ch04 ethics in international business

7/29/2019 Ch04 Ethics in International Business

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IBM Frall, 2012

Frank C. Huang

Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Global Business Today7e

by Charles W.L. Hill

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Chapter 4Ethics in

InternationalBusiness

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Introduction

Ethics - accepted principles of right or wrong that govern theconduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the actions ofan organization

Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wronggoverning the conduct of business people

Ethical strategy is a strategy, or course of action, that does notviolate these accepted principles

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Ethical Issues in International Business

The most common ethical issues in business involve

employment practices

human rights

environmental regulations

corruption

the moral obligation of multinational companies

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Employment Practices

Question: When work conditions in a host nations are

clearly inferior to those in a multinationals home nation,

what standards should be applied?

The standards of the home nation?

The standards of the host nation?

Something in between?

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Human Rights

Question: What is the responsibility of a foreignmultinational when operating in a country where basichuman rights are not respected?

Basic human rights taken for granted in the developedworld such as freedom of association, freedom ofspeech, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement,and so on, are not universally accepted


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Environmental Pollution

Question: Should a multinational feel free to pollute in adeveloping nation if doing so does not violate laws?

Answer:

When environmental regulations in host nations are far

inferior to those in the home nation, ethical issues arise

The tragedy of the commons occurs when a resource

held in common by all, but owned by no one, is overused

by individuals resulting in its degradation

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Corruption

Question: Is it ethical to make payments to governmentofficials to secure business?

Answer:

In the United States, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Actoutlawed the practice of paying bribes to foreigngovernment officials in order to gain business

The Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign PublicOfficials in International Business Transactions adoptedby the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) obliges member states to makethe bribery of foreign public officials a criminal offense

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Corruption

Some economists suggest that the practice of giving

bribes might be the price that must be paid to do a

greater good

In countries where preexisting political structures

distort or limit the workings of the market mechanism,

corruption in the form of black-marketeering,

smuggling, and side payments to government

bureaucrats to speed up approval for businessinvestments may actually enhance welfare

However, other economists have argued that corruption

reduces the returns on business investment and leads to

low economic growth

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Moral Obligations

Question: Do multinationals have a responsibility to give

back to the societies that enable them to grow and

prosper?

Answer:

Social responsibility - the idea that business people

should take the social consequences of economic

actions into account when making business decisions,

and that there should be a presumption in favor of

decisions that have both good economic and good social

consequences

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Ethical Dilemmas

Managers often face situations where the appropriatecourse of action is not clear

Ethical dilemmas - situations in which none of theavailable alternatives seems ethically acceptable

they exist because real world decisions are complex,difficult to frame, and involve various consequencesthat are difficult to quantify

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The Roots of Unethical Behavior

Question: Why do managers behave in an unethical

manner?

Answer:

Managerial behavior is influenced by

Personal ethics

Decision making processes

Organizational culture

Unrealistic performance expectations

Leadership


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The Roots of Unethical Behavior

Figure 4.1: Determinants of Ethical Behavior

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Personal Ethics

Business ethics reflect personal ethics (the generallyaccepted principles of right and wrong governing the

conduct of individuals)

Expatriates may face pressure to violate their personal

ethics because

they are away from their ordinary social context and

supporting culture

they are psychologically and geographically distant

from the parent company

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Decision Making Processes

Studies show that business people may behave

unethically because they fail to ask the relevant

questionis this decision or action ethical?

decisions are made based on economic logic, without

consideration for ethics

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Organizational Culture

Unethical behavior may exist in firms with anorganization culture - the values and norms that areshared among employees of an organization - that doesnot emphasize business ethics

Values and norms shape the culture of a firm, andthat culture influences decision making

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Unrealistic Performance Expectations

Pressure from the parent company to meet performance

goals that are unrealistic, and can only be attained by

cutting corners or acting in an unethical manner can

cause unethical behavior

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Leadership

If a firms leaders fail to act in an ethical manner, other

employees may not act ethically

actions speak louder than words


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Philosophical Approaches to Ethics

There are several approaches to business ethicsincluding

Straw men

the Friedman doctrine

cultural relativism

the righteous moralist

the nave immoralist

Utilitarian and Kantian

Rights theories

Justice Theories

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Straw Men

Straw men approaches are raised by business ethicsscholars primarily for the purpose of demonstrating that

they offer inappropriate guidelines for ethical decision

making in a multinational enterprise

Four such approaches are

the Friedman doctrine

cultural relativism

the righteous moralist

the nave immoralist

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Straw Men

Friedman Doctrine - the only social responsibility ofbusiness is to increase profits, so long as the companystays within the rules of law

companies should not undertake expendituresbeyond those mandated by law and those required forthe efficient running of a business

Cultural Relativism - the belief that ethics are culturallydetermined and that firms should adopt the ethics of thecultures in which they operate

when in Rome, do as the Romans do

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Straw Men

Righteous Moralist - a multinationals home country

standards of ethics are the appropriate ones for

companies to follow in foreign countries

approach is common among managers from

developed countries

Nave Immoralist - if a manager of a multinational sees

that firms from other nations are not following ethical

norms in a host nation, that manager should not either

actions are ethically justified if everyone else is doing

the same thing

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Utilitarian and Kantian Ethics

