ch 8 powerpoint - weebly
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter8
AmericaSecedesfromtheEmpire,1775–1783
I.CongressDraftsGeorgeWashington
• SecondContinentalCongressmeetsinPhiladelphiaonMay10,1775:–Mostimportantsingleaction—selectedGeorgeWashingtontoheadarmy:• Choicewasmadewithconsiderablemisgivings• Heneverroseabovetherankofcolonel• Hislargestcommandhadnumberedonly1,200• Fallingshortoftruemilitarygenius,hewouldactuallylosemorebattlesthanhewon
I.CongressDraftsGeorgeWashington(cont.)
• Hewasgiftedwithoutstandingpowersofleadershipandimmensestrengthofcharacter• Heradiatedpatience,courage,self-discipline,andasenseofjustice• Hewastrustedandinsistedonservingwithoutpay• Hekept,however,acarefullistofexpenses-$100,000.
• ContinentalCongresschosemorewiselythanitknew.
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II.BunkerHillandHessianHirelings
• Warofinconsistencywasfoughtfor14months—April1775toJuly1776—beforefatefulplungeintoindependence.
• Graduallytempoofwarfareincreased:–May1775EthanAllenandBenedictArnoldcapturedgarrisonsatTiconderogaandCrownPointinupperNewYork
– June1775thecolonistsseizedBunkerHill
II.BunkerHillandHessianHirelings(cont.)
• July1775,CongressadoptedOliveBranchPetition:– professedloyaltytocrownandbeggedkingtopreventfurtherhostilities
• KingGeorgeIIIslammeddooronallhopeofreconciliation:– August1775heproclaimedcoloniesinrebellion– skirmisheswerenowtreason,ahangingcrime
II.BunkerHillandHessianHirelings(cont.)
• Henexthired1000sofGermantroops• GeorgeIIIneededthemen• BecausemostofthesesoldierscamefromGermanprincipalityofHesse,AmericanscalledallEuropeanmercenariesHessians
• NewsofHessiandealshockedcolonists• Hessianhirelingsprovedgoodsoldiers
III.TheAbortiveConquestofCanada
• October1775,BritishburnedFalmouth(Portland),Maine
• Inautumn,rebelsundertookatwo-prongedinvasionofCanada:– SuccessfulassaultonCanadawouldadda14thcolonyanddepriveBritainofvaluablebaseforstrikingthecoloniesinrevolt
– Invasionnorthwasundisguisedoffensivewarfare
III.TheAbortiveConquestofCanada(cont.)
• InvasionofCanadaalmostsuccessful(Map8.1)– GeneralRichardMontgomerycapturedMontreal– AtQuebec,hewasjoinedbyarmyofGeneralBenedictArnold
– AssaultonQuebecwaslaunchedonlastdayof1775
–Montgomerywaskilled– Arnoldwaswounded
III.TheAbortiveConquestofCanada(cont.)
– Bitterfightingpersistedincolonies:• January1776BritishsetfiretoNorfolk,Va.• March1776BritishforcedtoevacuateBoston
– InSouth,rebelswontwovictories:• February1776against15,000LoyalistsatMoore’sCreekBridgeinNorthCarolina• June1776againstaninvadingfleetatCharlestonharbor
IV.ThomasPainePreachesCommonSense
• Loyaltytotheempirewasdeeplyingrained:– Americanscontinuedtobelievetheywerepartofatransatlanticcommunity
– Colonialunitywasweak– Openrebellionwasdangerous– AslateasJanuary1776,theking’shealthwasbeingtoasted—“Godsavetheking”
• Graduallycolonistswereshockedintorecognizingnecessitytoseparate.
IV.ThomasPainePreachesCommonSense(cont.)
• 1776CommonSensebyThomasPaine:– Oneofmostinfluentialpamphletseverpublished– Beganwithtreatiseonnatureofgovernment– Arguedonlylawfulstateswerethosethatderive“theirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned”
– Asforking,hewasnothingbut“theRoyalBruteofGreatBritain”
– 120,000copiesweresoldinoneweek
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IV.ThomasPainePreachesCommonSense(cont.)
• Triedtoconvincecoloniststhattruecausewasindependence,notreconciliationwithBritain:– Nowhereinphysicaluniversedidsmallerheavenlybodiescontrollargerones
– SowhyshouldtinyislandofBritaincontrolvastcontinentofAmerica
IV.ThomasPainePreachesCommonSense(cont.)
• Painedraftedfoundationaldocument:– Americanindependence– Americanforeignpolicy– Onlywithindependence,couldcolonieshopetogainforeignassistance
V.PaineandtheIdeaof“Republicanism”(cont.)
