Democratic Reform & ActivismCh.10 Sec.1

GB’s Government• Who Runs the government?

1. Monarch (King/Queen)- ruled the country2. Parliament • House of Lords- inherited or appointed position until

1999• House of Commons- elected by British people

• Voting Restrictions• GB was NOT a true democracy• Only 5% could vote • Only men who owned property could vote• Women could not vote• Upper class males controlled the government

Reform Bill of 1832• Middle class protest•Wealthy middle class- factory owners, bankers, and merchants•Protested for Parliament for suffrage•French Revolution frightened Parliament and they did not want a revolution to start in their country

• Reform Bill of 1832 passes •Lowered property requirements so that wealthy middle-class men could vote•Modernized electoral districts so that industrial cities have more representation (London, Manchester, Liverpool)

Chartist Movement

• People’s Charter of 1838•Working class and other groups still denied right to vote

• Proposal1. Suffrage (right to vote) for ALL MEN2. Voting should be secret (private)3. End property requirements & pay Parliament

members• Opened Parliament to more groups of people

(not only wealthy)4. Annual Parliament elections (DID NOT PASS)

• 1884 almost all adult males had the right to vote

Victorian Age

• Came into power during 1837 @ age 18• Queen for nearly 64 yrs• British empire reached height of its wealth under her reign• Very popular

• Switch to democracy• Kings before her exercised control over parliament• During 1800s almost all power shifted to Parliament• Government ran by prime minister & cabinet

Women’s Suffrage• By 1890 NO country allowed women the right to

vote• As men gained more suffrage, women demanded the same

• Campaign/Resistance•Women began forming reform societies and protesting unfair laws/customs•Many felt that women voting was too radical and that women had no place in politics

• WSPU- Women’s Social and Political Union•Militant organization• Draw attention to women’s suffrage• Led protests/hunger strikes to gain attention•Women did not gain the right to vote in GB/U.S. until after WWI• 1920 for women in United States

France Struggles• Between 1871-1914 France averaged a new

government every year• Third Republic- established by National Assembly • Lasted over 60 yrs

• Dreyfus Affair• Monarchists, aristocrats, clergy, & army leaders wanted to

establish a monarchy• Anti-semitism (prejudice against Jews) played a role in the

scandal• Captain Alfred Dreyfus- accused of selling military secrets to

Germany• Sentenced to life in prison, but new evidence showed he had

been framed because he was Jewish • After 4 years he was declared innocent

Rise of Zionism• Dreyfus affair showed European hatred towards

the Jews• More severe cases in Eastern Europe

• Russian allowed campaigns of violence against Jews

• Starting in 1880 thousands of Jews left E. Europe• Most of them headed for the United States

• Zionism• Jews had been exiled and persecuted throughout history• Campaigned for a homeland in Palestine• Took many years for Israel (Jewish state) to be established

Ch.10 Sec.2 Self-Rule for British Colonies

Colonization• 1800 British had colonies around the world• Asia and Africa were British outposts • Dominated control of trade with locals• No control over population

Canada, Australia, & New Zealand European colonist dominated nativesAs GB industrialized/prospered, so did colonies

Struggle in Canada Original home for many Native

AmericansFrench were the first colonize Canada• Very good relationship with natives (trade,

marriage, etc.)Great Britain takes control in 1763 after

winning the French & Indian War• French and British settle different regions of

the country Differences in language/religion caused

tensionFrench- Roman Catholic British- protestant

• Both groups wanted voice in Parliament • Parliament creates two new provincesUpper Canada (Ontario)- British Lower Canada (Quebec)- French

Dominion of Canada• Division of Upper/Lower Canada eases tension for a while• Middle class colonist begin to push for political/economical reforms

• Late 1830s• Rebellion broke out in both regions

Lord DurhamReformer sent to Canada to investigateSolution:

Upper & Lower Canada should be reunited as Province of Canada and immigration encouraged

Colonists should be allowed to govern themselves

• Mid 1800s Canadians felt that they needed a central government to protect interests of citizens from the U.S.

1867 Dominion of Canada formed Allowed to self govern, BUT still part of British Empire

Australia • Claimed by James Cook in 1770

for GB• Considered uninhabited Aborigines- native group—longest

ongoing culture in the world 1788- Began colonizing with

criminals (Penal Colony)• GB’s prisons were overcrowded • Could buy land and settle once

released

• 1800s settlers began arriving Biggest business- exporting sheep

wool 1851 Gold Rush

Became independent in 1901

New Zealand • Claimed by James Cook- 1769Maori

Polynesian culture that settled in A.D. 800• Land rights were recognized • 1814- Missionaries attempted

conversion to Christianity

• Self Government • 1850s were self governing with

Parliamentary forms of gov.1893- first nation to give full voting

rights to women (WHITE WOMEN)

Ireland 1100s- Pope gives GB control of

Ireland GBs laws limited rights of Catholics

already living in Ireland • Became part of GB in 1801• Catholic Emancipation Act 1829-

restored rights to CatholicsGreat Famine

Peasants depended on potatoes as food source

1845-48 plant fungus ruined nearly all potatoes

Approx. 1 million people died

Ireland Home Rule• Independent control from GBFeared by Protestants (minority)• 1914- Southern Ireland granted

Home Rule, BUT WWI postponed it

• Rebellion/Division • Irish Republican Arm (IRA)- unofficial

military group force seeking independence • Attacked British officials in Ireland 1912 Ireland separated in Northern

Ireland & South 1949 Irish Free State declared

independent

Questions• Pg. 319 (1-2)• Pg. 321 (3,4,5)