldiers to attack, killing over 150 Cheyenne women & soldiers to attack, killing over 150 Cheyenne women & children.children.

The Indians at Sand Creek were of The Indians at Sand Creek were of what tribal nation?what tribal nation?

A.A. NavajoNavajo

B.B. CherokeeCherokee

C.C. Alabama-CoushattaAlabama-Coushatta

D.D. CheyenneCheyenne

SAND CREEK SAND CREEK MASSACRE 1864MASSACRE 1864

5.5. Battle of Little Bighorn Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand - 1876)(Custer’s Last Stand - 1876)

Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne Indians protested whites in Indians protested whites in Black Hills Black Hills Looking for gold Looking for gold

June 1876- Little BighornJune 1876- Little Bighorn Gen. George Custer & 265 troops Gen. George Custer & 265 troops

met by 2,500 Sioux in Montana.met by 2,500 Sioux in Montana. Within an hour, Indians won Within an hour, Indians won

battle. Custer & all of his men battle. Custer & all of his men were dead.were dead.

Bloody conflicts between Bloody conflicts between whites & Native Americans whites & Native Americans led to greater led to greater disdaindisdain (hostility/disgust) toward (hostility/disgust) toward Indian culture. Indian culture.

*

Custer’s last stand was located Custer’s last stand was located where?where?

A.A. Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park

B.B. Great Smokey MountainsGreat Smokey Mountains

C.C. Bighorn MontanaBighorn Montana

D.D. Wounded Knee South DakotaWounded Knee South Dakota

(above) George Armstrong Custer's Camp prior to the Battle of Little Bighorn, photo courtesy Library of Congress.

(left) The Battle of the Little Bighorn, painting by Charles Russell, 1903

(above) Soldier and non-human remains. Soldier’s bodies were stripped and mutilated.

6.6. U.S. Government Adopts Indian U.S. Government Adopts Indian Assimilation Policy (1880s – 1900)Assimilation Policy (1880s – 1900)

Govt. hoped teaching “white” culture would lead to Govt. hoped teaching “white” culture would lead to peace.peace.

AssimilationAssimilation –Native Americans would give up –Native Americans would give up their beliefs & way of life to become part of their beliefs & way of life to become part of American “white”culture.American “white”culture.

7. Dawes Act (1887)7. Dawes Act (1887)•Goal to “Americanize” Indians. Goal to “Americanize” Indians. •Provided $ for Indian schools Provided $ for Indian schools (teach English, Christianity, (teach English, Christianity, white culture, etc.) white culture, etc.) •Divided Reservations into 160 acre farms for each family.Divided Reservations into 160 acre farms for each family.

•Instead of helping N.A., it nearly destroyed Indian cultureInstead of helping N.A., it nearly destroyed Indian culture

What are some of the things that What are some of the things that cultures don’t lose during cultures don’t lose during

assimilation?assimilation?A.A. LanguageLanguage

B.B. EthnicityEthnicity

C.C. AppearanceAppearance

D.D. ReligionReligion

8.8. Destruction of Buffalo Destruction of Buffalo (1800 – 1900)(1800 – 1900)

Native American Native American

-buffalo-buffalo

End of N.A. lifestyleEnd of N.A. lifestyle Tourists & fur traders shot Tourists & fur traders shot

buffalo for sport. buffalo for sport. Buffalo population of 65 Buffalo population of 65

million in 1800 dropped to million in 1800 dropped to only a few hundred by only a few hundred by 1900. 1900.

*

What did the Indians use buffalo for What did the Indians use buffalo for within their culture?within their culture?

A.A. FoodFoodB.B. Shelter/ClothingShelter/ClothingC.C. Teams to pull wagonsTeams to pull wagonsD.D. FuelFuelE.E. Farm stockFarm stockF.F. A,C,& EA,C,& EG.G. A,B,& DA,B,& DH.H. B,D,& EB,D,& E

Native American boys sent to Indian SchoolNative American boys sent to Indian School (Before)(Before) (After)(After)*

Battle of Wounded Knee Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)(1890)

Sioux Indians continued to Sioux Indians continued to suffer poverty & disease. suffer poverty & disease. Thousands of Native Thousands of Native Americans turned to a prophet, Americans turned to a prophet, who promised that who promised that if Indians if Indians performed a ritual called the performed a ritual called the Ghost Dance, their lands & Ghost Dance, their lands & way of life would be restoredway of life would be restored. .