• Painealsocalledforarepublic:– Creationofanewkindofpoliticalsocietywherepowerflowedfromthepeople
– Inbiblicalimagery,hearguedallgovernmentofficials—governors,senators,judges—shouldderiveauthorityfrompopularconsent
V.PaineandtheIdeaof“Republicanism”(cont.)
• Painewasnotfirsttochampionrepublicangovernment:– ClassicalGreeceandRome– Revivedin17thcenturyRenaissance– AppealedtoBritishpoliticianscriticalofexcessivepowerinhandsofkingandhisadvisers
– Americancolonistsinterpretedroyalactsaspartofmonarchicalconspiracy
V.PaineandtheIdeaof“Republicanism”(cont.)
• Paine’ssummonstocreatearepublicfellonreceptiveears:– NewEnglanderspracticedakindofrepublicanismintownmeetingsandannualelections
• MostAmericansconsideredcitizen“virtue”fundamentaltoanysuccessfulrepublicangovernment
V.PaineandtheIdeaof“Republicanism”(cont.)
• Individualsinarepublic:–mustsacrificepersonalself-interesttopublicgood
– collectivegoodof“thepeople”matteredmorethanprivaterightsandinterestsofindividuals
• PaineinspiredcontemporariestoviewAmericaasfertilegroundforcultivationofcivicvirtue.
V.PaineandtheIdeaofRepublicanism(cont.)
• NotallPatriotsagreedwithPaine’sultra-democraticrepublicanism:– Somefavoredrepublicruledbya“naturalaristocracy”oftalent• wantedanendtohereditaryaristocracy,butnotanendtoallsocialhierarchy• wereconservativerepublicanswhowantedstabilityofsocialorder
• ContestoverAmericanrepublicanismwouldcontinuefornext100years
VI.Jefferson’s “Explanation”ofIndependence
• OnJune7,1776,RichardHenryLeeofVirginiamoved:– “theseUnitedColoniesare,andofrightoughttobefreeandindependentstates”
–motionwasadoptedonJuly2,1776–motionwasformal“declaration”ofindependencebycolonies
VI.Jefferson’s“Explanation”ofIndependence(cont.)
• Aninspirationalappealwasneeded:– ToenlistotherBritishcoloniesintheAmericas– Toinviteassistancefromforeignnations– Torallyresistanceathome
• Congressappointedacommitteetoprepareaformalstatement:– TaskofdraftingfelltoThomasJefferson– Hewasfullyqualifiedforit
VI.Jefferson’s“ExplanationofIndependence(cont.)
• TheDeclarationofIndependence:– FormallyapprovedbyCongressonJuly4,1776– Haduniversalappealbyinvoking“naturalrights”ofhumankind—notjustBritishrights
– Arguedthatbecausekinghadfloutedtheserights,thecolonistswerejustifiedincuttingties
– SetforthlonglistofpresumablytyrannousmisdeedsofGeorgeIII
– Declarationhaduniversalimpact
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VII.PatriotsandLoyalists
• WarofIndependencewasawarwithinawar:– Loyalists—colonistsloyaltokingwhofoughtAmericanrebels• called“Tories”afterdominantpoliticalfactionsinBritain
– Patriots—rebelswhoalsofoughtBritishredcoats• called“Whigs”afteroppositionfactionsinBritain
VII.PatriotsandLoyalists(cont.)
• AmericanRevolutionwasaminoritymovement:–Manycolonistseitherapatheticorneutral– Patriotmilitiasplayedcriticalrole:• tookontaskof“politicaleducation,”sometimesbycoercion• servedasagentsofRevolutionaryideas
VII.PatriotsandLoyalists(cont.)
• Loyalists:– About16percentofAmericanpeople– Familieswereoftensplit–Manywerepeopleofeducationandwealth–Morenumerousamongoldergeneration– Includedking’sofficersandbeneficiaries– IncludedAnglicanclergyandcongregations• Virginiawasnotableexception
VII.PatriotsandLoyalists(cont.)
• Loyalistsentrenchedin:– aristocraticNewYorkCityandCharlestown– QuakerPennsylvaniaandNewJersey– werelessnumerousinNewEngland
• RebelsmostnumerouswherePresbyterianismandCongregationalismflourished
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VIII.TheLoyalistExodus
• BeforeDeclarationin1776,persecutionofLoyalistswasrelativelymild:– Somefacedbrutality(tarringandfeathering;ridingastridefencerails)
– HarshertreatmentbeganafterDeclaration• wereregardedastraitors• wereroughlyhandled;someimprisoned;afewnoncombatantshung
– Nowholesalereignofterror
VIII.TheLoyalistsExodus(cont.)
