Ch. 13:The Age of the

Renaissance(1350-1550)

Ch. 13:The Age of the

Renaissance(1350-1550)

Overview:Overview:RENAISSANCE:

Meaning “rebirth”

Saw the rebirth of two idealsThe belief that man should be free to develop his abilities and interests.

The belief that man should seek the fullest enjoyment of life. LIVING was important!

Various views of this historical period:Some see it as a continuation of the Middle Ages.

Some see it as a break from the past and the beginning of modern times.

Some see it as a transition as the medieval period gave rise to the basic institutions of Europe, its laws, its languages.

RENAISSANCE:

Meaning “rebirth”

Saw the rebirth of two idealsThe belief that man should be free to develop his abilities and interests.

The belief that man should seek the fullest enjoyment of life. LIVING was important!

Various views of this historical period:Some see it as a continuation of the Middle Ages.

Some see it as a break from the past and the beginning of modern times.

Some see it as a transition as the medieval period gave rise to the basic institutions of Europe, its laws, its languages.

The elite culture that developed during the quattrocentro (Italian for 15th century) in the city states of the Italian peninsula, though, not only borrowed from the ancient cultures (Rome & Greece, but also expressed a new concept of mankind: HUMANISM.

Why did it start in Italy?

Her wealth from trade!

The elite culture that developed during the quattrocentro (Italian for 15th century) in the city states of the Italian peninsula, though, not only borrowed from the ancient cultures (Rome & Greece, but also expressed a new concept of mankind: HUMANISM.

Why did it start in Italy?

Her wealth from trade!

Map of Renaissance Italy, ca. 1560

Which would least likely be studied in an humanist school?

Which would least likely be studied in an humanist school?

• History• Philosophy• Grammar• Rhetoric • Theology

• History• Philosophy• Grammar• Rhetoric • Theology

city-states:

a region of land controlled exclusively by a city.

– Major Italian City-states:• Republic of Genoa• Duchy of Milan• Rome, the Papal States• Naples, Kingdom of Two

Sicilies• Venice, Venetian

Republic• Map, pg. 377

city-states:

a region of land controlled exclusively by a city.

– Major Italian City-states:• Republic of Genoa• Duchy of Milan• Rome, the Papal States• Naples, Kingdom of Two

Sicilies• Venice, Venetian

Republic• Map, pg. 377

• commune:

associations of men in Italian cities such as Milan, Florence, Genoa, and Pisa who sought political and economic independence from local nobles; members of communes wanted self-government

• commune:

associations of men in Italian cities such as Milan, Florence, Genoa, and Pisa who sought political and economic independence from local nobles; members of communes wanted self-government

Self-portrait, Domenico Ghirlandaio

• popolo: disenfranchised people in Italian communes who resented their

exclusion from power.• signori:

government by despot, one man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; handed down the right to rule to his son. Major patrons of art.

courts:

Magnificent households & palaces where signori & other rulers lived conducted business, & supported the arts, Signori’s transformed their household into a “court.”

• Oligarchies:

governments by the merchant aristocracy in Italian cities, such as Venice and Florence

• popolo: disenfranchised people in Italian communes who resented their

exclusion from power.• signori:

government by despot, one man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; handed down the right to rule to his son. Major patrons of art.

courts:

Magnificent households & palaces where signori & other rulers lived conducted business, & supported the arts, Signori’s transformed their household into a “court.”

• Oligarchies:

governments by the merchant aristocracy in Italian cities, such as Venice and Florence

“The School of Europe”“The School of Europe”• ITALY!

– From Italy came scientific, educational, political, and artistic advances.

