ch12 - amazon s3s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/wpgolyg4y3.pdf · ch12 student: _____...

ch12Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. When do true social behaviours begin to appear? A. between birth and 6 months.B. between 6 and 12 months.C. between 12 and 18 months.D. between 18 and 24 months.

2. Peers are children of about the same

A. IQ.B. age or maturity level.C. level of social isolation.D. social status.

3. What social interaction skill or capacity is acquired during the early toddler period (i.e., 13 to 24

months)? A. establishing complementary role relationshipsB. recognizing peers as social partnersC. communicating meaningsD. shift to increased preference for peers over mom

4. As children approach 2 years of age, they shift toward increased social play and a greater preference for

playing A. alone.B. with parents.C. with older siblings.D. with peers.

5. Across development, what type of a relationship exists between the child's age and the amount of time

spent with parents? A. positiveB. negativeC. consistentD. difficult

6. At four-years-old, peer relationships

A. may engage in fantasy play designed to master specific fears.B. begin to adapt complementary behaviours.C. show stable preference for same sex playmates.D. reaches a peak in imaginative play.

7. At what age do children begin to prefer the same-sex peers as play partners?

A. 4B. 7C. 10D. 14

8. Bobby tells Chris she is very smart because Chris tells Bobby that he is incredibly bright. This mutual

reinforcement, which acts to shape behaviour, is known as A. flattery.B. manipulation.C. puppy love.D. reciprocity.

9. In addition to approval, peer reinforcement affects behaviour patterns of peer recipients because it provides A. tokens.B. attention.C. primary reinforcers.D. role playing.

10. The major functions of peer imitation are

A. learning dress codes and the right language.B. acquiring friends and peer status.C. rule learning and maintaining social interactions.D. learning morals and responsibility.

11. Ummar is a new kid at Hammonds Plains High School. He is intent on watching his new peers and

quickly begins to imitate the popular ones. Ummar is using his peers as __________ in this social system at school. A. reinforcers.B. models.C. educational assets.D. potential rides to the mall.

12. When Jacob first came to Hammonds Plains High School as the "new kid" halfway into the year,

he closely observed his peers interacting with each other and with his teachers. As time goes on and Jacob learns the school's social rules, he will rely __________ on others in this educational social interaction. A. lessB. moreC. heavilyD. totally

13. When children use their peers as standards to evaluate or measure themselves against, they are engaged in

the process of A. modeling.B. social comparison.C. peer adulation.D. social decline.

14. When children compare themselves to their peers, they develop concepts about many things. Which of

the following are peers likely to influence? A. self-imageB. self-esteemC. self-acceptanceD. all of these

15. Most social interchanges between peers occur in the setting of

A. school.B. meals.C. extra-curricular activities.D. play.

16. What type of activity is intrinsically motivated rather than imposed or directed socially by others and is,

therefore, highly engaging to children? A. practising the pianoB. choresC. playD. studying

17. When Desmond is asked why he is shooting baskets, he says, "It is something that is just fun to do." His comment would indicate that Desmond considers basketball A. work.B. play.C. a sport.D. a hobby.

18. Which of the following is true with regard to play?

A. It is concerned with the end, not the means.B. It has many external social rules.C. It is highly engaging.D. It is usually serious in social context.

19. By permitting children to learn about objects, solve problems, and explore their environments, play

facilitates A. cognitive development.B. emotional development.C. spatial development.D. language development.

20. By allowing the child to engage in fantasy, acting out roles, and modelling others, play advances

A. theatrical opportunities.B. social development.C. dramatic skills.D. family relationships.

21. By providing opportunities to learn coping skills, solve inner conflicts, and understand anxiety-producing

situations, play helps children A. solve emotional problems.B. develop linguistic skills.C. identify phobias.D. expand their social understanding.

22. The type of play that seems to be especially important in the development of social competence is

A. structural play.B. concrete play.C. pretend play.D. role reversal play.

23. Which of the following does NOT belong?

A. pretend playB. functional playC. imaginative playD. fantasy play

24. Pretend play allows children to do all of the following EXCEPT

A. practise their own future roles.B. encourage extrinsic motivation.C. experience the feelings of others.D. be a part of a social group.

25. At approximately what age does pretend play peak?

A. 4 yearsB. 6 yearsC. 8 yearsD. 10 years

26. Pretend play can provide an opportunity for children to work through and master A. language problems.B. sibling conflicts.C. boring family gatherings.D. fears.

27. Imaginativeness in play is associated with

A. impulsivity.B. lack of cooperation.C. curiosity.D. dependency.

28. Which of the following is indicative of a child who can successfully engage in imaginative play?

A. shows more negative emotionsB. aggressiveC. disinterested in novel experiencesD. more likely to smile

29. The technique used to assess peer status by asking children to identify a number of peers they like or

dislike is a/an A. popularity measure.B. sociometric measure.C. fluctuating measure.D. invalid measure.

