ch.15 kinematics of rigid bodies 15...ch.15 kinematics of rigid bodies translation rotation about a...
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Ch.15 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies
Translation
Rotation About a Fixed Axis
-Rotation About a Representative Slab
Equations Defining the Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis
General Plane Motion
Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane Motion
Instantaneous Center of Rotation in Plane Motion
Absolute and Relative Acceleration in Plane Motion
Analysis of Plane Motion in Terms of a Parameter
Rate of Change With Respect to a Rotating Frame
Coriolis Acceleration
Motion About a Fixed Point
Applications
The linkage between train wheels is an example of curvilinear translation – the
link stays horizontal as it swings through its motion.
How can we determine the velocity of the tip of a turbine blade?
Introduction *Kinematics of rigid bodies: relations between time and
the positions, velocities, and accelerations of the
particles forming a rigid body.
*Classification of rigid body motions:
Translation:
rectilinear translation
curvilinear translation
Rotation about a fixed axis
- General plane motion
- Motion about a fixed point
-
- General motion
15.1 Translation and Fixed Axis Rotation
15.1A Translation
• Consider rigid body in translation:
- direction of any straight line inside the body is constant,
- all particles forming the body move in parallel lines.
• For any two particles in the body,
• Differentiating with respect to time,
All particles have the same velocity.
• Differentiating with respect to time again,
All particles have the same acceleration.
ABAB rrr +=
AB
AABAB
vv
rrrr
=
=+=
AB
AABAB
aa
rrrr
=
=+=
15.1B Rotation About a Fixed Axis. • Consider rotation of rigid body about a fixed axis AA’
• Velocity vector of the particle P is tangent to
the path with magnitude
(15.4)
dtrdv =
dtdsv =
( ) ( )
( ) φθθφ
θφθ
sinsinlim
sin
0r
tr
dtdsv
rBPs
t=
∆∆
==
∆=∆=∆
→∆
• The same result is obtained from(15.5,15.6)
Concept Quiz
What is the direction of the velocity of point A on the turbine blade?
Sol)
locityangular vekk
rdtrdv
===
×==
θωω
ω
a) →
b) ←
c) ↑ d) ↓
Av rω= × ˆ ˆ
Av k Liω= ×− ˆ
Av L jω= −
A
x
y
ω
L
answer ; d)
---------------------------------------------------------------
Acceleration
• Differentiating to determine the acceleration,
and
Fig.15.9
( )
vrdtd
dtrdr
dtd
rdtd
dtvda
×+×=
×+×=
×==
ωω
ωω
ω
kkk
celerationangular acdtd
θωα
αω
===
==
• Acceleration of P is combination of two vectors,
Representative Slab
• Consider the motion of a representative slab in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
• Velocity of any point P of the slab,
componenton accelerati radial componenton accelerati l tangentia
=××=×
××+×=
rr
rra
ωωα
ωωα
ωωω
rvrkrv
=×=×=
• Acceleration of any point P of the slab,
Resolving the acceleration into tangential and normal
components,
rrk
rra
2ωα
ωωα
−×=
××+×=
22 ωωααrara
rarka
nn
tt=−==×=
Concept Quiz
What is the direction of the normal acceleration of point A on the turbine blade?
Sol)
a) →
b) ←
c) ↑ d) ↓
2na rω= − 2 ˆ( )na Liω= − −
2ˆna L iω=
x
y
A
ω
L
15.1C Equations Defining the Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis
• Motion of a rigid body rotating around a fixed axis is often specified by the type of
angular acceleration.
• Recall
• Uniform Rotation (angular acceleration=0 )
• Uniformly Accelerated Rotation( angular acceleration = constant):
tωθθ += 0
( )020
2
221
00
0
2 θθαωω
αωθθ
αωω
−+=
++=
+=
tt
t
θωωθωα
ωθθω
dd
dtd
dtd
ddtdtd
===
==
2
2
or
Sample Problem 15.3
Cable C has a constant acceleration of 225 mm/s2 and an
initial velocity of
300 mm/s, both directed to the right.
Determine (a) the number of revolutions of the pulley in 2
s, (b) the velocity and change in position of the load B
after 2 s, and (c) the acceleration of the point D on the rim
of the inner pulley at t = 0.