– Instructed rest of Europe in power politics.– Humanism developed.– Petrarch proposed a new king of education

to recapture the glory of the Roman Republic in which young men would study ancient Roman & Greek classics

• ITALY!– From Italy came scientific, educational,

political, and artistic advances.– Instructed rest of Europe in power politics.– Humanism developed.– Petrarch proposed a new king of education

to recapture the glory of the Roman Republic in which young men would study ancient Roman & Greek classics

…New Concepts Emerged!…New Concepts Emerged!• Humanism:

term first used by Florentine rhetoretician Leonard Bruni as a general word for the new learning of the critical study of Latin and Greek literature, with the goal of realized human potential

• Virtu

Quality esteemed by Ren. Thinkers—not a virtue in the sense of moral goodness but the ability to shape the world around them according to their will & achieve excellence

• Humanism:

term first used by Florentine rhetoretician Leonard Bruni as a general word for the new learning of the critical study of Latin and Greek literature, with the goal of realized human potential

• Virtu

Quality esteemed by Ren. Thinkers—not a virtue in the sense of moral goodness but the ability to shape the world around them according to their will & achieve excellence

The Medici FamilyThe Medici Family

• Giovanni de’ Medici (d. 1429):

– Founder of the Medici dynasty

– Uninterested in politics(only interest was banking!)

– Merchant and banker of Florence.

– founder of the Medici bank• Ignored monetary

regulations against lending for interest.

• This action helped establish the massive Medici fortune

• Giovanni de’ Medici (d. 1429):

– Founder of the Medici dynasty

– Uninterested in politics(only interest was banking!)

– Merchant and banker of Florence.

– founder of the Medici bank• Ignored monetary

regulations against lending for interest.

• This action helped establish the massive Medici fortune

1360 – February 20/28, 1429

The Medici Family

The Medici Family– Cosimo de’ Medici

(1389-1464): – Son of Giovanni– Cosimo represented the Medici

bank and handled papal finances, becoming the wealthiest man of his time

– founded the famous Medici Library and an academy for Greek studies

– Used fortune to fill the void of a national monarchy.

– Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464):

– Son of Giovanni– Cosimo represented the Medici

bank and handled papal finances, becoming the wealthiest man of his time

– founded the famous Medici Library and an academy for Greek studies

– Used fortune to fill the void of a national monarchy.

Medici FamilyMedici Family

Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492):

– Grandson of Cosimo– a diplomat, politician and patron of

scholars, artists, and poets– Ruler of the republic and patron of the

arts– Genius and supportive of local

creativity.– He died at the dawn of "The Age of

Exploration"; Christopher Columbus would reach the "New World" only six months later.

Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492):

– Grandson of Cosimo– a diplomat, politician and patron of

scholars, artists, and poets– Ruler of the republic and patron of the

arts– Genius and supportive of local

creativity.– He died at the dawn of "The Age of

Exploration"; Christopher Columbus would reach the "New World" only six months later.

WRITERS:WRITERS:Humanists who wrote about the

human condition.Christian humanism is the position

that universal human dignity and individual freedom are essential and

principal components of, or are at least compatible with, Christian doctrine and practice. It is a philosophical union of

Christian and humanist principles.

Humanists who wrote about the human condition.

Christian humanism is the position that universal human dignity and

individual freedom are essential and principal components of, or are at least compatible with, Christian doctrine and practice. It is a philosophical union of

Christian and humanist principles.

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321):Dante Alighieri (1265-1321):-Italian, from Florence

-seen as one of the greatest works of world literature!!

-Italian, from Florence

-seen as one of the greatest works of world literature!!

• Author of The Divine Comedy.• Wrote in the vernacular.

• Tells the tale of Dante’s journey through Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradisio, or Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven.

• Lead through journey by the Roman poet Virgil.

Dante’s journey through Hell.

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)• Italian poet; wrote in both Latin and

Italian (vernacular).• Considered to be the first great

humanist thinker; first great “modern” writer.

• Latin scholar• known for being one of the first people

to refer to the “Dark Ages”• “Father of Humanism”• Wrote sonnets(14 line poems)-about a

woman named, Laura• Petrarchan sonnet-verse form that

typically refers to a concept of unattainable love

• Italian poet; wrote in both Latin and Italian (vernacular).

• Considered to be the first great humanist thinker; first great “modern” writer.

• Latin scholar• known for being one of the first people

to refer to the “Dark Ages”• “Father of Humanism”• Wrote sonnets(14 line poems)-about a

woman named, Laura• Petrarchan sonnet-verse form that

typically refers to a concept of unattainable love

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)

• Italian author; wrote in the vernacular (Italian).

• Author of “the Decameron.”

– Considered “a tale of love in all its forms.”