30. Sociometric measurements are used to assess peer popularity or

A. social systems.B. social attributes.C. social status.D. social expectations.

31. In a sociometric study of popularity, those adolescents who receive many negative nominations are

called A. popularB. rejectedC. neglectedD. controversial

32. In a sociometric study of popularity, Emily receives many positive nominations. Her peer status is

called A. averageB. controversialC. popularD. rejected

33. Developmentalists have distinguished three types of children other than popular children: neglected,

rejected, and A. moderate.B. motivated.C. aggressive.D. controversial.

34. Neglected children are

A. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.B. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.C. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.D. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

35. Rejected children are A. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.B. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.C. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.D. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

36. Researchers have distinguished two types of rejected children: __________ and __________.

A. aggressive; nonaggressiveB. verbal; nonverbalC. threatening; abusiveD. withdrawn; passive

37. When children form first impressions about other children based on such characteristics as names or

appearances, they are focusing on A. surface characteristics.B. trait characteristics.C. deep characteristics.D. family characteristics.

38. At what age can children begin to differentiate attractive from unattractive children and judge them based

on these physical attributes? A. 1 to 3 yearsB. 3 to 5 yearsC. 5 to 8 yearsD. 8 to 10 years

39. Which of the following characteristics is attributed to unattractive children?

A. sharingB. meannessC. self-sufficiencyD. friendliness

40. Langlois and Downs' (1979) study found differences in social behaviour in unattractive 5-year-olds but

not in unattractive 3-year-olds. As a possible explanation, they suggest that individuals behave to some extent in a manner consistent with the expectations of others. This is known as A. reputational bias.B. peer pressure.C. a self-fulfilling prophecy.D. an interaction.

41. In North American cultures, children frequently play with peers who are

A. older.B. the same age.C. younger.D. immature.

42. Children generally associate helping, nurturing, and assisting functions to their peers who are

A. younger.B. smarter.C. the same age.D. older.

43. Children who have emotional or social problems may be ignored by their same age peer groups but find

acceptance easier to gain with A. adults.B. older children.C. younger children.D. mentally retarded children.

44. At what point in development do boys and girls prefer to be in cross-sex groups as opposed to single-sex groups? A. preschool periodB. early childhoodC. middle childhoodD. adolescence

45. Allison is a new girl in Ms. Gregg's preschool class. If given a choice to play with either Hannah and

Emily or with Alexander and Nathan, Allison will prefer ________. A. Hannah and EmilyB. Alexander and NathanC. the teacherD. any of the children because they all are strangers

46. Ryan and Mallory are both in grade two. At school they talk to each other and sometimes at recess they

will play together as long as there is a group of boys of which Ryan is a part and a group of girls to which Mallory belongs. However, it is not unusual for them to spend Saturday afternoons at each other's homes. How would you describe their relationship? A. pathological and aberrantB. typical for their ageC. unusual and strangeD. an indicator for future problems

47. According to Thorne (1986), as children develop, older girls prefer __________ activities while older

boys prefer __________ activities. A. organized and rule oriented; unstructuredB. unorganized and unstructured; organized and rule orientedC. unstructured; unstructuredD. high energy; low energy

48. Hilary, age 5, and David, age 6, are friends who enjoy playing with each other. Usually when they play,

they pretend to be a variety of people, superheroes, and animals. Sometimes they're lions; sometimes they're trolls. However, Hilary is very insistent that she always be the momma lion or the princess troll and David must be in a male role. Hilary's behaviour is A. typical for her age.B. precocious.C. unhealthy.D. a general nuisance to David.

49. Children of various social statuses often differ in many ways with respect to their social encounters with

peer groups. Which of the following is NOT a relevant factor in these potential differences? A. goalsB. strategiesC. behavioursD. verbal abilities

50. Research suggests that popular children tend to be

A. assertive.B. non-disruptive.C. both assertive AND non-disruptive.D. neither assertive NOR non-disruptive.

51. According to Cole and colleagues' (1990) classification system of peer social status, which of the

following would best describe a boy who is seen as aggressive, aversive, and very active by his peers? A. popularB. averageC. rejectedD. neglected

52. Which of the following traits would best be applied to a popular child by his/her peer group? A. helped set the rules and norms for their groupB. less likely to notice social cuesC. is aggressiveD. is often withdrawn

53. When Rudy joins a group, he begins to process the social information around him. According to Crick

and Dodge (1994), the first step in this process would involve Rudy ________ the actions of individuals around him. A. interpretingB. enactingC. encoding social cues ofD. searching for a response to

54. Which child is most likely to be given the "benefit of the doubt" when he has engaged in a negative

behaviour? A. an unpopular peerB. a rejected peerC. an unfamiliar peerD. a peer who is liked

55. Studies of unpopular children (e.g., Dodge, 1986) have found that social status is related to

A. age.B. verbal ability.C. family functioning.D. cognitive functioning.

56. According to Dodge (1993), aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to

A. have friends.B. perceive ambiguous behaviour as hostile.C. be more introspective.D. have no siblings.

57. Which of the following factors leads to strong feelings of social isolation and alienation?

A. lack of friendsB. being actively disliked by many peersC. having only one friendD. having peers pretend to be your friends, only to later ignore you

58. Parker and Asher (1987) found that children who were poorly accepted by their peers are more likely

to A. become involved with criminal activity.B. complete high school.C. have stable marriages.D. become and remain popular adults.