STRATEGY:
• Due to the action of the cable, the tangential velocity and acceleration of D are equal
to the velocity and acceleration of C. Calculate the initial angular velocity and
acceleration.
• Apply the relations for uniformly accelerated rotation to determine the velocity and
angular position of the pulley after 2 s.
• Evaluate the initial tangential and normal acceleration components of D.
• MODELING and ANALYSIS:
The tangential velocity and acceleration of D are equal to the
velocity and acceleration of C.
• Apply the relations for uniformly accelerated rotation to determine velocity and
angular position of pulley after 2 s.
( )( ) ( )( )22 21 10 2 24 rad s 2 s 3rad s 2 s
14 rad
t tθ ω α= + = +
=
( ) 1 rev 14 rad number of revs 2 rad
Nπ
= =
2.23revN =
• Evaluate the initial tangential and normal acceleration
components of D.
Magnitude and direction of the total acceleration,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2225 1200 1221 mm s
D D Dt na a a= +
= + =
21.221 m sDa =
REFLECT and THINK:
• A double pulley acts similarly to a system of gears; for every 75 mm that point C
moves to the right, point B moves 125 mm upward. This is also similar to the rear
tire of your bicycle. As you apply tension to the chain, the rear sprocket rotates a
small amount, causing the rear wheel to rotate through a much larger angle.
79.4φ = °
15.2 General Plane Motion : Velocity
As the man approaches to release the bowling ball, his arm has linear velocity and
acceleration from both translation (the man moving forward) as well as rotation (the arm
rotating about the shoulder).
15.2A Analyzing General Plane Motion
• General plane motion is neither a translation nor
a rotation.
• General plane motion can be considered as the
sum of a translation and rotation.
• Displacement of particles A and B to A2 and B2
can be divided into two parts:
• translation to A2 and
• rotation of about A2 to B2
1B′
1B′
15.2B Absolute and Relative Velocity in Plane Motion
• Any plane motion can be replaced by a translation of an arbitrary
reference point A and a simultaneous rotation about A.
ABAB vvv +=
ωω rvrkv ABABAB =×=
ABAB rkvv
×+= ω
• Assuming that the velocity vA of end A is known, wish to determine the velocity vB
of end B and the angular velocity w in terms of vA, l, and q.
• The direction of vB and vB/A are known. Complete the velocity diagram.
tan
tan
B
A
B A
vvv v
θ
θ
=
=
cos
cos
A A
B A
A
v vv l
vl
θω
ωθ
= =
=
• Selecting point B as the reference point and solving for the velocity vA of end A and
the angular velocity w leads to an equivalent velocity triangle.
• vA/B has the same magnitude but opposite sense of vB/A. The sense of the relative
velocity is dependent on the choice of reference point.
• Angular velocity w of the rod in its rotation about B is the same as its rotation about
A. Angular velocity is not dependent on the choice of reference point.
Sample Problem 15.6
The double gear rolls on the stationary lower
rack: the velocity of its center is 1.2 m/s.
Determine (a) the angular velocity of the gear,
and (b) the velocities of the upper rack R and
point D of the gear.
STRATEGY:
• The displacement of the gear center in one revolution is equal to the outer
circumference. Relate the translational and angular displacements. Differentiate to
relate the translational and angular velocities.
• The velocity for any point P on the gear may be written as
Evaluate the velocities of points B and D.
APAAPAP rkvvvv
×+=+= ω
MODELING and ANALYSIS
• The displacement of the gear center in one
revolution is equal to the outer circumference.
For xA > 0 (moves to right), w < 0 (rotates clockwise).
Differentiate to relate the translational and angular velocities.
θπθ
π 122rx
rx
AA −=−=
m0.150sm2.1
1
1
−=−=
−=
rvrv
A
A
ω
ω
( )kk
srad8−==ωω
x
y
• For any point P on the gear,
Velocity of the upper rack is equal to velocity of point B:
Velocity of the point D:
APAAPAP rkvvvv
×+=+= ω
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )ii
jki
rkvvv ABABR
sm8.0sm2.1m 10.0srad8sm2.1
+=
×+=
×+== ω
( ) ( ) ( )iki
rkvv ADAD
m 150.0srad8sm2.1 −×+=
×+= ω
( )2m sRv i=
( ) ( )1.2m s 1.2m s1.697 m s
D
D
v i jv
= +
=
REFLECT and THINK:
• Note that point A was free to translate, and Point C, since it is in contact with the
fixed lower rack, has a velocity of zero. Every point along diameter CAB has a velocity
vector directed to the right and the magnitude of the velocity increases linearly as
the distance from point C increases.