• Anti-clerical.

• Italian author; wrote in the vernacular (Italian).

• Author of “the Decameron.”

– Considered “a tale of love in all its forms.”

• Anti-clerical.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)• Florentine author of “The

Prince”(1513)– How to gain and hold power.– “Be as strong as a lion and as

shrewd as a fox.”– Use not what is morally right,

but what is politically correct.– “The ends justify the means.”– “inventor” of political science.– Gov’t needs to provide order,

Security and safety

• Florentine author of “The Prince”(1513)

– How to gain and hold power.– “Be as strong as a lion and as

shrewd as a fox.”– Use not what is morally right,

but what is politically correct.– “The ends justify the means.”– “inventor” of political science.– Gov’t needs to provide order,

Security and safety

Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1499)Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1499)• From Milan and Urbino.• Author of The Book of

Courtier(1528)– A manual for the manners and

habits of a “modern gentleman.”

– Gentleman: must be well dressed, skilled in sports and arms, a musician and conversationalist, a reader of the classics, who is lighthearted and considerate.

– Synopsis: prosperity breeds civility.

• From Milan and Urbino.• Author of The Book of

Courtier(1528)– A manual for the manners and

habits of a “modern gentleman.”

– Gentleman: must be well dressed, skilled in sports and arms, a musician and conversationalist, a reader of the classics, who is lighthearted and considerate.

– Synopsis: prosperity breeds civility.

Laura Cereta (1469-1499)Laura Cereta (1469-1499)

• One of the first female humanist authors.

• Feminist: fought the oppression of women.

• Suffered insomnia, was the basis of many of her famous letters.

• One of the first female humanist authors.

• Feminist: fought the oppression of women.

• Suffered insomnia, was the basis of many of her famous letters.

Northern Renaissance WritersNorthern Renaissance Writers

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

• Author of The Praise of Folly(1509) and Handbook of a Christian Knight.

• Dutch scholar/humanist• Most famous for “Adagio:”

– Poked fun at Church.• Was an enemy of Martin Luther,

ally of Thomas More.• Wanted reform within the Catholic

Church.• **He advocated the importance

of simplicity & education in religion!

• Author of The Praise of Folly(1509) and Handbook of a Christian Knight.

• Dutch scholar/humanist• Most famous for “Adagio:”

– Poked fun at Church.• Was an enemy of Martin Luther,

ally of Thomas More.• Wanted reform within the Catholic

Church.• **He advocated the importance

of simplicity & education in religion!

Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)

• From England.• Author of Utopia(1516).• In Greek, utopia means “no

place; but in English in has come to mean the “ideal place.”

• Good friend of Erasmus• Opposed Henry VIII’s break from

the Catholic Church.– Was chancellor of England.

• Beheaded for his principles• Do we have people today

willing to die for their principles????

• From England.• Author of Utopia(1516).• In Greek, utopia means “no

place; but in English in has come to mean the “ideal place.”

• Good friend of Erasmus• Opposed Henry VIII’s break from

the Catholic Church.– Was chancellor of England.

• Beheaded for his principles• Do we have people today

willing to die for their principles????

Francois Rabelais (1490-1553)Francois Rabelais (1490-1553)• French author; secular

priest.• Creator of the giants

Gargantua and Pantagruel.

– Attacked failings of the Catholic Church.

• French author; secular priest.

• Creator of the giants Gargantua and Pantagruel.

– Attacked failings of the Catholic Church.

Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400)Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400)• Author of the Canterbury Tales:

– Narrations of various pilgrims who voyaged to the shrine of Thomas Becket

– “Father of English Literature”

• Author of the Canterbury Tales:– Narrations of various pilgrims

who voyaged to the shrine of Thomas Becket

– “Father of English Literature”

Stained glass mural of St.Thomas Becket, Canterbury Cathedral.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Considered the greatest playwright/author in history.

• Wrote comedies/tragedies.• Wrote in Ren. England

• Considered the greatest playwright/author in history.

• Wrote comedies/tragedies.• Wrote in Ren. England

• Contributed with creating iambic pentameter(term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line) and the Elizabethan (“Shakespearean”) sonnet(poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme)

• Built/performed in the Globe Theater.