59. Which group of children is the most likely to have serious adjustment problems later in life?

A. neglected childrenB. popular childrenC. controversial childrenD. rejected children

60. Social acceptance of socially isolated and rejected children can often be facilitated by shaping socially

desirable behaviour through __________ or __________. A. therapy; parent trainingB. modeling; reinforcementC. escape; avoidanceD. conversations; play acting

61. The process which involves teaching a general concept or strategy, usually by providing examples of successful approaches, is A. role playing.B. problem solving.C. verbal instruction.D. coaching.

62. Murphy and Schneider (1994) used coaching techniques with unpopular children in Grade 5. The coached

children A. made friends.B. made friends and improved academically.C. showed no differences when compared to a control group of children.D. had difficulties using the techniques without support from an adult.

63. One way parents can help their children develop peer relationships is to

A. insist who their children's friends are.B. serve as partners with their children.C. never let their children play unsupervised.D. interview all children who may be possible friends.

64. Mothers who interact in a positive and agreeable manner with their children and exhibit concern for

feelings have A. lower status children.B. middle status children.C. higher status children.D. average status children.

65. Typically, mothers of __________ status children exhibit more negative and controlling behaviours with

their children than do mothers of __________ status children. A. middle; lowerB. lower; higherC. lower; middleD. higher; lower

66. Which of the following things would a parent acting as a coach or educator for their child NOT do to help

influence peer relationships? A. give adviceB. give supportC. be controllingD. offer direction

67. Which of the following forms of advice would a mother of a lower status child offer about how to solve a

problem with a peer? A. "look friendly"B. "talk it over"C. "try to compromise"D. "take turns"

68. You are a parent of a 4-year-old. There are few children in your neighbourhood, yet you feel that it is

important for your child to have friends. You decide to A. not worry about it; your child will make friends in school.B. organize a playgroup of children in surrounding neighbourhoods.C. encourage your child to be happy with the few children that are near.D. spend more time with your child to make up for a lack of friends.

69. Parents who spend "half their lives" in the car transporting their children as well as their children's friends should really feel A. as if they are being taken advantage of.B. frustrated that they are wasting their time.C.

good about what they are doing since they are providing opportunities for peer interaction for their children.

D. tired since driving children is an emotionally exhausting job. 70. Eileen often takes her two-year-old son over to Penny's house in order for the child to play with Penny's

two-year-old son. Eileen is acting as a __________ in facilitating her child's peer contacts. A. busy bodyB. social arrangerC. matchmakerD. networking neighbour

71. Children with externalizing problems become victims when they

A. cry when someone hurts their feelings.B. fight back too often.C. irritate without being threatening.D. pick on someone who is bigger than them.

72. Children can protect themselves from being victimized by bullies by

A. running away.B. informing their parents.C. paying bullies money to leave them alone.D. bribing bullies by doing their homework.

73. Children likely to get picked on are those who

A. send implicit signals that they are unlikely to defend themselves.B. are large in stature.C. have many friends.D. excel in school.

74. Close dyadic relationships with a few peers are known as

A. networks.B. trouble.C. friendships.D. neighbourhoods.

75. The essential components of a friendship are __________ and __________.

A. proximity; genderB. common interests; ageC. similar backgrounds; availabilityD. reciprocity; commitment

76. Which stage of friendship is characterized by joining in organized play, sharing common activities, and

being physically nearby? A. normativeB. proximalC. empathicD. reward-cost

77. Which stage of friendship occurs at about grades 4 and 5, where similar attitudes and values toward rules

are important? A. normativeB. reward-costC. empathicD. euphoric

78. Which stage of friendship sees self disclosure, understanding, and the potential for intimacy beginning to occur? A. reward-costB. empathicC. normativeD. ideal

79. When Bonnie informs Sally that she is afraid of boys and has never been on a date, by definition she

is A. violating accepted gender norms.B. modeling her parents.C. increasing the intimacy of the relationship.D. assessing the trust versus mistrust level of the relationship.

80. Gottman's research on the development of friendships found that friends

A. communicated more clearly.B. had more negative exchanges.C. had difficulty resolving conflicts.D. exchange little information.

81. If a child said "I really get nervous before each soccer game." this child would be exemplifying which

social process of friendship formation? A. information exchangeB. establishing common groundC. self disclosure of feelingsD. positive reciprocity

82. During middle childhood, children become more concerned with being accepted by their same sex peers.

The most salient social process during this stage is A. positive conversation.B. negative gossip.C. telephone access.D. ritual insults.

83. Who engages in negative gossip?

A. girls almost exclusivelyB. boys almost exclusivelyC. both boys and girlsD. neither boys nor girls over age 8

84. Adolescence who had mutual antipathies developed problems later in life except those relating to

A. boys in same-sex friendships.B. girls in same-sex friendships.C. girls in cross gender friendships.D. all of the above.