Instantaneous Center of Rotation *Plane motion of all particles in a slab can always be replaced
by the translation of an arbitrary point A and a rotation about
A with an angular velocity that is independent of the choice of
A.
*The same translational and rotational velocities at A are
obtained by allowing the slab to rotate with the same angular
velocity about the point C on a perpendicular to the velocity at A.
*The velocity of all other particles in the slab are the same as originally
defined since the angular velocity and translational velocity at A are
equivalent.
*As far as the velocities are concerned, the slab seems to rotate about the
instantaneous center of rotation C.
*If the velocity at two points A and B are known, the
instantaneous center of rotation lies at the intersection of the
perpendiculars to the velocity vectors through A and B .
*If the velocity vectors are parallel, the instantaneous center of
rotation is at infinity and the angular velocity is zero.
*If the velocity vectors at A and B are perpendicular to the line
AB, the instantaneous center of rotation lies at the intersection
of the line AB with the line joining the extremities of the velocity vectors at
A and B.
*If the velocity magnitudes are equal, the instantaneous center of rotation is
at infinity and the angular velocity is zero.
*The instantaneous center of rotation lies at the
intersection of the perpendiculars to the velocity
vectors through A and B .with
Then,
Fig. 15.20
*The velocities of all particles on the rod are as if they were rotated
about C.
*The particle at the center of rotation has zero velocity.
*The particle coinciding with the center of rotation changes with time
and the acceleration of the particle at the instantaneous center of
cosA Av v
AC lω
θ= =
( ) ( )sincos
tan
AB
A
vv BC ll
v
ω θθ
θ
= =
=
rotation is not zero.
• The acceleration of the particles in the slab cannot be determined
as if the slab were simply rotating about C.
• The trace of the locus of the center of rotation on the body is the
body centrode and in space is the space centrode.
*At the instant shown, what is the
approximate direction of the velocity of point
G, the center of bar AB?
a) b) c) d)
answer ; c)
G
Sample Problem 15.9 The double gear rolls on the stationary lower rack:
the velocity of its center is 1.2 m/s.
Determine (a) the angular velocity of the gear,
and (b) the velocities of the upper rack R and
point D of the gear.
STRATEGY:
• The point C is in contact with the stationary lower rack and, instantaneously, has zero
velocity. It must be the location of the instantaneous center of rotation.
• Determine the angular velocity about C based on the given velocity at A.
• Evaluate the velocities at B and D based on their rotation about C.
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
• The point C is in contact with the stationary lower
rack and, instantaneously, has zero velocity. It must be
the location of the instantaneous center of rotation.
• Determine the angular velocity about C based on the
given velocity at A.
• Evaluate the velocities at B and D based on their rotation about
C.
srad8m 0.15sm2.1====
A
AAA r
vrv ωω
( )( )srad8m 25.0=== ωBBR rvv ( )ivR
sm2=
( )( )( )
0.15 m 2 0.2121 m
0.2121 m 8rad sD
D D
r
v r ω
= =
= =
( )( )1.697 m s
1.2 1.2 m sD
D
v
v i j
=
= +
REFLECT and THINK:
The results are the same as in Sample Prob. 15.6, as you would expect, but it took much
less computation to get them.
Sample Problem 15.10 The crank AB has a constant clockwise angular
velocity of 2000 rpm.
For the crank position indicated, determine (a)
the angular velocity of the connecting rod BD,
and (b) the velocity of the piston P.
Use method of instantaneous center of rotation
STRATEGY:
• Determine the velocity at B from the given crank rotation data.
• The direction of the velocity vectors at B and D are known. The instantaneous center
of rotation is at the intersection of the perpendiculars to the velocities through B and
D.
