Ch 9Ch 9

Launching a New Launching a New RepublicRepublic

Section 1 - Washington’s Section 1 - Washington’s PresidencyPresidency

The president and the The president and the Congress begin to set up Congress begin to set up the new governmentthe new government

Washington’s Presidency Washington’s Presidency

Washington Takes OfficeWashington Takes Office

George Washington George Washington inaugurated, sworn in, as 1st inaugurated, sworn in, as 1st U.S. President (1789) U.S. President (1789)

John Adams, first vice-John Adams, first vice-presidentpresident

Congress agrees to call Congress agrees to call Washington “Mr. President”Washington “Mr. President”

Setting Up the CourtsSetting Up the Courts

Congress passes the Congress passes the Federal Judiciary Act (1789)Federal Judiciary Act (1789)

Gives Supreme Court six Gives Supreme Court six members:members:

1 chief justice or judge1 chief justice or judge5 associate judges5 associate judges

Setting Up the CourtsSetting Up the Courts

The number of judges The number of judges later grows to ninelater grows to nine

Act also provides for lower Act also provides for lower federal courtsfederal courts

John Jay is named chief John Jay is named chief justicejustice

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

Congress creates 3 Congress creates 3 departments to help the departments to help the president:president:

1. war department1. war department2. state department2. state department3. treasury department3. treasury department

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

Heads of departments are Heads of departments are president’s cabinetpresident’s cabinet1. Secretary of war, Henry 1. Secretary of war, Henry Knox, oversees the nation’s Knox, oversees the nation’s defensedefense

2. Secretary of state, Thomas 2. Secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, oversees diplomatic Jefferson, oversees diplomatic relationsrelations

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

3. Secretary of the 3. Secretary of the treasury, Alexander treasury, Alexander Hamilton, manages U.S. Hamilton, manages U.S. finances finances

4. Attorney general, 4. Attorney general, Edmund Randolph, gives Edmund Randolph, gives legal advicelegal advice

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

By 1789, U.S. has huge By 1789, U.S. has huge national debt—$52 millionnational debt—$52 million

U.S. must pay debt to gain U.S. must pay debt to gain respect of other countriesrespect of other countries

Hamilton vs. JeffersonHamilton vs. Jefferson

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton proposes 3-step financial proposes 3-step financial plan to Congress (1790)plan to Congress (1790)1. pay off all war debts1. pay off all war debts2. raise government 2. raise government revenuesrevenues

3. create a national bank3. create a national bank

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan

Many southern states Many southern states have paid war debts, have paid war debts, northern states have notnorthern states have not

To gain southern support, To gain southern support, U.S. agrees to place capital U.S. agrees to place capital in the South in the South

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton supports tariffs (tax Hamilton supports tariffs (tax

on imported goods) because:on imported goods) because:1. raises money for U.S. 1. raises money for U.S.

governmentgovernment2. encourages growth of U.S. 2. encourages growth of U.S.

industryindustry3. encourages people to buy 3. encourages people to buy

American goodsAmerican goods

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan

Hamilton calls for a Hamilton calls for a National bank, safe for National bank, safe for government investmentsgovernment investments

The Bank would make The Bank would make loans to businesses, issue loans to businesses, issue bank notesbank notes

Interpreting the Interpreting the ConstitutionConstitution

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Thomas Jefferson, James Madison against a national bankagainst a national bank

They claim that the Constitution They claim that the Constitution does not allow for a national does not allow for a national bankbank

Alexander Hamilton has more Alexander Hamilton has more flexible interpretation of the flexible interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution

Interpreting the Interpreting the ConstitutionConstitution

He claims Congress has He claims Congress has the power to set up the the power to set up the bankbank

George Washington George Washington approves a national bank approves a national bank (1791)(1791)

Section 2 - Challenges to Section 2 - Challenges to the New Governmentthe New Government

Washington establishes Washington establishes central authority at home central authority at home and avoids war with and avoids war with European powers.European powers.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers resist U.S. tax on Farmers resist U.S. tax on whiskeywhiskey

More economical for farmers More economical for farmers to sell rye whiskey than to sell rye whiskey than bushels of ryebushels of rye

Use whiskey as money to get Use whiskey as money to get suppliessupplies

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

In Pennsylvania, farmers In Pennsylvania, farmers stage Whiskey Rebellion stage Whiskey Rebellion against tax (1794) against tax (1794)

Troops subdue rebellion, Troops subdue rebellion, shows government has shows government has power to enforce laws power to enforce laws

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

French Revolution—French French Revolution—French people rebel against their people rebel against their government government

France declares war on Britain, France declares war on Britain, Holland, SpainHolland, Spain

Some Americans want U.S. to Some Americans want U.S. to support revolution and the cause support revolution and the cause of libertyof liberty

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Others do not want war Others do not want war with Britainwith Britain

U.S. remains neutral, not U.S. remains neutral, not siding with one country or siding with one country or the other (1793)the other (1793)

Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral

British seize the cargo of British seize the cargo of American ships from the American ships from the French West IndiesFrench West Indies

Seizures make it difficult Seizures make it difficult for the U.S. to remain for the U.S. to remain neutralneutral

Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral

U.S. Chief Justice John Jay U.S. Chief Justice John Jay convinces British to sign convinces British to sign Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)1. British pay for damages 1. British pay for damages to U.S. vesselsto U.S. vessels

2. leave Ohio Valley by 2. leave Ohio Valley by 17961796

Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral

Jay fails to open profitable Jay fails to open profitable British West Indies trade to British West Indies trade to AmericansAmericans

Section 3 - The Section 3 - The Federalists in ChargeFederalists in Charge

The split between The split between Hamilton and Jefferson Hamilton and Jefferson leads to the growth of leads to the growth of political parties.political parties.

Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

During his farewell address, During his farewell address, Washington advises the Washington advises the country on two topics: country on two topics: 1. Washington warned the 1. Washington warned the nation against Political parties nation against Political parties – he felt as though they would – he felt as though they would weaken the nationweaken the nation

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

2. He advised the nation of 2. He advised the nation of Foreign Policy – remain Foreign Policy – remain neutral and “steer clear of neutral and “steer clear of permanent alliances with permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign any portion of the foreign world.”world.”

Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties

Political party: group that Political party: group that promotes its ideas, promotes its ideas, influences governmentinfluences government

1st two political parties in 1st two political parties in the country:the country:

Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties

Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party:Party:started by Thomas started by Thomas Jefferson, James MadisonJefferson, James Madison

1. wanted to support 1. wanted to support French Revolution French Revolution

Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties

2. wanted limited 2. wanted limited government, felt as though government, felt as though strong government could lead strong government could lead to tyrannyto tyranny

3. economy based on farming3. economy based on farming4. strict interpretation of the 4. strict interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution

Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties

5. opposed to the National 5. opposed to the National BankBank

6. supporters were: farmers 6. supporters were: farmers and trades peopleand trades people

Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties

Federalist PartyFederalist Party

Started by Alexander Started by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams Hamilton and John Adams

1. opposed supporting the 1. opposed supporting the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties

2. Wanted a strong central 2. Wanted a strong central governmentgovernment

3. economy based on trade, 3. economy based on trade, manufacturing, and manufacturing, and shippingshipping

4. loose interpretation of 4. loose interpretation of the Constitutionthe Constitution

Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties

5. wanted the National 5. wanted the National BankBank

6. supporters were: 6. supporters were: lawyers, merchants, lawyers, merchants, manufactures, and clergymanufactures, and clergy

John Adams Takes OfficeJohn Adams Takes Office

John Adams is presidential John Adams is presidential candidate for Federalists candidate for Federalists

Thomas Jefferson is candidate Thomas Jefferson is candidate for Democratic-Republicansfor Democratic-Republicans

Adams wins election; runner-Adams wins election; runner-up, Jefferson, is vice-president up, Jefferson, is vice-president (1797) (1797)

XYZ Affair  XYZ Affair  

In 1797, Britain and In 1797, Britain and France are still at war France are still at war

French seize U.S. ships, French seize U.S. ships, prevent trade with Britishprevent trade with British

Federalists want war with Federalists want war with FranceFrance

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

President Adams wants to President Adams wants to restore peace restore peace

President Adams sends diplomats President Adams sends diplomats to France, they are ignoredto France, they are ignored

3 French agents (known as X,Y, 3 French agents (known as X,Y, Z) ask for a loan and a bribe from Z) ask for a loan and a bribe from the diplomatsthe diplomats

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

Americans are outraged this Americans are outraged this and it comes to be known as and it comes to be known as the XYZ Affair  the XYZ Affair  

Congress cancels treaties Congress cancels treaties with France, allows U.S. to with France, allows U.S. to seize French shipsseize French ships

The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs

Democratic-Republicans, Democratic-Republicans, Federalists criticize each otherFederalists criticize each other

To stop criticism of To stop criticism of Federalists, President Adams Federalists, President Adams targets immigrantstargets immigrants

Many immigrants are Many immigrants are Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans

The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs

Federalist Congress passes Federalist Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):(1798):1. power to arrest disloyal 1. power to arrest disloyal aliens during wartimealiens during wartime

2. outlaws saying, writing 2. outlaws saying, writing anything false or harmful anything false or harmful against governmentagainst government

The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs

Alien and Sedition Acts clamp Alien and Sedition Acts clamp down on freedom of speechdown on freedom of speech

Democratic-Republicans use Democratic-Republicans use states’ rights to fight actsstates’ rights to fight acts

State can refuse to pass a State can refuse to pass a federal law if it sees law as federal law if it sees law as unconstitutionalunconstitutional

The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs

Kentucky, Virginia find Alien Kentucky, Virginia find Alien and Sedition Acts and Sedition Acts unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Democratic-Republicans gain Democratic-Republicans gain control of Congresscontrol of Congress

Repeal acts or let them expire Repeal acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802between 1800 and 1802

Peace with FrancePeace with France

U.S. and France make peace, U.S. and France make peace, sign Convention of 1800:sign Convention of 1800:1. stops naval attacks between 1. stops naval attacks between France and U.S.France and U.S.

2. allows U.S. and French ships 2. allows U.S. and French ships to sail the ocean in peace to sail the ocean in peace