85. The term mutual antipathy is defined as

A. mutual feelings of empathy between two people.B. mutual feelings of love between two people.C. a relationship of mutual dislike between two people.D. a relationship of mutual liking between two people.

86. Which of the following myths about teenage love affairs is true?

A. adolescent romantic relationships are transitoryB. adolescent romantic relationships are trivialC. adolescent romantic relationships do not differ from other relationshipsD. all of these are false

87. The organizational structure of groups from preschool on is A. lateral.B. circular.C. random.D. hierarchical.

88. Which of the following is a criterion young children use in determining dominance within hierarchies?

A. ability to direct the behaviour of othersB. appearanceC. athletic prowessD. academic performance

89. Hierarchies function in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A. hierarchies reduce aggression among members of the group.B. hierarchies allow for the orderly exchange of information.C. hierarchies provide a means to distribute labor and tasks.D. hierarchies determine the allocation of resources.

90. Cliques are small groups made up of

A. about 14 to 16 individuals.B. people who engage in similar activities.C. both sexes.D. people of different ages.

91. Crowds are large groups of individuals

A. based on reputation of the members.B. who always spend a lot of time together.C. usually not defined by the activities in which they engage.D. that are more personal than cliques.

92. How is an adolescent crowd different from an adolescent clique?

A. Crowds are smaller and more personally demanding.B. Cliques are smaller and more intimate.C. Crowds are larger and more cohesive.D. Cliques are larger and more impersonal.

93. ________________ are smaller, involve greater intimacy among members, and have more group

cohesion than crowds. A. Peer groupsB. CliquesC. Non peer groupsD. Classrooms

94. The ______________ is the largest and least personal of adolescent groups.

A. peer groupB. cliqueC. non peer groupD. crowd

95. Parents are more influential than peers with decisions concerning

A. friendship choices.B. interpersonal behaviour.C. entertainment.D. future aspirations.

96. Relative to Canadian children, friendships among Italian children are A. characterized by less conflict.B. characterized by more conflict.C. more likely to end.D. less efficient in arriving at potential solutions to resolve conflict.

97. Studies of peer acceptance in Italy versus North America suggest that the proportions of popular and

rejected children A. are roughly comparable across the two cultures.B. skewed toward a greater proportion of popular children in Italy.C. skewed toward a greater proportion of popular children in North America.D. are unknown because the appropriate studies have not yet been carried out.

98. What are the functions of play? Describe the relationship between play and pathology in children.

99. As a parent, you have to make a decision as to the type of preschool your child will attend. One choice

is a very well respected program with a varied but structured curriculum that leaves the child little free time. The second program is child centered with a developmental focus on play. What benefits might this second program offer that the first one cannot? Why?

100.Describe the role of peers in socialization. How do gender and social skills interact with peer acceptance?

How do peer relationships influence later development?

101.Describe the information processing model of children's social behaviour (Crick & Dodge, 1994). What

relevance does it have for bridging cognitive and social relationships issues?

102.Compare and contrast the peer statuses of children who are popular, neglected, rejected, or controversial. Based on research findings, which of these types of children would you least want your child to be and why?

103.Do parents have a role to play in the development of their child's peer relationships? How do parents

facilitate children's friendships? Explain.

104.Discuss the expectations and obligations of friendships. Do these change as the child ages?

105.Discuss whether parents or peers are the most influential on children.

106.Describe some of the cliques that existed in your high school. What effects did cliques have on you and

your adolescent friends.

107.Discuss dominance hierarchies in connection with friendship. At what age does this start to become

obvious and are there changes as the child ages?

108.Are peers equally important in all cultures?

ch12 Key 1.(p. 468)

When do true social behaviours begin to appear? A. between birth and 6 months.B. between 6 and 12 months.C. between 12 and 18 months.D. between 18 and 24 months.

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 12 #1

Type: Knowledge

2.(p. 468)

Peers are children of about the same A. IQ.B. age or maturity level.C. level of social isolation.D. social status.


Type: Knowledge

3.(p. 468)

What social interaction skill or capacity is acquired during the early toddler period (i.e., 13 to 24 months)? A. establishing complementary role relationshipsB. recognizing peers as social partnersC. communicating meaningsD. shift to increased preference for peers over mom


Type: Knowledge

4.(p. 468)

As children approach 2 years of age, they shift toward increased social play and a greater preference for playing A. alone.B. with parents.C. with older siblings.D. with peers.


Type: Knowledge

5.(p. 469)

Across development, what type of a relationship exists between the child's age and the amount of time spent with parents? A. positiveB. negativeC. consistentD. difficult


Type: Comprehension

6.(p. 470)

At four-years-old, peer relationships A. may engage in fantasy play designed to master specific fears.B. begin to adapt complementary behaviours.C. show stable preference for same sex playmates.D. reaches a peak in imaginative play.