• 80thousandLoyalistsweredrivenoutorfled• Severalhundredthousandwerepermittedtostay
• Estatesoffugitiveswereconfiscatedandsold• Some50,000LoyalistsfoughtforBritish:– HelpedKing’scausebyservingasspies– byincitingIndians
• BritishdidnotmakeeffectiveuseofLoyalists
IX.GeneralWashingtonatBay
• Washington:– Couldonlymuster18,000ill-trainedtroopstomeetBritishinvadersatNewYork,March1776
– DisasterbefellAmericansatBattleofLongIsland,summerandfallof1776
–WashingtonescapedtoManhattanIsland,finallyreachingDelawareRiver
– Patriotcausewasatlowebbasrebelsfledacrossriver
IX.GeneralWashingtonatBay(cont.)
– GeneralWilliamHowedidnotspeedilycrushdemoralizedAmericanforces
–WashingtonstealthilyrecrossedDelawareRiveratTrentononDecember26,1776
– Surprisedandcaptured1,000Hessians– AweeklaterhedefeatedsmallBritishforceatPrinceton
– Thesetwolifesavingvictoriesrevealed“OldFox”Washingtonathismilitarybest
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X.Burgoyne’sBlunderingInvasion
• LondonofficialsadoptedintricateschemetocaptureHudsonRivervalleyin1777:– Ifsuccessful,wouldseverNewEnglandfromrestofthestatesandparalyzeAmericancause:• GeneralJohnBurgoynewouldpushdownLakeChamplainroutefromCanada• GeneralHowe’stroopswouldadvanceupHudsonandmeetBurgoynenearAlbany• Athirdforce,underColonelBarrySt.Leger,wouldcomefromwestviaLakeOntarioandMohawkvalley
Map 8.1 p138
X.Burgoyne’sBlunderingInvasion(cont.)
• BritishdidnotreckonwithGeneralArnold:– camealongSt.LawrencetoLakeChamplainareawhereheassembledasmallfleet
– hisfleetwasdestroyed,buttimehadbeenwon
• WithoutArnold,BritishwouldhaverecapturedFortTiconderoga:– ifBurgoynecouldhavestartedthere(insteadofMontreal)hewouldhavebeensuccessful
X.Burgoyne’BlunderingInvasion(cont.)
• WashingtontransferredarmytovicinityofPhiladelphia:– TherehewasdefeatedintwobattlesatBrandywineCreekandatGermantown• GeneralHowesettleddowninPhiladelphiaandleftBurgoynetoflounderinupperNewYork• WashingtonretiredtoValleyForge
• Trapped,BurgoynesurrenderedatSaratogatoGen.HoratioGatesonOctober17,1777
X.Burgoyne’sBlunderingInvasion(cont.)
• SaratogarankshighamongdecisivebattlesofbothAmericaandworldhistory:– Victoryrevivedfalteringcolonialcause– Evenmoreimportant,madepossibleurgentlyneededforeignaidfromFrance,whichinturnhelpedensureAmericanindependence
XI.RevolutioninDiplomacy?
• France’sroleintheRevolution:– Francehopedtoregainformerprestige:• lossinSevenYears’Warrankleddeeply
– America’srevolutionariesbadlyneededhelptothrowoffBritish:• neededtosealanalliancewithFranceagainstcommonfoe
XI.RevolutioninDiplomacy? (cont.)
• Americanrebelsalsoharboredrevolutionaryideasaboutinternationalaffairs:– wantedendtocolonialismandmercantilism– supportedfreetradeandfreedomofseas– wantedruleoflaw,notrawpower,toarbitrateaffairsofnations
XI.RevolutioninDiplomacy? (cont.)
• Summerof1776,ContinentalCongressdraftedaModelTreaty:– GuidecommissionersdispatchedtoFrance– JohnAdams,oneofchiefauthors,describedbasicprinciples:• “1.Nopoliticalconnection...2.Nomilitaryconnection...3.Onlyacommercialconnection.”• Thesewereremarkableself-denyingrestrictions• InfusedidealismintoAmericanforeignpolicy
XI.RevolutioninDiplomacy? (cont.)
• BenjaminFranklinnegotiatedtreatyinParis:– Hewasdeterminedthathisappearanceshouldheralddiplomaticrevolution
– Heshockedroyalcourt– OrdinaryParisiansadoredhimasaspecimenofnewdemocraticsocialorder
• TheBritishnowofferedameasureallowingAmericanhomerulewithintheempire
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XI.RevolutioninDiplomacy? (cont.)