Ghost Dance movement Ghost Dance movement spread. Alarmed spread. Alarmed U.S. Calvary U.S. Calvary opened fire on over 300 opened fire on over 300 unarmed Native Americans unarmed Native Americans camped at Wounded Knee, camped at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. South Dakota.

Battle of Wounded Knee Battle of Wounded Knee brought Indian Wars – and brought Indian Wars – and an entire era – to and end. an entire era – to and end.

The Sioux Indians used the rain The Sioux Indians used the rain dance to wash away the white dance to wash away the white

settlers.settlers.A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

Crushing the Native American Life Crushing the Native American Life AssimilationAssimilation Dawes Act Dawes Act

Broke up reservations Broke up reservations and gave land to and gave land to individual Native individual Native AmericansAmericans

Destruction of BuffaloDestruction of Buffalo

–

10. Driving Cattle to Market

· After the Civil War, growing cities in the East increased their demand for beef.· Texas ranchers began to drive herds of longhorns hundreds of miles north to the railroads, where they were shipped east.

Vaqueros & CowboysVaqueros & Cowboys Between Between 1866-18851866-1885 approx. approx. 55,000 cowboys worked the open 55,000 cowboys worked the open

range.range. Cowboy life stemmed from Spanish ranchers in Mexico.Cowboy life stemmed from Spanish ranchers in Mexico. Early cowboys wereEarly cowboys were MexicanMexican. Vaqueros . Vaqueros influenced cowboy influenced cowboy

clothes, food, vocabulary.clothes, food, vocabulary. 25% of cowboys were black25% of cowboys were black. Working as a cowboy appealed to . Working as a cowboy appealed to

former slavesformer slaves who were who were judged on abilityjudged on ability, not skin color., not skin color.

The most famous African American The most famous African American Cowboy was?Cowboy was?

A.A. Tony DorsettTony Dorsett

B.B. Roy RogersRoy Rogers

C.C. Bill PickettBill Pickett

D.D. Emmitt SmithEmmitt Smith

· Cow towns developed near the railroads, offering cowhands hotels, saloons, and restaurants.

Abilene, Kansas (late 1800’s)

Growing Demand for Beef (1860s)Growing Demand for Beef (1860s) After Civil War, demand for beef grew as cities became larger.After Civil War, demand for beef grew as cities became larger.

The West hadThe West had abundance of abundance of Texas Longhorns – Texas Longhorns – a herd of over a herd of over 5 million wild cattle originally brought from Spain.5 million wild cattle originally brought from Spain.

Cattle RanchersCattle Ranchers would buy cattle for $3 - $5 a head & drive would buy cattle for $3 - $5 a head & drive cows to railheads in Ellsworth or Abiline, Kansas.cows to railheads in Ellsworth or Abiline, Kansas. Cattle then Cattle then sold for $30 - $50 a head and shipped to Chicago for sold for $30 - $50 a head and shipped to Chicago for butchering.butchering.

The Long Cattle DriveThe Long Cattle Drive Cattle drive consisted of about Cattle drive consisted of about 3,000 cattle, 18 cowboys, one chuck wagon, 3,000 cattle, 18 cowboys, one chuck wagon,

and a wranglerand a wrangler. Drive . Drive began in spring and lasted 2-3 months until reaching began in spring and lasted 2-3 months until reaching Kansas. Kansas.

End of the Open RangeEnd of the Open Range Overgrazing the land, bad weather, and invention of barbed wire helped to Overgrazing the land, bad weather, and invention of barbed wire helped to

end the cattle / cowboy era.end the cattle / cowboy era. Winters of 1885-1886 & 1886-1887 were brutal. Cold temperatures caused Winters of 1885-1886 & 1886-1887 were brutal. Cold temperatures caused

cattle to freeze to death. Summer droughts led to grass shortage. cattle to freeze to death. Summer droughts led to grass shortage. By 1887, By 1887, 80%-90% of cattle dead.80%-90% of cattle dead.