Type: Knowledge

7.(p. 472)

At what age do children begin to prefer the same-sex peers as play partners? A. 4B. 7C. 10D. 14


Type: Knowledge

8.(p. 473)

Bobby tells Chris she is very smart because Chris tells Bobby that he is incredibly bright. This mutual reinforcement, which acts to shape behaviour, is known as A. flattery.B. manipulation.C. puppy love.D. reciprocity.

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 12 #8Type: Application

9.(p. 473)

In addition to approval, peer reinforcement affects behaviour patterns of peer recipients because it provides A. tokens.B. attention.C. primary reinforcers.D. role playing.


Type: Comprehension

10.(p. 473)

The major functions of peer imitation are A. learning dress codes and the right language.B. acquiring friends and peer status.C. rule learning and maintaining social interactions.D. learning morals and responsibility.

Learning Objective: 1

Parke - Chapter 12 #10Type: Knowledge

11.(p. 474)

Ummar is a new kid at Hammonds Plains High School. He is intent on watching his new peers and quickly begins to imitate the popular ones. Ummar is using his peers as __________ in this social system at school. A. reinforcers.B. models.C. educational assets.D. potential rides to the mall.


Parke - Chapter 12 #11Type: Application

12.(p. 474)

When Jacob first came to Hammonds Plains High School as the "new kid" halfway into the year, he closely observed his peers interacting with each other and with his teachers. As time goes on and Jacob learns the school's social rules, he will rely __________ on others in this educational social interaction. A. lessB. moreC. heavilyD. totally



13.(p. 474)

When children use their peers as standards to evaluate or measure themselves against, they are engaged in the process of A. modeling.B. social comparison.C. peer adulation.D. social decline.



14.(p. 474)

When children compare themselves to their peers, they develop concepts about many things. Which of the following are peers likely to influence? A. self-imageB. self-esteemC. self-acceptanceD. all of these


Parke - Chapter 12 #14Type: Analysis

15.(p. 474)

Most social interchanges between peers occur in the setting of A. school.B. meals.C. extra-curricular activities.D. play.



16.(p. 473-474)

What type of activity is intrinsically motivated rather than imposed or directed socially by others and is, therefore, highly engaging to children? A. practising the pianoB. choresC. playD. studying


Parke - Chapter 12 #16Type: Comprehension

17.(p. 469-473)

When Desmond is asked why he is shooting baskets, he says, "It is something that is just fun to do." His comment would indicate that Desmond considers basketball A. work.B. play.C. a sport.D. a hobby.



18.(p. 469-473)

Which of the following is true with regard to play? A. It is concerned with the end, not the means.B. It has many external social rules.C. It is highly engaging.D. It is usually serious in social context.



19.(p. 469-473)

By permitting children to learn about objects, solve problems, and explore their environments, play facilitates A. cognitive development.B. emotional development.C. spatial development.D. language development.



20.(p. 469-473)

By allowing the child to engage in fantasy, acting out roles, and modelling others, play advances A. theatrical opportunities.B. social development.C. dramatic skills.D. family relationships.



21.(p. 469-473)

By providing opportunities to learn coping skills, solve inner conflicts, and understand anxiety-producing situations, play helps children A. solve emotional problems.B. develop linguistic skills.C. identify phobias.D. expand their social understanding.



22.(p. 470)

The type of play that seems to be especially important in the development of social competence is A. structural play.B. concrete play.C. pretend play.D. role reversal play.



23.(p. 470)

Which of the following does NOT belong? A. pretend playB. functional playC. imaginative playD. fantasy play



24.(p. 470)

Pretend play allows children to do all of the following EXCEPT A. practise their own future roles.B. encourage extrinsic motivation.C. experience the feelings of others.D. be a part of a social group.



25.(p. 470)

At approximately what age does pretend play peak? A. 4 yearsB. 6 yearsC. 8 yearsD. 10 years



26.(p. 470)

Pretend play can provide an opportunity for children to work through and master A. language problems.B. sibling conflicts.C. boring family gatherings.D. fears.



27.(p. 470)

Imaginativeness in play is associated with A. impulsivity.B. lack of cooperation.C. curiosity.D. dependency.



28.(p. 470)

Which of the following is indicative of a child who can successfully engage in imaginative play? A. shows more negative emotionsB. aggressiveC. disinterested in novel experiencesD. more likely to smile



29.(p. 474)

The technique used to assess peer status by asking children to identify a number of peers they like or dislike is a/an A. popularity measure.B. sociometric measure.C. fluctuating measure.D. invalid measure.



30.(p. 474-476)

Sociometric measurements are used to assess peer popularity or A. social systems.B. social attributes.C. social status.D. social expectations.



31.(p. 475)

In a sociometric study of popularity, those adolescents who receive many negative nominations are called A. popularB. rejectedC. neglectedD. controversial



32.(p. 475)

In a sociometric study of popularity, Emily receives many positive nominations. Her peer status is called A. averageB. controversialC. popularD. rejected



33.(p. 475)

Developmentalists have distinguished three types of children other than popular children: neglected, rejected, and A. moderate.B. motivated.C. aggressive.D. controversial.



