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THE ELEMENTS AND

ORGANIZATION OF MUSIC

By: Pazcoguin, Ivan Abelard

Pedro, John FrancisRamos, Rodrigo

Reformado, Juan Paolo

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Musical notation

Notation

system of signs by means of which music is written down.

Serves mainly to indicate two properties (pitch and duration)

Notation of Pitch

Written on five horizontal lines with four equal spaces called staff

Clef

a letter sign placed on the staff to indicate the pitch of notes

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G clef (treble clef)

locates the tone G by circling the G line A symbol indicating that the second line from the bottom of a staff

represents the pitch of G

F clef (bass clef)

A symbol indicating that the fourth line from the bottom of a staffrepresents the pitch of F

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Leger lines

Short lines which are used to indicate pitches which liebelow or above the range of the staff

Sharp sign (#)

When a note is preceded by a sharp sign (#), the tone isone half step higher and played on the piano key to theright

Flat sign( )

When a note is preceded by a flat sign, the tone is onehalf step lower and played on the piano one key to the left

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The pitch distance between any note and the next note of the

same letter, either to the right or left on the keyboard, is calledan octave

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Notation of Duration (Note Values) Duration of silence between notes is indicated by rest

Every kind of note has a corresponding kind of rest to indicate thatnothing shall be sounded

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A dot following a note gives an additional one-half of its regular

value;

Meter

A series of regular pulses

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Time Signature Appears on the staff at the beginning of the score Consists of two numbers:

The upper number indicates the number of beats to ameasure

The lower number indicates the kind of note that willreceive one beat

means that there are three beats in one measureand every quarter note will receive one beat

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A few more signs to know to read music accurately:

Accent mark ( ) gives extra stress to the note itaccompanies which means to play the note louder.

Crescendo mark indicates gradual increase in loudness

Decrescendo mark also called diminuendo mark graduallydecreases the loudness

Fermata means the holding of a note or chord longer than itsnormal value

Key Signature

Group of flats or sharps appearing at the beginning of a piece

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Sound May be said to deal with pure sound

composition of music can be defines as the

organization of sound

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Tone A sound produced by regular vibrations of air

Sound made by wind, traffic, clapping of hands, or

creaking of doors are merely noise because vibrations

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Components of tone

Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a tonal sound. Thefaster the vibration means the higher the pitch and the slowerthe vibrations, the lower the pitch

Duration determined by the length of time the vibration issustained

Intensity of Volume the loudness and softness

Timbre or Quality tones possess a characteristic quality whichenables one to distinguish one sound from another. Tone qualityis referred as tone color

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THE ORGANIZATION OF PITCH

There are many pitched that exists

Pitch spectrum

Limited to a total of 12 different pitches

It is possible to create musical scales because ofpitch

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Scale

A series of consecutive tones.

May move in:

An ascending order, from lower to higher pitches.

A descending order, from higher to lower pitches.

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Without the scale, music would be impossible.

There are many different scale patterns in music,the most known and commonly used are themajor scale and minor scale.

Every major scale is a pattern of whole steps and

half steps

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One can construct all the scales, major andminor, by:

Using the key signature chart.

Beginning with any tone and applying the patternof half and whole steps.

The word half and whole refer to the distancebetween the successive steps in the scale.

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Tonality

In almost any melody, one tone can be foundwhich seems more important that any of the

others used in making the melody.

Tonality is the key or tonal center.

Most music is written in a key, which means that

all its harmony is related to a single tone (tonic).

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The central pitch is a tonic.

The tonality or key of a musical composition isindicated by a key signature which is placed atthe beginning of a piece.

Music in which 2 or more keys are combined

simultaneously in a single composition ispolytonal.

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20thcentury composers is shifting rapidly fromone key to another.

This is referred to as multitonality or displacedtonality.

A scale is an abstract arrangement of the pitched

in stepwise order forming the basis of acomposition. The first and last notes od a scaleare always tonic

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THE ORGANIZATION OF DURATION

Sounds can be made longer or shorter because ofduration.

It is possible to organize sounds rhythmically Rhythm

Aspect of music which has to do with theorganization of duration.

Usually considered the most basic musicalelement

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METER

It is the way of measuring durations on a fixed,regular pattern, so the listener is aware of a basic

pulse or beat.

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Binary

Whole note

Two half notes

Four quarter notes

Eight eight notes

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Ternary

Dotted half note (three quarter notes)

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Tempo

An Italian word which means time.

Tempo is indicated by such general terms:

Allegro (fast)

Vivace (lively)

Moderato (moderate speed)

Andante (moderately slow) Adagio (slower than andante)

Lento (slow)

Largo (very slow)

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Tempo(cont.)

Tempo is more accurately indicated in musicalscores by metronome designations, which show

the number of beats per minute.

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Melody

Element of music which makes the most directappeal.

Is generally what we remember and whistle orhum.

Consist of a series of pitches and durations.

Displays overall balance between ascending anddescending motions.

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The most fundamental feature ofmelody is continuity.

Melody divides itself into two halves,each half is called a phrase.

Phrase denotes a unit of meaningwithin a larger structure.

Two phrases together form a

sentence(musical period).