• Determine the angular velocity about the center of rotation based on the velocity at
B.
• Calculate the velocity at D based on its rotation about the instantaneous center of
rotation.
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
• From Sample Problem 15.3,
• The instantaneous center of rotation is at the
intersection of the perpendiculars to the velocities
through B and D.
• Determine the angular velocity about the center of
rotation based on the velocity at B.
• Calculate the velocity at D based on its rotation about
the instantaneous center of rotation.
40 53.9590 76.05
B
D
γ βγ β
= °+ = °= °− = °
62.0 rad sBDω =200 mmsin 76.05 sin53.95 sin50
BC CD= =
° ° °
253.4 mm 211.1 mmBC CD= =
13,080mm s 13.08m sP Dv v= = =
Instantaneous Center of Zero Velocity
REFLECT and THINK:
What happens to the location of the instantaneous center of velocity if the crankshaft
angular velocity increases from 2000 rpm in the previous problem to 3000 rpm?
What happens to the location of the instantaneous center of velocity if the angle b is 0?
15.4 GENERAL PLANE MOTION : ACCELERATION
15.4 A Absolute and Relative Acceleration in Plane Motion
• Absolute acceleration of a particle of the slab,
•
(15.21)
• Relative acceleration associated with rotation about A includes tangential and
ABAB aaa +=
ABa
normal components,
(15.22)
• Given
determine
( )( ) ABnAB
ABtAB
ra
rka
2ω
α
−=
×= ( )( ) 2ω
α
ra
ra
nAB
tAB
=
=
, and AA va
. and α
Ba
( ) ( )tABnABA
ABAB
aaa
aaa
++=
+=
• Vector result depends on sense of and the relative magnitudes
of
• Must also know angular velocity w.
Aa
( )nABA aa and
• Write in terms of the two component equations,
x components:
y components:
• Solve for aB and a.
ABAB aaa +=
+→ θαθω cossin0 2 llaA −+=
θαθω sincos2 llaB −−=−↑+
15.4B Analysis of Plane Motion in Terms of a Parameter
• In some cases, it is advantageous to determine the absolute
velocity and acceleration of a mechanism directly.
θsinlxA = θcoslyB =
coscos
A Av x
llθ θω θ
=
==
sinsin
B Bv y
llθ θω θ
=
= −= −
2
2
sin cossin cos
A Aa x
l ll lθ θ θ θ
ω θ α θ
=
= − +
= − +
2
2
cos sincos sin
B Ba y
l ll lθ θ θ θ
ω θ α θ
=
= − −
= − −
15.5 Analyzing Motion with Respect to a Rotating Frame
Rotating coordinate systems are often used to analyze mechanisms (such as amusement
park rides) as well as weather patterns.
15.5A Rate of Change With Respect to a Rotating Frame
• With respect to the rotating Oxyz frame,
• With respect to the fixed OXYZ frame,
*
Rate of change with respect to rotating frame.
• If were fixed within Oxyz then is
equivalent to velocity of a point in a rigid body attached
to Oxyz and
• With respect to the fixed OXYZ frame,
kQjQiQQ zyx
++=
( ) kQjQiQkQjQiQQ zyxzyxOXYZ
+++++=
( ) ==++ Oxyzzyx QkQjQiQ
Q ( )OXYZQ
QkQjQiQ zyx
×Ω=++
( ) ( ) QQQ OxyzOXYZ
×Ω+=
( ) x y zOxyz
Q Q i Q j Q k= + +
• Frame OXYZ is fixed.
• Frame Oxyz rotates
about fixed axis OA with
angular velocity
• Vector function
varies in direction and
magnitude.
Ω
( )tQ
15.5B Plane Motion Relative to a Rotating Frame
• Frame OXY is fixed and frame Oxy rotates with angular velocity
• Position vector for the particle P is the same in both frames
but the rate of change depends on the choice of frame.