• Contributed with creating iambic pentameter(term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line) and the Elizabethan (“Shakespearean”) sonnet(poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme)

• Built/performed in the Globe Theater.

Globe Theater, London, England

Works of ShakespeareWorks of Shakespeare

Johann Gutenberg (1398-1468)Johann Gutenberg (1398-1468)

• 1455- German city of Mainz, Gutenberg invented the printing press with moveable type.

• Created “Gutenberg Bible.”• Paper production and printing

press allowed mass quantities of pamphlets, books, etc. to be made.

– Made Church propaganda more practical, widespread.

– Picture, pg. 385; Map, pg. 386

• 1455- German city of Mainz, Gutenberg invented the printing press with moveable type.

• Created “Gutenberg Bible.”• Paper production and printing

press allowed mass quantities of pamphlets, books, etc. to be made.

– Made Church propaganda more practical, widespread.

– Picture, pg. 385; Map, pg. 386

What do YOU think?What do YOU think?• How did the invention of the printing press

change the world at this time??• Printing spreads learning!• Mass production of books• New ideas spread quickly• Availability of books encouraged people to

read…thus, rise in literacy• Writing in the vernacular increased• More people began to read the Bible and

interpret it for themselves. Now, people will demand religious reform!

• How did the invention of the printing press change the world at this time??

• Printing spreads learning!• Mass production of books• New ideas spread quickly• Availability of books encouraged people to

read…thus, rise in literacy• Writing in the vernacular increased• More people began to read the Bible and

interpret it for themselves. Now, people will demand religious reform!

How did the invention of the printing press change the

world at this time??

How did the invention of the printing press change the

world at this time??

• BUT…..Gov’t & church leaders worried about printing. WHY?

• They attempted to censor books & authors whose ideas they thought were wrong!

• Officials developed lists of prohibited books & authors

• Enforcement was- confiscating books, destroying printing presses, of those who disobeyed.

• BUT…..Gov’t & church leaders worried about printing. WHY?

• They attempted to censor books & authors whose ideas they thought were wrong!

• Officials developed lists of prohibited books & authors

• Enforcement was- confiscating books, destroying printing presses, of those who disobeyed.

Art of the RenaissanceArt of the Renaissance

Artists andArtists and

• Characteristics of Renaissance Art:

• Characteristics of Renaissance Art:

Art and the Artist

C. The Renaissance Artist

1. Concept of Genius

2. Training

3. Gender

4. Limits of Renaissance Culture

Art and the Artist

C. The Renaissance Artist

1. Concept of Genius

2. Training

3. Gender

4. Limits of Renaissance Culture

1. Realism & Expression

� Expulsion fromthe Garden

� Masaccio

� 1427

� First nudes sinceclassical times.

What defined art of the Renaissance?#2

What defined art of the Renaissance?#2

• Increased emphasis on secular themes– “Secular” meaning “worldly” or “no relation

to the Church.”– Classic Greek and Roman ideals such as

mythology.– Use of perspective

• Perspective- a technique of depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface.

• Increased emphasis on secular themes– “Secular” meaning “worldly” or “no relation

to the Church.”– Classic Greek and Roman ideals such as

mythology.– Use of perspective

• Perspective- a technique of depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface.

3. Classicism

� Greco-Roman influence.

� Secularism.

� Humanism.

� Individualism free standing figures.

� Symmetry/Balance

The “Classical Pose”Medici “Venus” (1c)

4. Emphasis on Individualism� Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:

The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino

� Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.

5. Geometrical Arrangement of

Figures� The Dreyfus

Madonna with the Pomegranate

� Leonardo da Vinci

� 1469

� The figure as architecture!

What defined art of the Renaissance?#6.

What defined art of the Renaissance?#6.

• The use of chiaroscuro.– Chiaroscuro- The distribution of

light and shade in a picture.---------• Increased use of oil paints.• Brighter colors• More emotion• Real people and real settings

depicted.

• The use of chiaroscuro.– Chiaroscuro- The distribution of

light and shade in a picture.---------• Increased use of oil paints.• Brighter colors• More emotion• Real people and real settings

depicted.