34.(p. 475)

Neglected children are A. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.B. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.C. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.D. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.



35.(p. 475)

Rejected children are A. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.B. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.C. infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.D. frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.



36.(p. 475)

Researchers have distinguished two types of rejected children: __________ and __________. A. aggressive; nonaggressiveB. verbal; nonverbalC. threatening; abusiveD. withdrawn; passive



37.(p. 476)

When children form first impressions about other children based on such characteristics as names or appearances, they are focusing on A. surface characteristics.B. trait characteristics.C. deep characteristics.D. family characteristics.



38.(p. 479)

At what age can children begin to differentiate attractive from unattractive children and judge them based on these physical attributes? A. 1 to 3 yearsB. 3 to 5 yearsC. 5 to 8 yearsD. 8 to 10 years



39.(p. 479)

Which of the following characteristics is attributed to unattractive children? A. sharingB. meannessC. self-sufficiencyD. friendliness



40.(p. 479)

Langlois and Downs' (1979) study found differences in social behaviour in unattractive 5-year-olds but not in unattractive 3-year-olds. As a possible explanation, they suggest that individuals behave to some extent in a manner consistent with the expectations of others. This is known as A. reputational bias.B. peer pressure.C. a self-fulfilling prophecy.D. an interaction.



41.(p. 479-480)

In North American cultures, children frequently play with peers who are A. older.B. the same age.C. younger.D. immature.



42.(p. 480)

Children generally associate helping, nurturing, and assisting functions to their peers who are A. younger.B. smarter.C. the same age.D. older.



43.(p. 480)

Children who have emotional or social problems may be ignored by their same age peer groups but find acceptance easier to gain with A. adults.B. older children.C. younger children.D. mentally retarded children.



44.(p. 479)

At what point in development do boys and girls prefer to be in cross-sex groups as opposed to single-sex groups? A. preschool periodB. early childhoodC. middle childhoodD. adolescence



45.(p. 479)

Allison is a new girl in Ms. Gregg's preschool class. If given a choice to play with either Hannah and Emily or with Alexander and Nathan, Allison will prefer ________. A. Hannah and EmilyB. Alexander and NathanC. the teacherD. any of the children because they all are strangers



46.(p. 479-480)

Ryan and Mallory are both in grade two. At school they talk to each other and sometimes at recess they will play together as long as there is a group of boys of which Ryan is a part and a group of girls to which Mallory belongs. However, it is not unusual for them to spend Saturday afternoons at each other's homes. How would you describe their relationship? A. pathological and aberrantB. typical for their ageC. unusual and strangeD. an indicator for future problems



47.(p. 479-480)

According to Thorne (1986), as children develop, older girls prefer __________ activities while older boys prefer __________ activities. A. organized and rule oriented; unstructuredB. unorganized and unstructured; organized and rule orientedC. unstructured; unstructuredD. high energy; low energy



48.(p. 475-480)

Hilary, age 5, and David, age 6, are friends who enjoy playing with each other. Usually when they play, they pretend to be a variety of people, superheroes, and animals. Sometimes they're lions; sometimes they're trolls. However, Hilary is very insistent that she always be the momma lion or the princess troll and David must be in a male role. Hilary's behaviour is A. typical for her age.B. precocious.C. unhealthy.D. a general nuisance to David.



49.(p. 475-480)

Children of various social statuses often differ in many ways with respect to their social encounters with peer groups. Which of the following is NOT a relevant factor in these potential differences? A. goalsB. strategiesC. behavioursD. verbal abilities



50.(p. 475-480)

Research suggests that popular children tend to be A. assertive.B. non-disruptive.C. both assertive AND non-disruptive.D. neither assertive NOR non-disruptive.



51.(p. 475)

According to Cole and colleagues' (1990) classification system of peer social status, which of the following would best describe a boy who is seen as aggressive, aversive, and very active by his peers? A. popularB. averageC. rejectedD. neglected



52.(p. 475-480)

Which of the following traits would best be applied to a popular child by his/her peer group? A. helped set the rules and norms for their groupB. less likely to notice social cuesC. is aggressiveD. is often withdrawn



53.(p. 476)

When Rudy joins a group, he begins to process the social information around him. According to Crick and Dodge (1994), the first step in this process would involve Rudy ________ the actions of individuals around him. A. interpretingB. enactingC. encoding social cues ofD. searching for a response to



54.(p. 475-480)

Which child is most likely to be given the "benefit of the doubt" when he has engaged in a negative behaviour? A. an unpopular peerB. a rejected peerC. an unfamiliar peerD. a peer who is liked



55.(p. 480-482)

Studies of unpopular children (e.g., Dodge, 1986) have found that social status is related to A. age.B. verbal ability.C. family functioning.D. cognitive functioning.



56.(p. 480-482)

According to Dodge (1993), aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to A. have friends.B. perceive ambiguous behaviour as hostile.C. be more introspective.D. have no siblings.