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Motif is the smallest melodic unit Phrase is the succession of tones easily

encompassed in one breath

Phrase usually rises to a high point to apoint of rest or cadence

Cadence in music means a closingphrase

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4 Characteristics of Melody:

Dimension

Progression

Direction

Register

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Dimension

Motives melodic fragments

Melody has two dimensions:

Length

Length of the melody is relative to the number ofmeasures which compose it.

Melodies consisting of less than eight measures are

considered short, those consisting of more thaneight measures are considered long.

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Range Range of a melody is the pitch distance

from its lowest to its highest tone.

Some melodies are wider in range, other

melodies are narrow, and many aremoderate.

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Register

Register is the relative highnes or lowness of theaggregate tones of a melody.

A melody may have a high, medium or lowregister.

Register affects the quality of a melody.

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Direction Melody moves in two direction of pitch:

Upwards

Downwards

A melody can move rapidly in either direction:rapidly ascending, rapidly descending, gradually

ascending, gradually descending

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Static melody a melody which remains at agiven pitch level, moving neither up nor down

any appreciable distance A melodic climax may apper near the beginning,

in the middle, or at the end of the line.

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Progression Melodic progression refers to the intervals

between the tones as a melody

A melody may move stepwise, that is, itprogresses to adjacent notes of the scale which iscalled conjunct progression,

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A melody may contain numerousprominent skips which is called disjunctprogression

A melody often contains both conjuctive

and disjunct progression.

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Function of Melody Melody is the element of music that arouses

interest.

Theme - melodic idea or basic tune of the composition

- it provides one of the most importantapproaches to intelligent listening

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Tempo An Italian word which means time.

Tempo is indicated by such general terms:

Allegro (fast)

Vivace (lively)

Moderato (moderate speed)

Andante (moderately slow) Adagio (slower than andante)

Lento (slow)

Largo (very slow)

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It is the simultaneous sounding of two or moretones.

A Chord is two or more notes or tones soundedat the same time and conceived as an entity.

The most common chord in our music is acombination of three tones known as Triad.

Harmony

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We can build a triad by selecting any tone byadding two more tones above it on an alternatedegrees (1-3-5 scale)

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Chord Progressionis the scheme by whichchords change.

Harmony has rhythm in which chord changesmay come at regular or irregular intervals of

time, thus producing a harmonic rhythm.

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Consonance and Dissonance

Consonanceare certain combination of tones

that produces a quality of repose or relaxation.

Dissonance are tones that produces a quality ofunrest or tension.

Each complements the other and both are anecessary part of the artistic whole.

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Diatonic and Chromatic Harmony

Diatonic Harmonyis one in which there are

few altered tones (i.e. sharps, flats, and naturalsigns).

Chromatic Harmony is one in which there are

numerous altered tones.

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It is an element of music which creates a sense ofgravitation toward a key or tonal center.

Most music is written in a key. That means all itsharmony is related to a single tone called a

tonic.

Tonality

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Polytonality

Music in which two or more keys are combined

simultaneously in a single composition ispolytonal.

Multitonality

Sometimes called displaced tonality.

Here the composer rapidly shifts from one key toanother.

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Atonal

Atonal music is an innovation of Schoenberg.

It is music that rejects the framework of key inwhich the composer avoids any feeling of key at alltimes, the technique is names the method ofcomposing 12 tones.

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Dynamics

When intensity is applied to a piece of music,

rather than to a single tone, it is referred to asdynamics.

The term refers to degrees of loudness andsoftness and the process of changing from one to

the other.

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These are certain words that indicate dynamics: Forte(loud)

Piano(soft) Fortissimo(very loud) Pianissimo(very soft) Mezzo forte(moderately loud)

As to the change in dynamics, the most commonare: Crescendo(becoming louder) Diminuendo(becoming softer)

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Sforzando(Sudden Stress)

Terms that embrace both tempo and dynamics: Andante maestoso(fairly slow and majestic)

Morendo(Dying away)

Scherzabdo(playful)

Combrio(with vigor)

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Tempo

Refers to the rate of speed, the pace of the music.

Terms in tempo also indicates changes in it, fromfast to slow and vice versa.

Ex. Largo(broad), Grave(solemn), Adagio(going ata walking pace), etc.

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Music also moves at different speed.

Accelerando gradual increase of speed.

Ritardando gradual decrease of tempo

When tempo becomes faster, music becomesmore tense and exciting; when music slows

down, relaxation usually takes place.

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Timbre

It is tone quality.

Every musical medium has its own distinctivequality of tone.

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In music, texture refers to the melodic andharmonic relationship of musical factors.

Types of Texture1. Monophonic Texture any instrument or

voice performing a melody without an

accompaniment.

2. Homophonic Texture a single-melody-with-chords.

Texture

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3. Polyphonic Texture - many-voiced texturewhich is a combination of two or more melodies

of more or less equal prominence.

4. Nonmelodic Texture created for specialeffects in which harmonic sounds obscure or

partly exclude the melodic content of thecomposition.

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Sonority an attribute of texture which is basedmore on harmonic than melodicconsideration.

- the quality of richness or thinness oftexture.

Determined by:1. The number of parts2. Spacing of tones3. Register of tones4. Timbre