What is a fresco? What is a fresco? • The word “fresco” is

derived from the Italian word meaning “fresh.”

• Oil on wet or dry plaster.– Technique of painting on

wet plaster is “buon fresco.”

– Technique of painting on dry plaster is called “succo.”

• Combines the techniques of chiaroscuro and perspective to create powerful scenes.

• The word “fresco” is derived from the Italian word meaning “fresh.”

• Oil on wet or dry plaster.– Technique of painting on

wet plaster is “buon fresco.”

– Technique of painting on dry plaster is called “succo.”

• Combines the techniques of chiaroscuro and perspective to create powerful scenes.

Fall of the Giants by Guilio Romani

Artists of the RenaissanceArtists of the Renaissance

• Many wealthy families and high ranking members of the Church promoted and funded the Arts.

– This gave a chance for many artists to thrive.• Many artists thrived during the Renaissance, but among the

most popular were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio.

• Artists came to be acclaimed as “rare men of genius”• All major artists were male! Women were exclued from

institutions of Ren. Culture. • Renaissance was the work of a tiny learned male elite!

• Many wealthy families and high ranking members of the Church promoted and funded the Arts.

– This gave a chance for many artists to thrive.• Many artists thrived during the Renaissance, but among the

most popular were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio.

• Artists came to be acclaimed as “rare men of genius”• All major artists were male! Women were exclued from

institutions of Ren. Culture. • Renaissance was the work of a tiny learned male elite!

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

• April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519• “Ideal Renaissance Man”

• Painter• Sculptor• Architect• Musician• Scientist• Engineer• Inventor

• Most famous works include the Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper.

• April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519• “Ideal Renaissance Man”

• Painter• Sculptor• Architect• Musician• Scientist• Engineer• Inventor

• Most famous works include the Mona Lisa, and the Last Supper.

Self-Portrait (c. 1515)

Leonardo, the Artist

� The Virgin of the Rocks

� Leonardo daVinci

� 1483-1486

Leonardo, the Artist:From hisNotebooks of over 5000

pages (1508-1519)

Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci

The Vitruvian Man, arms and legs are shown in two positions superimposed on one another, it was made as a study of the proportions of the human body.

� Vitruvian Man

� Leonardo daVinci

� 1492The

L’uomouniversale(Unive

rsal Person)

Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4

Mona LisaMona Lisa

• Most widely recognized and most popular piece of art in the world.

• Painted by da Vinci from 1503-1506 in Florence, Italy.

• Oil on a poplar panel.• Many theories surround the

identity of Mona Lisa. Some believe that the Mona Lisa may actually be a self-portrait of da Vinci!

• Most widely recognized and most popular piece of art in the world.

• Painted by da Vinci from 1503-1506 in Florence, Italy.

• Oil on a poplar panel.• Many theories surround the

identity of Mona Lisa. Some believe that the Mona Lisa may actually be a self-portrait of da Vinci!

Mona Lisa= da Vinci? Mona Lisa= da Vinci?

Mona LisaMona Lisa da Vinci’s Self-Portrait da Vinci’s Self-Portrait

A Picasso Mona

An Andy Warhol Mona

A “Mona”ca Lewinsky

Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??

The Last SupperThe Last Supper

*The spots of decay are not results of digital distortion. The decay is actually a result of da Vinci’s experimental technique that he practiced on the Last Supper!

Courtesy of the Web Gallery of Art

The Last SupperThe Last Supper

• Painted from 1495-1498 in Milan, Italy.

• Depiction of the Last Supper in which Jesus informs his disciples he will be betrayed.

• Many believe that the Last Supper contains clues which pertain to a secret bloodline of Jesus Christ.

• This painting is the basis of many theories which speculate about a marriage between Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene.

• Painted from 1495-1498 in Milan, Italy.

• Depiction of the Last Supper in which Jesus informs his disciples he will be betrayed.

• Many believe that the Last Supper contains clues which pertain to a secret bloodline of Jesus Christ.

• This painting is the basis of many theories which speculate about a marriage between Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene.

