ch 9 & ch 10. why do you eat the foods you do? convenience- quick to prepare/cook price advertising...

Ch 9 & Ch 10

Why do you eat the foods you do? Convenience- quick to prepare/cook Price Advertising Ethnic background Etc.

Food Needed for: Growth and repair Energy Nutrients are needed in the right types and amounts Example: you cannot survive only eating a peanut butter sandwich breakfast, lunch, and supper Nutrient: chemicals in food that cells need Nutrition: the study of nutrients and how your body uses them

Nutrients 6 types of nutrients: Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Carbohydrates Water

Proteins Proteins: nutrients that are used to build and repair body parts Made up of amino acids Make up our skin, organs, muscles, cytoplasm etc. Foods high in protein: Meat Eggs Fish Nuts Poultry Soy Dairy products

Fats Fats: nutrients that are used as a source of energy for your body Able to store large amounts of energy for your body Helps you absorb vitamins Makes food taste good Foods high in fat: Butter Meat vegetable oils Nuts Oily fish Stored beneath the skin and around body organs

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: nutrients that also supply you with energy Made up of sugars and starch Foods high in carbohydrates (anything containing starches and sugars): Bread Pasta Cereals Beans Potatoes Fruits Rice Stored in the liver and the blood

Carbohydrates vs fats What is the major difference between fats & carbohydrates? Body can store fats & cannot store carbohydrates Energy from carbohydrates is used first before the energy from fats

Nutrient composition in the body The body is mostly water Male bodies contain more water than females 60% vs females 50% Male bodies have less fat than females 18% vs females 30% Male bodies contain more protein than females 20% vs females 18% Males and female bodies contain about the same amount of carbohydrates 2%

How much do you need a day? Choosemyplate.gov Super tracker & other tools Daily food plans Typically: Carbohydrates (55-65%) Fats (less than 30 %) Proteins ( 10-15%)

Vitamins Vitamins: chemical compounds needed in very small amounts for growth and tissue repair of the body Have chemical names and common names Examples: Ascorbic acid= Vitamin C Retinol= Vitamin A Disease can occur if there is a deficiency in vitamins you need each day RDA= recommended daily allowance: the amount of each vitamin and mineral a person needs each day to remain in good health

Vitamins VitaminHow used in Body Problems if Not enough FoodsRDA A (retinol)Vision, healthy skin Night blindness, rough skin Liver, broccoli, carrots 1000g B1 (thiamine)Allows cells to use carbohydrates Digestive problems, muscle paralysis Ham, eggs, raisins 1.5mg B2 (riboflavin)Allows cells to use carbohydrates and proteins Eye problems, cracking skin Milk, yeast, eggs1.7mg B3(niacin)Allows cell to carry out respiration Mental problems, skin rash, diarrhea Peanuts, tuna, chicken 20.0mg C(ascorbic acid)Healthy membranes, wound healing Sore mouth and bleeding gums, bruises Green peppers, oranges, lemons, tomatoes 60.0mg D (calciferol)Bone growthBowed legs, poor teeth Egg yolk, shrimp, milk, yeast 10g

Nutrition Labels Percent Daily Value: the percent of nutrient found in one serving of a food compared to 100%

Minerals Minerals: nutrients needed to help form different cell parts. Also chemicals Needed in small amounts

Minerals MineralHow used by body Problems if not enough FoodsRDA IronHelps form blood cells, helps blood carry oxygen Anemia, feeling tired Liver, egg yolk, peas, enriched cereals, whole grains 10-15mg CalciumHelps form bones and teeth Bones and teeth become weak or brittle Milk, cheese, sardines, nuts, whole-grain cereal 800-1200mg MagnesiumHelps form bones and teeth Muscle twitchPotatoes, fruit, whole-grain cereals 325mg IodineHelps make thyroid gland chemical Causes thyroid gland to enlarge Seafoods, eggs, milk, iodized table salt 150g SodiumMuscle contraptions, nerve message Dizziness, tired feeling, cramps Bacon, butter, table salt Less than 2400mg

Water Human body is composed of 50-60% Importance of water: Water keeps the body cool Sweat Many chemicals combine only with water in the body Chemical changes take place in water Water helps carry away waste from the body Average adult needs ~2.2-3 liters (9-13 cups) of water each day

Water cont. Many Foods contain water: Watermelon 93% Fish 60% Hotdog 55% Pizza 45% Bread 35% Honey 17%

Getting Nutrients to Your Body Balanced Diet: a diet with the right amount of each nutrient Eating the right amount of each food group everyday- helps maintain a balanced diet

Calories Calorie: a measurement of the energy in food The higher the calories the higher the energy Majority of calories come from fat and sugar 1 Calorie = the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1000g of water 1C Example: 70 calories Amount of energy given off is enough to raise 1000g of water 70C Calories help maintain a constant body temperature 37C Muscle movement Pump blood Send messages through your nerves

Calories cont. Energy is released from food when cells undergo respiration Fats- 9 calories/gram Alcohol-7 calories/gram Protein- 4 calories/gram Carbohydrates- 4 calories/gram 3500 calories=1 pound