57.(p. 480-482)

Which of the following factors leads to strong feelings of social isolation and alienation? A. lack of friendsB. being actively disliked by many peersC. having only one friendD. having peers pretend to be your friends, only to later ignore you



58.(p. 480-482)

Parker and Asher (1987) found that children who were poorly accepted by their peers are more likely to A. become involved with criminal activity.B. complete high school.C. have stable marriages.D. become and remain popular adults.



59.(p. 480-482)

Which group of children is the most likely to have serious adjustment problems later in life? A. neglected childrenB. popular childrenC. controversial childrenD. rejected children



60.(p. 480-482)

Social acceptance of socially isolated and rejected children can often be facilitated by shaping socially desirable behaviour through __________ or __________. A. therapy; parent trainingB. modeling; reinforcementC. escape; avoidanceD. conversations; play acting



61.(p. 484-486)

The process which involves teaching a general concept or strategy, usually by providing examples of successful approaches, is A. role playing.B. problem solving.C. verbal instruction.D. coaching.



62.(p. 486)

Murphy and Schneider (1994) used coaching techniques with unpopular children in Grade 5. The coached children A. made friends.B. made friends and improved academically.C. showed no differences when compared to a control group of children.D. had difficulties using the techniques without support from an adult.



63.(p. 484-485)

One way parents can help their children develop peer relationships is to A. insist who their children's friends are.B. serve as partners with their children.C. never let their children play unsupervised.D. interview all children who may be possible friends.



64.(p. 484-485)

Mothers who interact in a positive and agreeable manner with their children and exhibit concern for feelings have A. lower status children.B. middle status children.C. higher status children.D. average status children.



65.(p. 484-485)

Typically, mothers of __________ status children exhibit more negative and controlling behaviours with their children than do mothers of __________ status children. A. middle; lowerB. lower; higherC. lower; middleD. higher; lower



66.(p. 486)

Which of the following things would a parent acting as a coach or educator for their child NOT do to help influence peer relationships? A. give adviceB. give supportC. be controllingD. offer direction



67.(p. 486-487)

Which of the following forms of advice would a mother of a lower status child offer about how to solve a problem with a peer? A. "look friendly"B. "talk it over"C. "try to compromise"D. "take turns"



68.(p. 486-487)

You are a parent of a 4-year-old. There are few children in your neighbourhood, yet you feel that it is important for your child to have friends. You decide to A. not worry about it; your child will make friends in school.B. organize a playgroup of children in surrounding neighbourhoods.C. encourage your child to be happy with the few children that are near.D. spend more time with your child to make up for a lack of friends.



69.(p. 486-487)

Parents who spend "half their lives" in the car transporting their children as well as their children's friends should really feel A. as if they are being taken advantage of.B. frustrated that they are wasting their time.C.

good about what they are doing since they are providing opportunities for peer interaction for their children.

D. tired since driving children is an emotionally exhausting job.


Type: Comprehension

70.(p. 486-487)

Eileen often takes her two-year-old son over to Penny's house in order for the child to play with Penny's two-year-old son. Eileen is acting as a __________ in facilitating her child's peer contacts. A. busy bodyB. social arrangerC. matchmakerD. networking neighbour



71.(p. 482)

Children with externalizing problems become victims when they A. cry when someone hurts their feelings.B. fight back too often.C. irritate without being threatening.D. pick on someone who is bigger than them.



72.(p. 482)

Children can protect themselves from being victimized by bullies by A. running away.B. informing their parents.C. paying bullies money to leave them alone.D. bribing bullies by doing their homework.



73.(p. 482)

Children likely to get picked on are those who A. send implicit signals that they are unlikely to defend themselves.B. are large in stature.C. have many friends.D. excel in school.



74.(p. 488-490)

Close dyadic relationships with a few peers are known as A. networks.B. trouble.C. friendships.D. neighbourhoods.



75.(p. 488)

The essential components of a friendship are __________ and __________. A. proximity; genderB. common interests; ageC. similar backgrounds; availabilityD. reciprocity; commitment



76.(p. 489)

Which stage of friendship is characterized by joining in organized play, sharing common activities, and being physically nearby? A. normativeB. proximalC. empathicD. reward-cost



77.(p. 489)

Which stage of friendship occurs at about grades 4 and 5, where similar attitudes and values toward rules are important? A. normativeB. reward-costC. empathicD. euphoric



78.(p. 489)

Which stage of friendship sees self disclosure, understanding, and the potential for intimacy beginning to occur? A. reward-costB. empathicC. normativeD. ideal



79.(p. 489)

When Bonnie informs Sally that she is afraid of boys and has never been on a date, by definition she is A. violating accepted gender norms.B. modeling her parents.C. increasing the intimacy of the relationship.D. assessing the trust versus mistrust level of the relationship.



80.(p. 490)

Gottman's research on the development of friendships found that friends A. communicated more clearly.B. had more negative exchanges.C. had difficulty resolving conflicts.D. exchange little information.



81.(p. 489)

If a child said "I really get nervous before each soccer game." this child would be exemplifying which social process of friendship formation? A. information exchangeB. establishing common groundC. self disclosure of feelingsD. positive reciprocity



82.(p. 491)

During middle childhood, children become more concerned with being accepted by their same sex peers. The most salient social process during this stage is A. positive conversation.B. negative gossip.C. telephone access.D. ritual insults.