Refractory

Convent of Santa

Maria delle

Grazie

Milan

The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498& Geometry

Truth vs. SpeculationTruth vs. Speculation

• Theories surrounding da Vinci’s painting are far and many, but one theory seems to stand out above the rest: the theory that the person sitting at the right hand of Jesus Christ is Mary Magdalene, his alleged wife and confidante.

• The Last Supper and da Vinci have recently been the key pieces of evidence in a best-selling novel known as “the Da Vinci Code.”

• Theories surrounding da Vinci’s painting are far and many, but one theory seems to stand out above the rest: the theory that the person sitting at the right hand of Jesus Christ is Mary Magdalene, his alleged wife and confidante.

• The Last Supper and da Vinci have recently been the key pieces of evidence in a best-selling novel known as “the Da Vinci Code.”

Though it is claimed that the person sitting at the right hand of Jesus Christ is a young John, many suggest that the person is not male at all, but the wife of Jesus Christ, Mary Magdalene.

Leonardo, the Sculptor

� An Equestrian Statue

� 1516-1518

A study of siege defenses.

Studies of water-lifting devices.

Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his

Notebook

Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his Notebook

� An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.

Michelangelo Buonarroti Michelangelo Buonarroti

• Born March 6th, 1475 at Caprese in Tuscany, Italy. • Lived most of his life in Florentine, Italy.• Painter, sculptor, and architect.• Studied human anatomy

– Created intricate sculptures and paintings which almost flawlessly imitated the human body.

• Works include the Creation of Adam, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, the statue of Moses, and the Last Judgement.

• Born March 6th, 1475 at Caprese in Tuscany, Italy. • Lived most of his life in Florentine, Italy.• Painter, sculptor, and architect.• Studied human anatomy

– Created intricate sculptures and paintings which almost flawlessly imitated the human body.

• Works include the Creation of Adam, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, the statue of Moses, and the Last Judgement.

� David by Donatello

� 1430

� First free-form bronze since Roman times!

David #1

David(pg. 388)

David(pg. 388)

• Created from 1501-1504• Originally located in Palazzo

della Signoria in Florence, Italy.

• Very “human”• Statue of King David,

contemplating his upcoming battle with Goliath.

• Over 14’ tall!• Michelangelo's David was

sculpted during almost the same years that da Vinci was painting the Mona Lisa.

• Created from 1501-1504• Originally located in Palazzo

della Signoria in Florence, Italy.

• Very “human”• Statue of King David,

contemplating his upcoming battle with Goliath.

• Over 14’ tall!• Michelangelo's David was

sculpted during almost the same years that da Vinci was painting the Mona Lisa.

15c

16c

What

a

difference

a

century

makes!

MosesMoses

• circa. 1515• Located at the tomb of Pope

Julius II at the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli, Italy.

• 8’4” marble• Depicts Moses holding the

Ten Commandments .• Due to mistranslation, “rays

of light” in Italian became “horns,”

– Michelangelo created a “Horned Moses.”

• circa. 1515• Located at the tomb of Pope

Julius II at the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli, Italy.

• 8’4” marble• Depicts Moses holding the

Ten Commandments .• Due to mistranslation, “rays

of light” in Italian became “horns,”

– Michelangelo created a “Horned Moses.”

The Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo Buonarroti

1508 - 1512

Sistine Chapel(1508-12)Sistine Chapel(1508-12)

The Sistine Chapel Details

Creation of Man

The Last JudgmentThe Last Judgment

The Sistine Chapel Details

The Last Judgment

Hell’s Mouth 7 Angels from the Book of Revelation

In the swirling mass of doom that is Last Judgment, Michelangelo chose to focus on a small number of people caught in an unresolved struggle between eternal suffering and eternal life.

Minos, the king of hell, with a serpent wound tightly around him, an indicator of the circle of hell to which each damned soul must descend

Dome St. Peter’s BasicilaDome St. Peter’s Basicila

Dome, as it presently stands, was designed by Michelangelo, who became chief architect in 1546. In fact, Michelangelo’s design called for a spherical dome. At the time of his death (1564), only the drum set, the base on which a dome rests, had been completed.