• The absolute velocity of the particle P is
• Imagine a rigid slab attached to the rotating frame Oxy or F for
short. Let P’ be a point on the slab which corresponds instantaneously
to position of particle P.
velocity of P along its path on the slab
absolute velocity of point P’ on the slab
• Absolute velocity for the particle P may be written as
.Ω
Pr
( ) ( )OxyOXYP rrrv
+×Ω==
( ) == OxyP rv
F
='Pv
FPPP vvv += ′
• Absolute acceleration for the particle P is
but,
• Utilizing the conceptual point P’ on the slab,
• Absolute acceleration for the particle P becomes
Coriolis acceleration
( )( )OxyP
P
rarra
=
×Ω×Ω+×Ω=′
F
( )
( ) 22
2
=×Ω=×Ω=
++=
×Ω++=
′
′
F
F
F
POxyc
cPP
OxyPPP
vra
aaa
raaa
( ) ( )P OXY Oxy
da r r rdt = Ω× +Ω× +
( ) ( )
( )[ ] ( ) ( )OxyOxyOxy
OxyOXY
rrrdtd
rrr
×Ω+=
+×Ω=
( ) ( ) ( )2P Oxy Oxya r r r r= Ω× +Ω× Ω× + Ω× +
( )P Oxy
P P
v r r
v v′
= Ω× +
= + F
• Consider a collar P which is made to slide at constant
relative velocity u along rod OB. The rod is rotating at a
constant angular velocity w. The point A on the rod
corresponds to the instantaneous position of P.
• Absolute acceleration of the collar is
where
• The absolute acceleration consists of the radial and tangential vectors shown
cPAP aaaa ++= F
( ) 2ωrarra AA =×Ω×Ω+×Ω=
( ) 0P Oxya r= =F
2 2c P ca v a uω= Ω× =F
• Change in velocity over dt is represented by the sum of three
vectors
• is due to change in direction of the velocity of point A on
the rod,
recall,
at ,at ,
A
A
t v v ut t v v u′
= +′ ′+ ∆ = +
• result from combined effects of relative motion of P
and rotation of the rod
TTTTRRv ′′′+′′+′=∆
TT ′′
AAtt
arrt
vt
TT====
′′→→
200
limlim ωωω∆θ∆
∆ ∆∆
( ) 2ωrarra AA =×Ω×Ω+×Ω=
TTRR ′′′′ and
recall,
Sample Problem 15.19
Disk D of the Geneva mechanism rotates with constant
counterclockwise angular velocity wD = 10 rad/s.
At the instant when f = 150o, determine (a) the angular
velocity of disk S, and (b) the velocity of pin P relative to
disk S.
STRATEGY:
uuutr
tu
tTT
tRR
tt
ωωω∆∆ω
∆θ∆
∆∆ ∆∆
2
limlim00
=+=
+=
′′′+′
→→
uava cPc ω22 =×Ω= F
• The absolute velocity of the point P may be written as
• Magnitude and direction of velocity of pin P are calculated from the radius and angular
velocity of disk D.
• Direction of velocity of point P’ on S coinciding with P is perpendicular to radius OP.
• Direction of velocity of P with respect to S is parallel to the slot.
• Solve the vector triangle for the angular velocity of S and relative velocity of P.
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
• The absolute velocity of the point P may be written as
• Magnitude and direction of absolute velocity of pin P are
calculated from radius and angular velocity of disk D.
sPPP vvv += ′
Pv
Pv ′
sPv
sPPP vvv += ′
• Direction of velocity of P with respect to S is parallel to slot.
From the law of cosines,
From the law of cosines,
The interior angle of the vector triangle is
• Direction of velocity of point P’ on S coinciding with P is
perpendicular to radius OP. From the velocity triangle,
( )( ) smm500srad 10mm 50 === DP Rv ω
mm 1.37551.030cos2 2222 ==°−+= rRRllRr
°=°
=°
= 4.42742.030sinsin30sin
Rsin βββ
r
°=°−°−°= 6.17304.4290γ
( )sin 500mm s sin17.6 151.2mm s151.2mm s
37.1 mm
P P
s s
v v
r
γ
ω ω
′ = = ° =
= =
( )4.08rad ss kω = −
REFLECT and THINK:
The result of the Geneva mechanism is that disk S rotates ¼ turn each time pin P engages,
then it remains motionless while pin P rotates around before entering the next slot. Disk
D rotates continuously, but disk S rotates intermittently. An alternative approach to
drawing the vector triangle is to use vector algebra.
