ch01 - materials for engineering

8/10/2019 Ch01 - Materials for Engineering

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CHAPTER 1Materials forEngineeringThe modern automobile is a case study in the

selection of a wide range of traditional and ad-

vanced materials. For example the large air

scoops that extend from the front of this vehicleto the doors are an integral part of the fenders,

which are made of a sophisticated, moldable

polymer. (Courtesy of Dow Automotive Divi-

sion of Dow Chemical Corporation)


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Figure 1-1 The material possessions of a family matching the statistical average for the UnitedStates. (From Peter Menzel, Material WorldA Global Family Portrait, Sierra Club Books,San Francisco, 1994.)


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Figure 1-2 These examples of common metal parts, including various springs andclips, are characteristic of their wide range of engineering applications. (Cour-tesy of Elgiloy Company)


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1H

3Li

4Be

I A

II A III A IV A V A VI A VII A

VIII

III B IV B V B VI B VII B I B II B11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

2He

O

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

In

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe55Cs

56Ba

57La

87Fr

88Ra

89Ac

72Hf

73Ta

74W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

58Ce

59Pr

60Nd

61Pm

62Sm

63Eu

64Gd

65Tb

66Dy

67Ho

68Er

69Tm

70Yb

71Lu

90Th

91Pa

92U

93Np

94Pu

95Am

96Cm

97Bk

98Cf

99Es

100Fm

101Md

102No

103Lw

85At

86Rn

Figure 1-3 Periodic table of the elements with those elements that are inherently metallic in nature in color.


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Figure 1-4 Various aluminum parts fabricatedby superplastic deformation. The unusuallyhigh degree of deformability for these alloysis possible with a carefully controlled, fine-

grained microstructure. Superplastic form-ing uses air pressure to stretch a bubble ofmetal sheet over a metal preform. (Courtesyof Superform USA)


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1H

3Li

4Be

I A


VIII

III B IV B V B VI B VII B I B II B

11

Na

12

Mg

13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

2He

O

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

57La

87Fr

88Ra

89Ac

72Hf

73Ta

74W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

58Ce

59Pr

60Nd

61Pm

62Sm

63Eu

64Gd

65Tb

66Dy

67Ho

68Er

69Tm

70Yb

71Lu

90Th

91Pa

92U

93Np

94Pu

95Am

96Cm

97Bk

98Cf

99Es

100Fm

101Md

102No

103Lw

85At

86Rn

Figure 1-5 Periodic table with ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of one or more metallic elements(in light color) with one or more nonmetallic elements (in dark color). Note that elements silicon (Si) and ger-manium (Ge) are included with the metals in this figure, but were not in Figure 13. This is because, in elemen-

tal form, Si and Ge behave as semiconductors (Figure 116). Elemental tin (Sn) can be either a metal or a semi-conductor, depending on its crystalline structure.


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Figure 1-6 Some common ceramics for tradi-tional engineering applications. These mis-cellaneous parts with characteristic resistanceto damage by high temperatures and corro-

sive environments are used in a variety offurnaces and chemical processing systems.(Courtesy of Duramic Products, Inc.)


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Figure 1-7 Cutaway view of an advanced gasturbine design incorporating various ceramiccomponents, for example, silicon carbide forturbine rotors, vanes, and flow path walls, sil-icon nitride for turbine rotors, and aluminum

silicate for regenerator disks. (Courtesy ofAllison Gas Turbine Operations, GeneralMotors Corporation)


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(a) (b)

Figure 1-8 Schematic comparison of the atomic-scale structure of (a) a ce-ramic (crystalline) and (b) a glass (noncrystalline). The open circlesrepresent a nonmetallic atom, and the solid black circles represent ametal atom.


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Figure 1-9 Some common silicate glasses for engineering applications.These materials combine the important qualities of transmitting clear


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Figure 1-10 Cookware made of a glass-ceramicprovides good mechanical and thermal prop-erties. The casserole dish can withstand the

thermal shock of simultaneous high temper-ature (the torch flame) and low temperature(the block of ice). (Courtesy of Corning GlassWorks)


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Figure 1-11 Miscellaneous internal parts of acontemporary parking meter are made ofan acetal polymer. Engineered polymers are

typically inexpensive and characterized byease of formation and adequate structuralproperties. (Courtesy of the Du Pont Com-pany, Engineering Polymers Division)


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1H

3Li

4Be

I A


VIII

III B IV B V B VI B VII B I B II B11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

2He

O

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

In

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe55Cs

56Ba

57La

87Fr

88Ra

89Ac

72Hf

73Ta

74W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

58Ce

59Pr

60Nd

61Pm

62Sm

63Eu

64Gd

65Tb

66Dy

67Ho

68Er

69Tm

70Yb

71Lu

90Th

91Pa

92U

93Np

94Pu

95Am

96Cm

97Bk

98Cf

99Es

100Fm

101Md

102No

103Lw

85At

86Rn

Figure 1-12 Periodic table with the elements associated with commercial polymers in color.


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Figure 1-13 The rear quarter-panel on this sports car was a pioneering applicationof an engineering polymer in a traditional structural metal application. The poly-mer is an injection-molded nylon. (Courtesy of the Du Pont Company, Engi-

neering Polymers Division)


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Figure 1-14 Example of a fiberglass composite composed of microscopic-scale reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix. The tremen-dous depth of field in this microscopic image is characteristic ofthe scanning electron microscope (SEM) to be discussed in Sec-


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Figure 1-15 Golf club head and

shaft molded of a graphitefiber-reinforced epoxy com-posite. Golf clubs made ofthis advanced composite sys-tem are stronger, stiffer, andlighter than conventional equip-ment, allowing the golfer to

drive the ball farther with greatercontrol. (Courtesy of FiberiteCorporation)


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1H

3Li

4Be

I A


VIII

III B IV B V B VI B VII B I B II B11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

2He

O

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

57La

87Fr

88Ra

89Ac

72Hf

73Ta

74W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu90Th

91Pa

92U

93Np

94Pu

95Am

96Cm

97Bk

98Cf

99Es

100Fm

101Md

102No

103Lw

85At

86Rn

Figure 1-16 Periodic table with the elemental semiconductors in dark color and those elements that form semicon-ducting compounds in light color. The semiconducting compounds are composed of pairs of elements from

columns III and V (e.g., GaAs) or from columns II and VI (e.g., CdS).


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(a) (b)

Figure 1-17 (a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex array of semiconducting regions. (Photograph courtesy ofIntel Corporation). (b) A microcircuit viewed with a scanning electron microscope. (From Metals Handbook, 9thed., Vol. 10: Materials Characterization, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1986.)


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(a) Aluminum (b) Magnesium

Figure 1-18 Comparison of crystal structures for (a) aluminum and (b) magne-sium.


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Figure 1-19 Contrast in mechanical behaviorof (a) aluminum (relatively ductile) and(b) magnesium (relatively brittle) resulting


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(a)

(b)

50 m

(c)

(d)

50 m

Figure 1-20 Porous microstructure in polycrystallineAl2O3(a) leads to an opaque material (b). Nearly pore-free microstructure in poly crystalline Al2O3(c) leads to a translucent material (d). (Courtesy of C. E.Scott, General Electric Company)


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Figure 1-21 High-temperature sodium vapor lamp made possible by use of a translu-centAl2O3cylinder for containing the sodium vapor. (Note that the Al2O3cylin-der is inside the exterior glass envelope.) (Courtesy of General Electric Com-

pany)


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Figure 1-22 Pouring molten iron into molds for casting. Even this traditional form of materialsprocessing is becoming increasingly sophisticated. This pour occurred at the Foundry of

the Future discussed in the Feature Box in Chapter 11. (Courtesy of the Casting EmissionReduction Program [CERP].)


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Figure 1-23 The modern integrated circuit fab-rication laboratory represents the state ofthe art in materials processing. (Courtesyof the College of Engineering, University ofCalifornia, Davis)


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Metals

Strength Ductility Cost

Ceramics

Polymers

Semiconductors

Composites

(a) (b)

Final selection

Figure 1-24 (a) Sequence of choices leading to selection of metal as the appropriate type of ma-terial for construction of a commercial gas cylinder. (b) Commercial gas cylinders. (Cour-tesy of Matheson Division of Searle Medical Products)

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