ch. 8 earth chemistry. journal: what do we know about matter?
TRANSCRIPT
Ch. 8 Earth Chemistry
Journal: What do we know about matter?
Properties of Matter
• Physical properties: boiling point, melting point, color, luster, density, electrical conductivity, magnetism
• Chemical properties: how a substance will interact with another substance (reactive, unreactive)
Journal: What do we know about
an atom?
Experiments that led to the discovery of subatomic Particles
Rutherford’s Gold foil experiment• Question posed: How will a tiny particle pass
through closely packed atoms?– Took an element: pure gold– Shoot a alpha particle at the gold(helium nucleus:2 protons – 2 neutrons)
• Rutherford’s Hypothesis: If the mass of the atom was distributed evenly throughout the atom, then there would be very little to deflect the alpha particles as they passed through the atom.
• Rutherford’s Result: Most alpha particles went straight through the gold foil but a small amount were deflected at great angles!
Atomic Structure
Atom1. Protons (+ Charge)2. Neutron (Neutral)3. Electrons ( - Charge)
Atomic Structure
Atom1. Protons (+ Charge)2. Neutron (Neutral)3. Electrons ( - Charge)
Nucleus
Atomic Number
• The number of protons in an element• Identifies the element
In an uncharged atom, # protons = # electrons
What is the atomic number of Carbon?
How many protons does carbon have?
How many electrons does carbon have?
What is the atomic number of Carbon? 6How many protons does carbon have? 6
How many electrons does carbon have? 6
Mass number
• Represents the protons and neutrons found in an atom of an element
• Why aren’t electrons included in the mass number?
What defines an atom as one type of element instead of another????
• In other words, what makes one atom a Carbon and the next atom Nitrogen?
• THE NUMBER OF PROTONS!!!
What if the number of protons in an atom stays the same but I add or remove neutrons…..
What would change about that atom?
The Mass Number
Why?? Mass number = protons +
neutrons!
Isotopes
• Elements that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
The periodic table organizes atoms with similar chemical properties in columns• The similar properties of atoms in these
groups are due to the number of electrons in their outer most electron orbital
Valence Electrons• The electrons in the outer most electron
orbital
• What pattern do you notice about the number of valence electrons for the elements in each column?
Chemical Bonds
• 2 Main Types(Does any one remember the two types?)
Ionic & Covalent
Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds – electron transfers result in charged atoms called ions– Ions with opposite charges attract forming an
ionic compound
Ionic Bond Example
Predicting typical charges of ions formed
Journal: • How do ions form? When and atoms gains or loses electrons
• How are positive ions formed?Atoms that have lost electrons
• How are negative ions formed? Atoms that have gained electrons
Predicting formulas for ionic compounds
If one ion has a +2 charge, and the other has a -1 charge, how many of each ion would you need for your charges to balance in your final molecule?
+2 -1
Predicting formulas for ionic compounds
If one ion has a +2 charge, and the other has a -1 charge, how many of each ion would you need for your charges to balance in your final molecule?
+2 -1
-1
Predicting formulas for ionic compounds
If one ion has a +2 charge, and the other has a -1 charge, how many of each ion would you need for your charges to balance in your final molecule?
Mg2+ and Cl-
MgCl2
+2 -1
-1
• Covalent Bond - attraction between atoms that share electrons – Occurs between 2 or more nonmetals
Example: Carbon dioxideCO2
Chemical Formulas
• Show the scientist the amount of each element in a particular chemical
Example: Water• Chemical Formula: H2O– There are 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen in every water
molecule
Mixtures
• Parts keep their individual properties• Can be separated by physical means– Solution: one substance is evenly dispersed in
another• Example: Ocean Water (Water & Salt)
– Alloy: 2 or more metals
The End!
• We learned a lot of information today!
• Journal: What concept was the most difficult for you to understand?