Thiswasessentiallywhatcolonistshadaskedfor—exceptindependence:• OnFebruary6,1778,Franceofferedatreatyofalliance• Youngrepublicconcludeditsfirstentanglingmilitaryallianceandwouldsoonregretit• TreatywithFranceconstitutedofficialrecognitionofAmerica’sindependence• BothboundthemselvestosecureAmerica’sfreedom
XII.TheColonialWarBecomesaWiderWar
• EnglandandFrancecametoblowsin1778• ShotfiredatLexingtonwidenedintoglobalconflagration:– Spainenteredin1779asdidHolland– weakmaritimeneutralsofEuropebegantodemandtheirrights(seeTable8.1)• Russia’sCatherinetheGreatorganizedArmedNeutrality—linedupremainingEuropeanneutralsinanattitudeofpassivehostilitytowardBritain
Table 8.1 p150
XII.TheColonialWarBecomesaWiderWar(cont.)
• FightinginEuropeandNorthAmericaaswellasSouthAmerica,Caribbean,andAsia:– Americansdeservecreditforkeepingwargoinguntil1778withsecretFrenchaid
– theirindependencenotachieveduntilconflictbecameamultipowerworldwartoomuchforBritaintohandle
– from1778to1783,Franceprovidedrebelswithguns,money,equipment,andarmedforces
XII.TheColonialWarBecomesaWiderWar(cont.)
– France’sentrance:• ForcedBritishtochangebasicstrategy• Theyhadcountedonblockadingcolonialcoastandcommandingseas• FrenchnowhadpowerfulfleetinAmericanwaters• BritishdecidedtoevacuatePhiladelphiaandconcentratestrengthinNewYorkCity• InJune1778,redcoatswereattackedbyWashington• BattlewasindecisiveandWashingtonremainedinNewYorkarea
XIII.BlowandCounterblow
• 1780:Frencharmyof6000regulartroops,undercommanderComtedeRochambeauarrivedinNewport– Frenchgoldandgoodwillhelpmeltsuspicions– NorealmilitaryadvantageyetfromFrenchreinforcements
– 1780GeneralBenedictArnoldturnedtraitor– Britishplannedtorollupcolonies,startinginLoyalistSouth(SeeMap8.2).
Map 8.2 p151
XIII.BlowandCounterblow(cont.)
– Georgiaoverrunin1778-1779– Charlestonfellin1780–WarfareintensifiedinCarolinas– 1781:AmericanriflemenwipedoutBritishatKing’sMountain,thendefeatedasmallerforceatCowpens
– InCarolinacampaign,GeneralNathanielGreenedistinguishedhimselfbystrategyofdelay
XIII.BlowandCounterblow(cont.)
– Bystandingandthenretreating,heexhaustedhisfoe,GeneralCornwallis,invainpursuit
– GreenesucceededinclearingmostofGeorgiaandSouthCarolinaofBritishtroops
XIV.TheLandFrontierandtheSeaFrontier
• Westwasablazeduringwar:– IndianalliesofEnglandattackedcolonists– 1777wasknownas“bloodyyear”onfrontier:• TwonationsofIroquoisConfederacy,OneidasandTuscarora,sidedwithAmericans• Senecas,Mohawks,Cayugas,andOnondagasjoinedBritish– EncouragedbychiefJosephBrant,whobelievedvictoriousBritainwouldrestrainwhiteexpansionwest
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XIV.TheLandFrontierandtheSeaFrontier(cont.)
• In1784,pro-BritishIroquoisforcedtosignTreatyofFortStanwix:– FirsttreatybetweenUnitedStatesandanIndiannation
– Underitsterms,Indianscededmostoftheirland
XIV.TheLandFrontierandtheSeaFrontier(cont.)
• InIllinois,Britishwerevulnerabletoattack:• TheyheldonlyscatteredpostscapturedfromFrench• GeorgeRogersClarkconceivedideaofseizingthesefortsbysurprise• 1778-1779,hequicklycapturedKaskaskia,Cahokia,andVincennes(seeMap8.3)• Clark’sadmirershavearguedhissuccesslaterforcedBritishtocederegionnorthofOhioRivertoUnitedStatesatpeacetableinParis
Map 8.3 p152
XIV.TheLandFrontierandtheSeaFrontier(cont.)
• America’sinfantnavyunderScotsmanJohnPaulJones:
• TinyforcenevermadedentinBritain’smassivefleet• ChiefcontributionwasdestroyingBritishmerchantshipping• CarriedwarintowatersaroundBritishIsles
XIV.TheLandFrontierandtheSeaFrontier(cont.)