Other Famous Domes Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital

(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

Raphael SanzioRaphael Sanzio• Considered “the Perfect Painter.”• Protégé of both Michelangelo and da Vinci• Most enjoyed painting Madonnas, or paintings of the Virgin

Mary.• was extremely influential in his lifetime• He was still seen by 20th century critics like Bernard Berenson

as the "most famous and most loved" master of the High Renaissance but it would seem he has since been overtaken by Michelangelo and Leonardo in this respect

• Considered “the Perfect Painter.”• Protégé of both Michelangelo and da Vinci• Most enjoyed painting Madonnas, or paintings of the Virgin

Mary.• was extremely influential in his lifetime• He was still seen by 20th century critics like Bernard Berenson

as the "most famous and most loved" master of the High Renaissance but it would seem he has since been overtaken by Michelangelo and Leonardo in this respect

Madonna and the GoldfinchMadonna and the Goldfinch

Raphael’s Madonnas (1)

Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna

Perspective!

Betrothal

of the Virgin

Raphael

1504

School of Athens(1509-11)School of Athens(1509-11)

The School of AthensThe School of Athens

• Painted in 1509 for the library of Pope Julius II, The School of Athens remains one the most enigmatic frescoes of the High Renaissance.

• seen as "Raphael's masterpiece; painted between 1510-11

• Painting of famous philosophers, mathematicians and scholars of the classical age

• A celebration of the intellectual vitality of the Renaissance!!

• In the center of the fresco- the two undisputed main subjects: Plato on the left and Aristotle, his student, on the right.

• Painted in 1509 for the library of Pope Julius II, The School of Athens remains one the most enigmatic frescoes of the High Renaissance.

• seen as "Raphael's masterpiece; painted between 1510-11

• Painting of famous philosophers, mathematicians and scholars of the classical age

• A celebration of the intellectual vitality of the Renaissance!!

• In the center of the fresco- the two undisputed main subjects: Plato on the left and Aristotle, his student, on the right.

Aristotle:looks to thisearth [thehere and

now].

Plato:looks to theheavens [or

the IDEALrealm].

The School of Athens – Raphael, details

The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

Zoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

Averroes

Hypatia

Pythagoras

1: Zeno of Citium 2: Epicurus 3: Federico II of Mantua? 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9: Hypatia (Francesco Maria della Rovere)[9] 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? 12: Socrates 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci) 15: Aristotle 16: Diogenes 17: Plotinus or Michelangelo? 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante)? 19: Zoroaster 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)

Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512

� More concerned with politics than with theology.

� The “Warrior Pope.”

� Great patron of Renaissance artists, especially Raphael & Michelangelo.

� Died in 1513

IV. Social Hierarchies

A. Race and Slavery

1. Race

2. Slavery

3. Black Slaves

4. Black Servants

B. Wealth and the Nobility

1. Hierarchy of Wealth

2. Hierarchy of Orders

3. Honor

IV. Social Hierarchies

A. Race and Slavery

1. Race

2. Slavery

3. Black Slaves

4. Black Servants

B. Wealth and the Nobility

1. Hierarchy of Wealth

2. Hierarchy of Orders

3. Honor

Social HierarchiesSocial Hierarchies

• Gender Roles—pg. 396• 1. “The debate about women”• 2. Popular interest in the “Debate”• 3. Debates about Female rulers• 4. Women Status• Illustration, pg. 396!!

• Gender Roles—pg. 396• 1. “The debate about women”• 2. Popular interest in the “Debate”• 3. Debates about Female rulers• 4. Women Status• Illustration, pg. 396!!

Politics & the state In Western Europe, ca. 1450-1521

Politics & the state In Western Europe, ca. 1450-1521

• FranceGabelle, taille, Louis XI, Concordat of Bologona

• EnglandWar of the Roses; Tudor Dynasty• Spaina. Confederation-Map, pg. 401

b. The Spanish Monarchy

c. Anti-Jewish Attitudes

d. The Inquisition

e. Expulsion (1492)

• FranceGabelle, taille, Louis XI, Concordat of Bologona

• EnglandWar of the Roses; Tudor Dynasty• Spaina. Confederation-Map, pg. 401

b. The Spanish Monarchy

c. Anti-Jewish Attitudes

d. The Inquisition

e. Expulsion (1492)

Text, pg. 402