Ch 8 The Spirit of Reform

Election of 1828

Jackson portrayed himself as the “candidate of the common man” and said Adams was an aristocrat and “out-of-touch”

Jackson won the election with the support of the south and west small-town men

Spoils System

Spoils System – Jackson’s practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support

Under Jackson the national nominating convention replaced the caucus system to allow delegates from the states to meet at conventions to choose the president

The Nullification Crisis

South Carolina’s economy was weakening

Most blamed the nations tariffs, because South Carolina bought most it’s goods from England

When Congress passed the Tariff of Abominations (called by its critics), South Carolina threatened to secede

John C. Calhoun, vice president from South Carolina, proposed nullification – since the states created the union they could declare a law null or not valid

The debate surfaced again in 1830 in the Senate with Robert Hayne of S.C. and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

President Jackson defended the union

Congress passed another tariff in 1832 and S.C. declared the tariffs unconstitutional

Jackson sent a warship to Charleston declaring the act as treason

Henry Clay pushed through a bill to lower tariffs in two years and South Carolina repealed its nullification

Policies Toward Native Americans Indian Removal Act – in 1830 President

Jackson supported the passage of this law to allocate fund to relocate Native Americans to the Great Plains

The Cherokee of Georgia refused and sued up to the Supreme Court

In Worcester v. Georgia Chief Justice John Marshall ruled the Cherokee had property rights that had to be honored by the state

Later President Martin Van Buren sent the army to force the remaining people to move west to Oklahoma

Thousands of Cherokee died on what became known as the Trail of Tears

Jackson also opposed and shut down the second national bank during his second administration even after McCulloch Vs Maryland

Whig Party

In 1830 a new party had emerged to oppose Jackson called the Whig Party

Most members were former Republicans whose party fell after Adams lost the election of 1828

The Whigs couldn’t settle on one candidate for the 1836 election so they ran 3

This made it easy for Democrat Martin Van Buren to win

Shortly after Van Buren took office the country experienced an economic crisis called the Panic of 1837

The Whigs saw the crisis as an opportunity

Election of 1840

Whigs nominated General William Henry Harrison for president and a former Democrat John Tyler for vice-president

Harrison defeated Van Buren

Journal Entry Tues. Dec. 1

In groups of no more than 3 look up these leaders of reform and list the nature of their reforms and the goals they sought to achieve.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Shakers, Dorothea Dix, American Temperance Movement, Horace Mann, Emma Willard, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas

Each person will need their own sheet of paper.

Sec 2 A Changing Culture

The U.S experience a massive influx of immigrants between 1815 and 1860

The largest groups, around 2 million, came from Ireland

The main reason was the potato famine in 1845

The second largest group were the Germans

This brought up a problem with nativism, or hostility toward foreigners in the U.S.

Second Great Awakening Revivalism - belief that people could attain

grace by readmitting God and Christ into their lives

Charles Grandison Finney was one of the leaders who helped to found revivalism

Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as Mormons

Brigham Young became the leader after Smith was murdered and moved the group to Utah

Transcendentalism

popular literary movement of the time.

urged people to transcend the limits of their minds and let their souls embrace the universe

Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

Utopian communities also became a fad during this time

People wanted a life free from corruption, the “ideal society”

Brook Farm in Mass. was the most known utopian community of the time

Sec 3 The Spirit of Reform

Many areas of society came under reform in the mid-1800’s after the quick growth experienced in the U.S.

Dorothea Dix – improved treatment for the mentally ill and in prisons

Temperance Movement

Many blamed problems of society on the excessive use of alcohol

Temperance – a moderation in the consumption of alcohol

Several groups joined together to form the American Temperance Union in 1833

Education

Horace Mann – focused his life on education reform, and backed the creation of the first state board of education in Massachusetts.

In 1852 Mass. Passed the first mandatory school attendance law

Early Women’s Movement

In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, a meeting to focus on equal rights for women

Susan B Anthony introduced women’s suffrage into the U.S.

In groups of two, using CH 8 sec 3, you must make a propaganda poster promoting a reform movement of the time period

Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, Mental Institutions and Prisons, American Temperance Movement, Education Reform, Women’s Rights

You must include a slogan, pictures, any important people and basic ideas of your reform

Sec 4 Early Opposition to Slavery

There were two different views in the fight to end slavery 1) Gradualism – called for a gradual end to

slavery 2) Abolition – the immediate end to slavery

Abolitionism quickly became the cry of the reformers

The New Abolitionist

William Lloyd Garrison was a national leader of the movement

He founded the Liberator an antislavery newspaper that advocated emancipation – freeing of all enslave people

Free African Americans also played prominent roles Frederick Douglas – published his own

newspaper the North Star Sojourner Truth – a very influential female

abolitionist

Discussion Question

List and discuss in detail the circumstances surrounding the four major reform movements in the middle to late 1800’s that effected American society

I) Intro

II) Temperance

III) Education

IV) Women’s Rights

V) Slavery

Ch 9 Manifest Destiny

In 1800 around 387,000 people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains

In 1820 the number was 2.4 Million and rising

Americans began to believe strongly in the idea of Manifest Destiny

This was the idea that God had given the continent to the Americans and wanted them to settle it from coast to coast

The steel plow, windmill, mechanical reaper, and barbed wire were the things that most influence and aided the western expansion.

In 1821, Mexico won it’s independence from Spain

John Sutter, a German immigrant, moved into California and built a trading post, as Americans began to flock to the west.

Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in 1849

The four major trails used by settlers in the western part of the U.S. were the Santa Fe

Oregon

Mormon

California

Cities to list - Oregon City, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Santa Fe, Nauvoo, Independence, Sacramento

Texas Independence Texas won it’s independence from Mexico

under the leadership of Gen. Sam Houston from Tennessee

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the president of Mexico

“Remember the Alamo” was the battle cry of the Texas Revolution

In the Battle of San Jacinto the Texans defeated the Mexicans, captured Santa Anna, and ended the war.

Mexican War

In the election of 1844, the Whigs ran Henry Clay and the Democrats ran James K. Polk.

Polk won the election and promised to gain control of Oregon, Texas, and California

The slogan for Oregon was “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”

John C. Fremont led a revolt in California and named it the “Bear Flag Republic”

The Mexican-American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo where Mexico ceded more than 500,000 square miles of land

Essay Question

Explain the events and ideas that changed America in the Mid 1800’s in terms of Cultural Changes, Reform Movements, and Westward Expansion