ch03
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
- Also known as Respiration. - Comprises of these different
processes depending on type of organism:
I. Anaerobic Respiration II. Aerobic Respiration
![Page 3: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Comprises of these stages: glycolysis: glucose 2 pyruvate + NADH fermentation: pyruvate lactic acid or ethanol cellular respiration:
![Page 4: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Comprises of these stages: Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Citric Acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation/ Electron Transport
Chain(ETC)
![Page 5: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
STARCHY FOOD
α – AMYLASE ; MALTASES
Glycolysis in cytosol
Brief overview of catabolism of glucose to generate energy
Glucose converted to glu-6-PO4
Start of cycle
2[Pyruvate+ATP+NADH]
- Krebs Cycle
- E transport chain
Aerobic condition; in mitochondriaAnaerobic
condition
Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle.
Only in yeast/bacteria Anaerobic respiration or
Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate enters as AcetylcoA
Glucose
Cycle : anaerobic
![Page 6: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Show time..
![Page 7: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1st stage of glucose metabolism → glycolysis An anaerobic process, yields 2 ATP
(additional energy source) Glucose will be metabolized via gycolysis;
pyruvate as the end product The pyruvate will be converted to lactic acid
(muscles → liver) Aerobic conditions: the main purpose is to
feed pyruvate into TCA cycle for further rise of ATP
![Page 8: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fig. 17-1, p.464
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate as summarized:
Glucose (six C atoms) → 2 pyruvate (three C atoms)2 ATP + 4 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 ADP + 4 ATP (phosphorylation)Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP (Net reaction)
![Page 9: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fig. 17-2, p.465
![Page 10: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Louis Pasteur- French biologist- did research on fermentation which led to important discoveries in microbiology and chemistry
![Page 11: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
p.467
Step 1 Glucose is phosphorylated to give gluc-6-phosphatePreparation phase
![Page 12: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fig. 17-3, p.468
![Page 13: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Table 17-1, p.469
![Page 15: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fig. 17-4, p.470
![Page 16: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
p.470a
Step 2 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerize to give fructose-6-phosphate
![Page 17: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
p.470b
Step 3 Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
![Page 18: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fig. 17-6, p.471
![Page 19: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
p.471a
Step 4 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate split into two 3-carbon fragments
![Page 20: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
p.471b
Step 5 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
![Page 21: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
p.472
Step 6
Payoff phase
Glyceraldehyde-6-phosphate is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
![Page 22: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fig. 17-7, p.473
![Page 23: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
p.474a
![Page 25: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 17-8, p.475
![Page 26: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
p.476
Step 7 Production of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP
![Page 27: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
p.477a
Step 8 Phosphate group is transferred from C-3 to C-2
![Page 28: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
p.477b
Step 9 Dehydration reaction of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
![Page 29: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
p.478
Step 10 Phosphoenolpyruvate transfers its phosphate group to ADP → ATP and pyruvate
![Page 30: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fig. 17-10, p.479
Control points in glycolysis
![Page 31: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
p.479
Conversion of pyruvate to lactate in muscle
![Page 32: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig. 17-11b, p.481
![Page 33: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fig. 17-11a, p.481
Pyruvate decarboxylase
![Page 34: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig. 17-12, p.482
![Page 35: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
p.482
Acetaldehyde + NADH → Ethanol + NAD+
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 H+ → 2 Ethanol + 2 ATP + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
![Page 36: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Carbohydrate metabolism
![Page 37: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gluconeogenesis
Conversion of pyruvate to glucose Biosynthesis and the degradation of many important
biomolecules follow different pathways There are three irreversible steps in glycolysis and the
differences bet. glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are found in these reactions
Different pathway, reactions and enzyme
p.495
STEP 1
![Page 38: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
is the biosynthesis of new glucose from non-CHO precursors.
this glucose is as a fuel source by the brain, testes, erythrocytes and kidney medulla
comprises of 9 steps and occurs in liver and kidney the process occurs when quantity of glycogen have been
depleted - Used to maintain blood glucose levels. Designed to make sure blood glucose levels are high
enough to meet the demands of brain and muscle (cannot do gluconeogenesis).
promotes by low blood glucose level and high ATP inhibits by low ATP occurs when [glu] is low or during periods of fasting/
starvation, or intense exercise pathway is highly endergonic *endergonic is energy consuming
![Page 39: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
STEP 2
![Page 40: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The oxalocetate formed in the mitochondria have two fates:
- continue to form PEP- turned into malate by malate dehydrogenase and leave the mitochondria, have a reaction reverse by cytosolic malate dehydrogenase
Reason?
![Page 41: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fig. 18-12, p.502
Controlling glucose metabolism• found in Cori cycle• shows the cycling of glucose due to gycolysis in muscle and gluconeogenesis in liver
As energy store for next exercise
• This two metabolic pathways are not active simultaneously.• when the cell needs ATP, glycolisys is more active•When there is little need for ATP, gluconeogenesis is more active
![Page 43: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cori cycle requires the net hydrolysis of two ATP and two GTP.
OHATPHNADHPyruvate
PADPNADeglu i
222422
222cos
iPGDPADPNADeGlu
OHGTPATPHNADHPyruvate
6242cos
624422 2
iPGDPADP
OHGTPATP
422
422 2
![Page 44: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fig. 18-13, p.503
![Page 45: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Citric Acid cycle
Cycle where 30 to 32 molecules of ATP can be produced from glucose in complete aerobic oxidation
Amphibolic – play roles in both catabolism and anabolismThe other name of citric acid cycle: Krebs cycle and
tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)Takes place in mitochondria
![Page 46: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fig. 19-2, p.513
![Page 47: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Fig. 19-3b, p.514
Steps 3,4,6 and 8 – oxidation reactions
![Page 49: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
5 enzymes make up the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
![Page 50: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
p.518
Step 1 Formation of citrate
![Page 51: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Table 19-1, p.518
Step 2 Isomerization
![Page 52: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Fig. 19-6, p.519
cis-Aconitate as an intermediate in the conversion of citrate to isocitrate
![Page 53: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Fig. 19-7, p.521
Step 3
Formation of α-ketoglutarate and CO2 – first oxidation
![Page 55: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
p.521
Step 4 Formation of succinyl-CoA and CO2 – 2nd oxidation
![Page 56: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
p.522
Step 5 Formation of succinate
![Page 57: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
p.523a
Step 6
Formation of fumarate – FAD-linked oxidation
![Page 58: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
p.524a
Step 7 Formation of L-malate
![Page 59: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
p.524b
Step 8 Regeneration of oxaloacetate – final oxidation step
![Page 60: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Fig. 19-8, p.526
Krebs cycle produced:• 6 CO2
• 2 ATP• 6 NADH• 2 FADH2
![Page 61: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Table 19-3, p.527
![Page 62: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Fig. 19-10, p.530
![Page 63: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fig. 19-11, p.531
![Page 64: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Fig. 19-12, p.533
![Page 65: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fig. 19-15, p.535
![Page 66: Ch03](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503bdbb4c905b2788b45e3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Overall production from glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation and TCA:
Oxidative decarboxylatio
n
Glycolysis TCA cycle
- 2 ATP 2 ATP
2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH , 2 FADH2
2 CO2 2 Pyruvate 4 CO2
Electron transportation system