• Privateers:– Privatelyownedarmedships—legalizedpirates– AuthorizedbyCongresstoattackenemyships– 1,000Americanprivateersrespondedtocallofpatriotismandprofit,withabout70,000men
– Capturedsome600Britishprizes,whileBritishcapturedsamenumberofmerchantmenandprivateers
XIV.TheLandFrontierandtheSeaFrontier(cont.)
• Privateeringwasnotanunalloyedasset:• Divertedmanpowerfrommainwar• InvolvedAmericansinspeculationandgraft
• Privateeringwasalsogood:• Broughtinurgentlyneededgold• Harassedenemy• RaisedAmericanmorale• RuinedBritishshipping
– Shippersandmanufacturerswantedtoendwar
XV.YorktownandtheFinalCurtain
• Oneofdarkestperiodsofwarwas1780-1781,beforelastdecisivevictory:– Governmentwasvirtuallybankrupt• declareditwouldrepaydebtatonly2.5centsperdollar
– Despairprevailed:• senseofunitywithered• mutinoussentimentsinfectedarmy
XV.YorktownandtheFinalCurtain(cont.)
• Cornwallisblunderedintoatrap:– AfterfutileoperationsinVirginia,hefellbacktoChesapeakeBayatYorktown:• Awaitedseabornesuppliesandreinforcements• AssumedBritainstillcontrolledseas• DuringthisperiodBritishnavalsuperiorityslippedaway
XV.YorktownandtheFinalCurtain(cont.)
• Frenchactions:– AdmiraldeGrasseinformedAmericanshecouldjointhemagainstCornwallisatYorktown
–Washingtonmakesaswiftmarchof300milesfromNewYorktoChesapeake
– AccompaniedbyRochambeau’sFrencharmy,WashingtonbesetsBritishatland
–WhiledeGrasseblockadedsea
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XV.YorktownandtheFinalCurtain(cont.)
• Cornered,Cornwallissurrenderedentireforceof7000menonOctober19,1781
• GeorgeIIIplannedtocontinuestruggle:– FightingcontinuedforayearafterYorktown,withsavagePatriot-LoyalistwarfareinSouth
–Washington’smostvaluablecontributionsweretokeepcausealive,armyinthefield,andstatestogether
XVI.PeaceatParis
• Aftermathofwar:–ManyBritonswearyofwar– SufferedlosesinIndiaandWestIndies– IslandofMinorcainMediterraneanfell– LordNorth’sministrycollapsedinMarch1782temporarilyendingGeorgeIII’spersonalrule
–Whigministry,favorabletoAmericans,replacedToryregimeofLordNorth
XVI.PeaceatParis(cont.)
• AmericannegotiatorsBenjaminFranklin,JohnAdams,andJohnJaygatheredatParis:
• InstructedtomakenoseparatepeaceandtoconsultwithFrenchalliesatallstages• Americanrepresentativeschafedunderdirective• KnewithadbeenwrittenbysubservientCongressunderpressurefromFrenchForeignOffice
XVI.PeaceatParis(cont.)
• Franceindifficultposition:• HadinducedSpaintoenterwar• Spaincovetedimmensetrans-Alleghenyarea• FrancedesiredindependentUnitedStates,butwantedtokeepNewRepubliceastofAlleghenyMountains• AweakAmericawouldbeeasiertomanageinpromotingFrenchinterestsandpolicy• FrancewaspayingheavypricetowinAmerica’sindependenceandwantedhermoney’sworth
XVI.PeaceatParis(cont.)
JohnJaywasunwillingtoplayFrenchgame:• SecretlymadeoverturestoLondon• LondoncametotermswithAmericans• Preliminarytreatysignedin1782
FormalTreatyofParissignedin1783:• BritainrecognizedindependenceofUnitedStates• Grantedgenerousboundaries:toMississippi(west),toGreatLakes(north),andtoSpanishFlorida(south)• YankeesretainedaccesstofisheriesofNewfoundland
XVI.PeaceatParis(cont.)
– Americanconcessions:• Loyalistsnottobefurtherpersecuted• Congresswastorecommendtostatesthat:
– confiscatedLoyalistpropertyberestored– debtsowedtoBritishcreditorsbepaid
– Britishconcessions:• AcceptdefeatinNorthAmerica• EndingwarallowedEnglandtorebuild
XVII.ANewNationLegitimized
• Britishtermswereliberal:– Grantedenormoustrans-Appalachianarea– Inspirit,Americansmadeaseparatepeace—contrarytoFrenchalliance
– Francerelievedwithendofcostlyconflict– Americaalonegainedfromworld-girdlingwar:• Begannationalcareerwithsplendidterritorialbirthrightandpricelessheritage
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