( )cos 500m s cos17.6P s Pv v γ= = °
( )( )477 m s cos 42.4 sin 42.4P sv i j= − ° − °
500 mm sPv =
Sample Problem 15.20
In the Geneva mechanism, disk D rotates with a constant
counter-clockwise angular velocity of 10 rad/s. At the
instant when j = 150o, determine angular acceleration of
disk S.
STRATEGY:
• The absolute acceleration of the pin P may be expressed as
• The instantaneous angular velocity of Disk S is determined as in Sample Problem 15.9.
• The only unknown involved in the acceleration equation is the instantaneous angular acceleration
of Disk S.
• Resolve each acceleration term into the component parallel to the slot. Solve for the angular
acceleration of Disk S.
csPPP aaaa ++= ′
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
• Absolute acceleration of the pin P may be expressed as
• From Sample Problem 15.9.
• Considering each term in the acceleration equation,
note: aS may be positive or negative
( )( )( )jiv
k
sP
S
°−°−=
−=°=
4.42sin4.42cossmm477srad08.44.42 ωβ
( )( )( )( )jia
Ra
P
DP
°−°=
===
30sin30cossmm5000
smm5000srad10mm5002
222ω
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )jia
jira
jira
aaa
StP
StP
SnP
tPnPP
°+°−=
°+°−=
°−°−=
+=
′
′
′
′′′
4.42cos4.42sinmm1.37
4.42cos4.42sin
4.42sin4.42cos2
α
α
ω
P P P s ca a a a′= + +
• The direction of the Coriolis acceleration is obtained by
rotating the direction of the relative velocity
by 90o in the sense of wS.
• The relative acceleration must be parallel to
the slot.
• Equating components of the acceleration terms
perpendicular to the slot,
( )( )( )( )( )( )( )ji
ji
jiva sPSc
4.42cos4.42sinsmm3890
4.42cos4.42sinsmm477srad08.42
4.42cos4.42sin2
2 +°−=
+°−=
+°−= ω
sPa
srad23307.17cos500038901.37
−==°−+
S
Sα
α
( )kS
srad233−=α
P sv
REFLECT and THINK:
• It seems reasonable that, since disk S starts and stops over the very short time
intervals when pin P is engaged in the slots, the disk must have a very large angular
acceleration. An alternative approach would have been to use the vector algebra
approach.
15.6 Motion of a Rigid Body in Space
15.6A Motion About a Fixed Point
• The most general displacement of a rigid body with a fixed point O is
equivalent to a rotation of the body about an axis through O.
• With the instantaneous axis of rotation and angular velocity the velocity
of a particle P of the body is
and the acceleration of the particle P is
• The angular acceleration represents the velocity of the tip of
• As the vector moves within the body and in space, it generates a body
cone and space cone which are tangent along the instantaneous axis of rotation.
• Angular velocities have magnitude and direction and obey parallelogram law of
addition. They are vectors.
rdtrdv
×== ω
( ) .dtdrra ωαωωα
=××+×=
α .ω
ω
15.6B General Motion
• For particles A and B of a rigid body,
• Particle A is fixed within the body and motion of the
body relative to AX’Y’Z’ is the motion of a body with
a fixed point
• Similarly, the acceleration of the particle P is
• Most general motion of a rigid body is equivalent to:
- a translation in which all particles have the same velocity and
- acceleration of a reference particle A, and of a motion in
- which particle A is assumed fixed.
ABAB vvv +=
ABAB rvv ×+= ω
( )ABABA
ABAB
rra
aaa
××+×+=
+=
ωωα
Sample Problem 15.21
The crane rotates with a constant angular velocity w1 = 0.30
rad/s and the boom is being raised with a constant angular
velocity w2 = 0.50 rad/s. The length of the boom is l = 12 m.
Determine:
• angular velocity of the boom,
• angular acceleration of the boom,
• velocity of the boom tip, and
• acceleration of the boom tip.
STRATEGY:
With
• Angular velocity of the boom, 21 ωωω +=
( )ji
jirkj
639.1030sin30cos12
50.030.0 21
+=
°+°=
== ωω
• Angular acceleration of the boom,
• Velocity of boom tip,
• Acceleration of boom tip,
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
• