ch 8 notes confederation to constitution, 1776– 1791
TRANSCRIPT
Ch 8 NotesCh 8 Notes
Confederation to Confederation to Constitution, 1776–Constitution, 1776–
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Confederation to ConstitutionConfederation to Constitution
The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation prove inadequate to govern the prove inadequate to govern the new nation. U.S. delegates new nation. U.S. delegates create the Constitution and, after create the Constitution and, after much debate, it is ratified.much debate, it is ratified.
Section 1Section 1
The Confederation EraThe Confederation Era
The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation are too weak to govern the are too weak to govern the nation after the war ends.nation after the war ends.
Moving WestMoving West
Settlers mainly travel on Settlers mainly travel on Wilderness Road into Kentucky Wilderness Road into Kentucky
Tensions between settlers and Tensions between settlers and Native Americans lead to Native Americans lead to conflictsconflicts
By 1790s, about 100,000 By 1790s, about 100,000 Americans live in Kentucky Americans live in Kentucky regionregion
New State GovernmentsNew State Governments
After independence, each After independence, each state creates its own state creates its own governmentgovernment
Some states set up Some states set up governmental branches to governmental branches to limit power of governmentlimit power of government
New State GovernmentsNew State Governments
Some states include a bill of Some states include a bill of rights to help control rights to help control governmentgovernment
All state governments are All state governments are republics—people choose republics—people choose representativesrepresentatives
The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation—plan for Articles of Confederation—plan for national governmentnational government
Gives national government few Gives national government few powerspowers
Can make war, make peace, sign Can make war, make peace, sign treaties, issue moneytreaties, issue money
Each state has 1 vote in CongressEach state has 1 vote in Congress
The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation
States have important powers States have important powers like setting taxes, enforcing lawslike setting taxes, enforcing laws
Continental Congress passes Continental Congress passes Articles of Confederation in 1777Articles of Confederation in 1777
In 1778, 8 states ratify, small In 1778, 8 states ratify, small states refuse to signstates refuse to sign
The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation
Large states with Western Large states with Western lands have advantage in lands have advantage in paying debtspaying debts
All states give up Western All states give up Western lands, articles are ratified in lands, articles are ratified in 17811781
The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance
Land Ordinance of 1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 divides Western lands into divides Western lands into townships townships
Lands known as the Lands known as the Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory
The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance
Northwest Ordinance (1787) Northwest Ordinance (1787) describes how territory is describes how territory is governed: governed: – rules for attaining self-government, rules for attaining self-government,
statehoodstatehood– conditions for settlementconditions for settlement– outlaws slaveryoutlaws slavery– freedom of religionfreedom of religion– trial by jurytrial by jury
Weaknesses of the ArticlesWeaknesses of the Articles
Revolutionary War leaves U.S. Revolutionary War leaves U.S. government with huge debtsgovernment with huge debts
Articles of Confederation do not Articles of Confederation do not give Congress power to raise taxes give Congress power to raise taxes
States provide Congress with little States provide Congress with little tax moneytax money
Congress unable to pay soldiers, Congress unable to pay soldiers, soldiers riotsoldiers riot
Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion
Mid-1780s Massachusetts people Mid-1780s Massachusetts people pay high taxes, many have little pay high taxes, many have little moneymoney
Many farmers cannot pay debts, Many farmers cannot pay debts, property is auctionedproperty is auctioned
If auctioned property does not If auctioned property does not pay debts, farmer is put in prisonpay debts, farmer is put in prison
Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion
Group of men, led by Daniel Group of men, led by Daniel Shays, rebel—Shays’s Shays, rebel—Shays’s Rebellion Rebellion
Rebellion is subdued, Rebellion is subdued, emphasizes that government emphasizes that government needs reformneeds reform
Section 2Section 2
Organizing the ConventionOrganizing the Convention
Creating the ConstitutionCreating the Constitution
The states send delegates to The states send delegates to a convention to solve the a convention to solve the problems of the Articles of problems of the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.
A Constitutional Convention Is A Constitutional Convention Is CalledCalled
Delegates from 5 states meet Delegates from 5 states meet to create national trade lawsto create national trade laws
Call for national meeting in Call for national meeting in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
Afraid of rebellion, 12 states Afraid of rebellion, 12 states (except Rhode Island) send (except Rhode Island) send delegates (1787)delegates (1787)
The Convention’s DelegatesThe Convention’s Delegates
55 state delegates meet at 55 state delegates meet at Constitutional Convention in Constitutional Convention in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
Delegates include George Delegates include George Washington, Benjamin Washington, Benjamin FranklinFranklin
The Convention’s DelegatesThe Convention’s Delegates
One of the ablest delegates is One of the ablest delegates is
James Madison James Madison Delegates do not include Delegates do not include
Native Americans, African Native Americans, African Americans, womenAmericans, women
The Delegates AssembleThe Delegates Assemble
Delegates want to create Delegates want to create government strong enough to government strong enough to maintain ordermaintain order
But also want government But also want government that protects people’s rightsthat protects people’s rights
The Convention BeginsThe Convention Begins
George Washington elected George Washington elected president of the Constitutional president of the Constitutional Convention Convention
Delegates do not want decisions Delegates do not want decisions influenced by political pressuresinfluenced by political pressures
To ensure this, they decide that To ensure this, they decide that discussions will remain secretdiscussions will remain secret
The PlansThe Plans
The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan
The Virginia Plan divides The Virginia Plan divides government into 3 branches:government into 3 branches:– legislature makes the laws legislature makes the laws – executive enforces the lawsexecutive enforces the laws– judiciary interprets the lawsjudiciary interprets the laws
The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan
Legislature has two housesLegislature has two housesRepresentation is based on each Representation is based on each
state’s population or wealthstate’s population or wealthLarger states support plan, Larger states support plan,
smaller states opposesmaller states opposeSmaller states are afraid larger Smaller states are afraid larger
states will control themstates will control them
The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise
New Jersey Plan is an New Jersey Plan is an alternative plan for U.S. alternative plan for U.S. government:government:– legislature has one houselegislature has one house– each state has one voteeach state has one vote
Delegates vote for the Virginia Delegates vote for the Virginia Plan over the New Jersey Plan Plan over the New Jersey Plan
The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise
Delegates pass the Great Delegates pass the Great Compromise Compromise
Each state is given equal votes in Each state is given equal votes in senate:senate:– satisfies the smaller statessatisfies the smaller states
State’s population determines State’s population determines representation, House of representation, House of RepresentativesRepresentatives– satisfies the larger statessatisfies the larger states
Slavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Constitution
Southern states want slaves Southern states want slaves counted for representation, counted for representation, not for taxesnot for taxes
Northern states want slaves Northern states want slaves counted for taxes, not for counted for taxes, not for representationrepresentation
Slavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Constitution
To solve dispute, delegates To solve dispute, delegates agree to the Three-Fifths agree to the Three-Fifths Compromise:Compromise:– 3/5 of slave population counts 3/5 of slave population counts
for direct taxesfor direct taxes– 3/5 of slave population counts 3/5 of slave population counts
for representationfor representation
Slavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Constitution
Debate, delegates agree Debate, delegates agree slave trade cannot be banned slave trade cannot be banned until 1808until 1808
Regulating TradeRegulating Trade
Delegates place few limits on Delegates place few limits on Congress’s power to regulate Congress’s power to regulate commercecommerce
Southerners succeed in banning Southerners succeed in banning Congress from taxing importsCongress from taxing imports
Native Americans are not foreign Native Americans are not foreign nations or part of separate statesnations or part of separate states
Regulating TradeRegulating Trade
On September 15, 1787, On September 15, 1787, delegates approve the delegates approve the Constitution Constitution
Constitution sent to the Constitution sent to the states for ratificationstates for ratification
Compromise Compromise
Section 3Section 3
Ratifying the ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution
Americans across the nation Americans across the nation debate whether the debate whether the Constitution would produce Constitution would produce the best government.the best government.
Federalists and AntifederalistsFederalists and Antifederalists
Supporters of the Constitution claim Supporters of the Constitution claim that it is based on federalism that it is based on federalism
Federalism—power is shared Federalism—power is shared between central government, statesbetween central government, states
People who support the Constitution People who support the Constitution are called Federalistsare called Federalists
Federalists and AntifederalistsFederalists and Antifederalists
People who oppose the People who oppose the Constitution are called Constitution are called AntifederalistsAntifederalists
Afraid Constitution takes too Afraid Constitution takes too much power from statesmuch power from states
Also feel that Constitution does Also feel that Constitution does not guarantee rights for the not guarantee rights for the peoplepeople
The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers
Federalists write essays, answer Federalists write essays, answer Antifederalists’ attacksAntifederalists’ attacks
Best-known essays are The Best-known essays are The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers
Authors are James Madison, Authors are James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
Appeal to people’s reason and Appeal to people’s reason and emotionemotion
Ratification of the ConstitutionRatification of the Constitution
The Battle for RatificationThe Battle for Ratification
June 1787, 9 states ratify June 1787, 9 states ratify Constitution, New York, Constitution, New York, Virginia yet to voteVirginia yet to vote
New York, Virginia influential New York, Virginia influential states, Federalists want their states, Federalists want their supportsupport
The Battle for RatificationThe Battle for Ratification
Virginian George Mason opposes Virginian George Mason opposes ratification until bill of rights ratification until bill of rights added added
James Madison also suggests bill James Madison also suggests bill of rights, Virginia, New York ratifyof rights, Virginia, New York ratify
Rhode Island is last state to ratify Rhode Island is last state to ratify (1790)(1790)
Bill of RightsBill of Rights
The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights
States ask that the States ask that the Constitution include a bill of Constitution include a bill of rights rights
James Madison makes list of James Madison makes list of changes, or amendments, to changes, or amendments, to ConstitutionConstitution
The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights
Congress edits amendments, Congress edits amendments, adds to adds to Constitution Constitution
In 1791, states ratify 10 In 1791, states ratify 10 amendments, known as Bill of amendments, known as Bill of RightsRights