83.(p. 491)

Who engages in negative gossip? A. girls almost exclusivelyB. boys almost exclusivelyC. both boys and girlsD. neither boys nor girls over age 8



84.(p. 492)

Adolescence who had mutual antipathies developed problems later in life except those relating to A. boys in same-sex friendships.B. girls in same-sex friendships.C. girls in cross gender friendships.D. all of the above.



85.(p. 492)

The term mutual antipathy is defined as A. mutual feelings of empathy between two people.B. mutual feelings of love between two people.C. a relationship of mutual dislike between two people.D. a relationship of mutual liking between two people.



86.(p. 494)

Which of the following myths about teenage love affairs is true? A. adolescent romantic relationships are transitoryB. adolescent romantic relationships are trivialC. adolescent romantic relationships do not differ from other relationshipsD. all of these are false



87.(p. 496)

The organizational structure of groups from preschool on is A. lateral.B. circular.C. random.D. hierarchical.



88.(p. 496)

Which of the following is a criterion young children use in determining dominance within hierarchies? A. ability to direct the behaviour of othersB. appearanceC. athletic prowessD. academic performance



89.(p. 496)

Hierarchies function in all of the following ways EXCEPT A. hierarchies reduce aggression among members of the group.B. hierarchies allow for the orderly exchange of information.C. hierarchies provide a means to distribute labor and tasks.D. hierarchies determine the allocation of resources.



90.(p. 496-497)

Cliques are small groups made up of A. about 14 to 16 individuals.B. people who engage in similar activities.C. both sexes.D. people of different ages.



91.(p. 497)

Crowds are large groups of individuals A. based on reputation of the members.B. who always spend a lot of time together.C. usually not defined by the activities in which they engage.D. that are more personal than cliques.



92.(p. 497)

How is an adolescent crowd different from an adolescent clique? A. Crowds are smaller and more personally demanding.B. Cliques are smaller and more intimate.C. Crowds are larger and more cohesive.D. Cliques are larger and more impersonal.



93.(p. 496)

________________ are smaller, involve greater intimacy among members, and have more group cohesion than crowds. A. Peer groupsB. CliquesC. Non peer groupsD. Classrooms



94.(p. 497)

The ______________ is the largest and least personal of adolescent groups. A. peer groupB. cliqueC. non peer groupD. crowd



95.(p. 495)

Parents are more influential than peers with decisions concerning A. friendship choices.B. interpersonal behaviour.C. entertainment.D. future aspirations.



96.(p. 497-498)

Relative to Canadian children, friendships among Italian children are A. characterized by less conflict.B. characterized by more conflict.C. more likely to end.D. less efficient in arriving at potential solutions to resolve conflict.



97.(p. 497-498)

Studies of peer acceptance in Italy versus North America suggest that the proportions of popular and rejected children A. are roughly comparable across the two cultures.B. skewed toward a greater proportion of popular children in Italy.C. skewed toward a greater proportion of popular children in North America.D. are unknown because the appropriate studies have not yet been carried out.



98.(p. 469)

What are the functions of play? Describe the relationship between play and pathology in children.

Answers will vary.



99.(p. 468-473)

As a parent, you have to make a decision as to the type of preschool your child will attend. One choice is a very well respected program with a varied but structured curriculum that leaves the child little free time. The second program is child centered with a developmental focus on play. What benefits might this second program offer that the first one cannot? Why?

Answers will vary.



100.(p. 474-478)

Describe the role of peers in socialization. How do gender and social skills interact with peer acceptance? How do peer relationships influence later development?

Answers will vary.



101.(p. 476-478)

Describe the information processing model of children's social behaviour (Crick & Dodge, 1994). What relevance does it have for bridging cognitive and social relationships issues?

Answers will vary.



102.(p. 474-475)

Compare and contrast the peer statuses of children who are popular, neglected, rejected, or controversial. Based on research findings, which of these types of children would you least want your child to be and why?

Answers will vary.



103.(p. 483-487)

Do parents have a role to play in the development of their child's peer relationships? How do parents facilitate children's friendships? Explain.

Answers will vary.



104.(p. 489)

Discuss the expectations and obligations of friendships. Do these change as the child ages?

Answers may vary.



105.(p. 495)

Discuss whether parents or peers are the most influential on children.

Answers will vary.



106.(p. 496-497)

Describe some of the cliques that existed in your high school. What effects did cliques have on you and your adolescent friends.

Answers will vary.



107.(p. 496)

Discuss dominance hierarchies in connection with friendship. At what age does this start to become obvious and are there changes as the child ages?

Answers will vary.



108.(p. 497)

Are peers equally important in all cultures?

Answers will vary.



ch12 Summary Category # of Questions

Learning Objective: 1 30







Parke - Chapter 12 108

Type: Analysis 8

Type: Application 13

Type: Comprehension 24

Type: Knowledge 63

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