Barbed wire turned open plains into a series of fenced in ranches.Barbed wire turned open plains into a series of fenced in ranches.

Barbed wire ended all of the Barbed wire ended all of the following except.following except.

A.A. Cattle RanchesCattle Ranches

B.B. Long DrivesLong Drives

C.C. Open RangesOpen Ranges

Railroads & Western Railroads & Western SettlementSettlement

U.S. Govnt wanted West U.S. Govnt wanted West settledsettled (manifest destiny). (manifest destiny).

Offered railroad Offered railroad companies free land as companies free land as incentive to build a incentive to build a transcontinental linetranscontinental line (connect east coast to (connect east coast to west coast). Each mile of west coast). Each mile of track = 20sq. miles of track = 20sq. miles of land.land.

Building the Transcontinental Line (1862 -1869)Building the Transcontinental Line (1862 -1869) Two major railroad companies competed to lay the most track Two major railroad companies competed to lay the most track

and receive more government land.and receive more government land.

Union Pacific R.R. Union Pacific R.R. Began laying tracks in Nebraska and moved WestBegan laying tracks in Nebraska and moved West. Employed . Employed

Irish-AmericansIrish-Americans & Civil War veterans. Flat country allowed & Civil War veterans. Flat country allowed work to go quickly.work to go quickly.

Central Pacific R.R.Central Pacific R.R. Began laying tracks in Sacramento, California and moved Began laying tracks in Sacramento, California and moved

East.East. Employed mostly Employed mostly Chinese – paid lessChinese – paid less than white than white workers & endured workers & endured dangerous conditionsdangerous conditions blasting through blasting through Sierra Nevada mountains. Sierra Nevada mountains.

Which groups of immigrants were Which groups of immigrants were primary responsible for building the primary responsible for building the

Transcontinental Railroad?Transcontinental Railroad?A.A. Canadians and MexicansCanadians and Mexicans

B.B. Spaniards and ItaliansSpaniards and Italians

C.C. Irish and ChineseIrish and Chinese

D.D. Americans and BritishAmericans and British

Finishing the Transcontinental R.R. (1869)Finishing the Transcontinental R.R. (1869) Crews raced past each other without meeting. May 10Crews raced past each other without meeting. May 10 thth, , 18691869

Congress forced Congress forced Union Pacific & Central Pacific to join Union Pacific & Central Pacific to join together at Promontory Point, Utah.together at Promontory Point, Utah.

Railroads resulted in growth and new settlement of the Railroads resulted in growth and new settlement of the West, making travel & transportation easier.West, making travel & transportation easier.

Homestead Act (1862 Homestead Act (1862 – 1900)– 1900)

Passed by Congress to Passed by Congress to settle the West.settle the West.

Offered 160 acres of Offered 160 acres of free land to any citizen free land to any citizen or intended citizenor intended citizen who who was head of household. was head of household. Approx. 600,000 Approx. 600,000 families took advantage families took advantage of government’s offer.of government’s offer.

Which was not a requirement to Which was not a requirement to receive land via the Homestead Act?receive land via the Homestead Act?

A.A. 5 dollar registration fee5 dollar registration fee

B.B. Working the land for 5 yearsWorking the land for 5 years

C.C. 160 acre plot of land160 acre plot of land

D.D. Married with 3 childrenMarried with 3 children

Farming Inventions that Tamed the PrairieFarming Inventions that Tamed the Prairie Settlers used inventions to meet the challenges of Settlers used inventions to meet the challenges of

farming the West’s harsh terrain.farming the West’s harsh terrain. Barbed WireBarbed Wire (1874) – Prevented animals from (1874) – Prevented animals from

wandering off or trampling crops.wandering off or trampling crops. Reaper Reaper (1847) – Invented by Cyrus McCormick. (1847) – Invented by Cyrus McCormick.

Sped up harvesting crops & saved crops from bad Sped up harvesting crops & saved crops from bad weather. weather.

Steel PlowSteel Plow (1837) – Invented by John Deere. Could (1837) – Invented by John Deere. Could slice through heavy soil, made planting more slice through heavy soil, made planting more efficient.efficient.