Utilitarian approaches to ethics hold that the moral worthof actions or practices is determined by theirconsequences

actions have multiple consequences, some good,some not

actions are desirable if they leads to the best possiblebalance of good consequences over badconsequences

Problems with this approach

measuring the benefits, costs, and risks of a course ofaction

the philosophy fails to consider justice

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Utilitarian and Kantian Ethics

Kantian ethics - based on the philosophy of Immanuel

Kant who argued that people should be treated as ends

and never purely as means to the ends of others

people have dignity and need to be respected, they

are not machines


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Rights Theories

Rights theories - human beings have fundamental rightsand privileges that transcend national boundaries andculture

fundamental human rights form the basis for themoral compass that managers should navigate bywhen making decisions that have an ethicalcomponent

The idea that some fundamental rights transcendnational borders and cultures was the underlyingmotivation for the UNs Universal Declaration of HumanRights (specifies the basic principles that should alwaysbe adhered to irrespective of the culture in which one isdoing business)

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Justice Theories

Justice theories focus on the attainment of ajustdistribution (one that is considered fair and equitable) ofeconomic goods and services

John Rawls - all economic goods and services should bedistributed equally except when an unequal distributionwould work to everyones advantage

Impartiality is guaranteed by the veil of ignorance(everyone is imagined to be ignorant of all his or herparticular characteristics)

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Justice Theories

Question: What system would people design under a veilof ignorance?

Answer:

A system where people would agree that each person ispermitted the maximum amount of basic libertycompatible with a similar liberty for others

Once equal basic liberty is assured, inequality in basic

goods social goods are to be allowed only if they benefiteveryone

the difference principle suggests that inequalities arejustified if they benefit the position of the leastadvantaged person

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Implications for Managers

Question: How can managers ensure that ethical issues areconsidered in business decisions?

Answer:

Managers should

favor hiring and promoting people with a well grounded sense ofpersonal ethics

build an organizational culture that places a high value on ethicalbehavior

make sure that leaders within the business not only articulate therhetoric of ethical behavior, but also act in manner that is consistentwith that rhetoric

put decision making processes in place that require people toconsider the ethical dimension of business decisions

develop moral courage

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Hiring and Promotion

Businesses should strive to identify and hire people with

a strong sense of personal ethics

Prospective employees should find out as much as they

can about the ethical climate in an organization

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Organization Culture and Leadership

Businesses need to build an organization culture thatplaces a high value on ethical behavior

the business must explicitly articulate values thatplace a strong emphasis on ethical behavior

code of ethics - a formal statement of the ethicalpriorities a business adheres to

leaders in the business should give life and meaningto the code of ethics by repeatedly emphasizing theirimportance, and then acting on them

the business should put in place a system ofincentives and rewards that recognize people whoengage in ethical behavior and sanction those who donot


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Decision-Making Processes

A moral compass can help determine whether a decisionis ethical.

If a manager can answer yes to the following questions,the decision is ethically acceptable

does my decision fall within the accepted values ofstandards that typically apply in the organizationalenvironment?

am I willing to see the decision communicated to allstakeholders affected by it?

would the people with whom I have significantpersonal relationships approve of the decision?

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A five-step process can also help managers thinkthrough ethical issues

1. How would a decision affect stakeholders - theindividuals or groups who have an interest, stake, orclaim in the actions and overall performance of acompany

Internal stakeholders - people who work for or whoown the business such as employees, the board ofdirectors, and stockholders.

External stakeholders - the individuals or groups whohave some claim on a firm such as customers,suppliers, and unions

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2. Managers need to determine whether a proposeddecision would violate the fundamental rights of anystakeholders

3. Managers need to establish moral intent - the businessmust resolve to place moral concerns ahead of otherconcerns in cases where either the fundamental rightsof stakeholders or key moral principles have beenviolated

4. The company should then engage in ethical behavior

5. The business must audit its decisions, reviewing them tomake sure that they were consistent with ethicalprinciples

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Ethics Officers

To encourage ethical behavior in a business, a numberof firms now have ethics officers

Ethics officers ensure that

employees are trained to be ethically aware

ethical considerations enter decision-making

the companys code of ethics is followed

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Moral Courage

Employees in an international business may need

significant moral courage

managers need to be able too walk away from

decisions that are profitable, but unethical

employees need to be able to say no to actions that

are unethical

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Summary of Decision-Making Steps

International businesses should

strive to hire and promote people based on ethicalconsiderations as well as other metrics ofperformance

establish an ethical culture within the organization

appoint ethics officers

create an environment that facilitates moral courage

It is important to recognize that not all ethical dilemmashave a clear and obvious solution


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Classroom Performance System

Multinational companies are concerned with ethics is all ofthe following areas except

a) Employment practices

b) Human rights

c) Environmental regulations

d) Trade regulations

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Which of the following does not contribute to unethicalbehavior by managers?

a) Unrealistic performance goals

b) Leadership

c) Organizational culture

d) Restrictions on bribes

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Which philosophy claims that a companys home-country

standards of ethics are the appropriate ones to follow in

foreign countries?

a) Cultural relativism

b) Righteous moralist

c) Friedman doctrine

d) Nave immoralist

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A companys formal statement of ethical priorities is called

its

a) Mission statement

b) Code of ethics

c) Code of values

d) Organizational culture

ch04 ethics in international business

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