Ch.12 Section One

Medicine & hygiene very rare Killer diseases –pneumonia,

bronchitis, diphtheria, tuberculosis, cholera & smallpox

Average life expectancy 30 yrs 15 in every 100 children died before

1st birthday 1 in 5 mothers died

“We set out at six in the morning and didn’t get out of the carriages (except when we overturned or got stuck in the mud) for 14 hours. We had nothing to eat and passed through some of the worst roads I ever saw in my life”

This is a description of a journey by Queen Anne in 1704 from Windsor to Petworth –a journey of 40 miles. What does it tell us about transport at the time ?

Begins in Great Britain during 1700s

IR = greatly increased output of machine made goods

IndustrializationIndustrialization= process of developing machine production of goods

Will spread to rest of Europe and the U.S.

Enclosure Movement• EnclosuresEnclosures= larger fields surrounded by

hedges or fences–Wealthy landowners bought out smaller farmers

Results–New agricultural methods tried• Small farmers become tenant farmers or

give up farming and move to cities

Seed Drill invented by JethroTull

Crop Rotation Crop Rotation –farmers alternate crops in a field to keep fields nourished

Selective Breeding Selective Breeding –only the best livestock are allowed to breed

Food supplies increased

Living conditions improved

England’s population boomed

Increased population boosted demand for food and supplies

Where are the jobs? • City factories

Possessed all of the factors of production -resources needed to produce goods and services• Large population of workers• Many natural resources• Growing economy

Entrepreneur = person who organizes, manages, and takes on risks of a business

Politically stable – no wars on British soil during the 1700’s.

Factory Work Factories pay more than farms, spur

demand for more expensive goodsIndustrial Cities Rise Urbanization—city-building and

movement of people to cities Growing population provides work

force, market for factory goods.

Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums•

Life span in one large city is only 17 years Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in

luxurious suburban homes Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes,

building codes Cities also w/out adequate housing,

education, police protection