Using Calories Not everyone needs the same amount of calories/day Factors: Age Sex Weight/size Activity level Taking in too many calories or doing little exercise typically results in weight gain. When your body consumes too little calories- the body uses stored calories Body also uses stored calories by exercising http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/exercise/SM00109

Digestive System Digestive System: group of organs that take in food and break it down into a form the body can use Composed of hollow tubes Food enters through the mouth Food begins to change form Digestion: changing food into a usable form Continues to change form as it moves through the digestive track

Physical Changes in Digestion Physical Change: when large particles of food are broken down into smaller pieces Food is still in the same form, just smaller pieces Teeth cause physical change in food Grinding and mixing also cause a physical change in food

Chemical Changes in Digestion Chemical Change: turns food into a form that cells can use Food changes form Body uses chemicals made by the digestive system Enzymes: chemicals that speed up the rate of chemical change Example: Bread Contains starch made up of glucose (sugar) Enzymes speed up the change by removing the glucose from the starch Body can use glucose

Nutrient Digestion Some nutrients need to be digested before they can be used Require enzymes Different enzymes for each nutrient Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Some nutrients are already in useable form water Vitamins Minerals

Human Digestive System Digestion takes about 21 hours Food enters through the mouth Teeth break and grind down the food Saliva: a liquid formed in the mouth that contains enzymes Speeds up chemical changes Changes the carbohydrates, not protein or fats Made by the salivary glands Salivary Glands: three pairs of small glands located under the tongue and behind the jaw Saliva passes from the glands through small tubes to the mouth

Human Digestive System Once you swallow the food travels from the mouth to the esophagus Esophagus: a tube that connects the mouth to the stomach Muscles push food towards the stomach Once through the esophagus, food enters the stomach Stomach: baglike, muscular organ that mixes and chemically changes protein Can hold ~1 liter of liquid or food

Human Digestive System Stomach Cont. Chemicals produced by the stomach: Enzyme that speeds up the chemical change of proteins HCL- hydrochloric acid: aka stomach acid Stomach walls mix and churn the food Food enters the small intestine Small intestine: long, hollow, tube-like organ most of the chemical digestion occurs here

Human Digestive System Pancreas: makes 3 different enzymes (fats, proteins, carbs) Liver: makes a chemical called bile Largest organ in the body Bile: green liquid that breaks large fat droplets into small fat droplets Bile gets delivered to the gallbladder Gallbladder: small baglike organ located under the liver Stores bile until it is needed by the small intestine

Human Digestive System Pancreas and gallbladder empty their chemicals into the small intestine Small intestine also makes enzymes Protein & carbs All food changed chemically into a usable form

Human Digestive System Food enters the large intestine Large intestine: tube-like organ at the end of the digestive tract Increased width ~5cm (small intestine: ~2.3cm) Digestions is NOT the main focus here Removes water returned to the blood stream Undigested food leaves as solid waste through the anus

Human Digestive System Appendix: small fingerlike part found where the small and large intestines meet does not digest food Digestive system total ~900cm long Average human 170 cm tall

From the digestive organs cells Carried to the body by the blood By diffusion Diffusion: the movement of a substance from a high concentration to areas of low concentration Surface of small intestines absorb the food molecules Not smooth Many fingerlike parts covering the entire surface of the small intestine =Villi Each villi contain blood vessels The blood vessels carry the digested food Increase surface area=more absorption Blood carries digested food to other parts of the body Gets to these parts by: diffusion

From the digestive organs cells

Digestion in other animals Different animals eat different foods What they eat depends on their digestive system Plant eaters Long digestive systems Plant matter is harder to digest than meat Length gives the food more time to change into an usable form Examples: Cows, rabbits, etc Meat eaters Shorter digestive systems

Digestion in other animals Most animals have a digestive system with two openings Mouth & anus Different organs to do different jobs Chemical changes Physical changes Some animals have a digestive system with one opening Examples: Hydra Jellyfish Opening serves as mouth and anus Some animals have NO digestive system at all Example: tape worm Uses diffusion

Digestive Issues Examples: Ulcer Sore or hole on the inside of the stomach or small intestine Inner lining is being eaten away Enzymes and acid cause this Heartburn Stomach acids moving into the esophagus Causes: Eating too much Eating before you lay down Mucus: thick, sticky material that protects the stomach and intestinal linings from enzymes and stomach acid

Sources Choosemyplate.gov slide 10, slide 18 http://nutritiondata.self.com/ nutrition label slide 13 http://nutritiondata.self.com/ http://www.webmd.com/digestive- disorders/digestive-system digestive system slide 26 http://www.webmd.com/digestive- disorders/digestive-system http://www.dreddyclinic.com/integrated_med/blood. htm digestive system with liver slide 29 http://www.dreddyclinic.com/integrated_med/blood. htm http://library.thinkquest.org/28000/load_image.php3? id=35 sm intestine villi slide 34 http://library.thinkquest.org/28000/load_image.php3? id=35 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM02906 microvilli slide 34 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM02906

ch 9 & ch 10. why do you eat the foods you do? convenience- quick to prepare/cook price advertising...

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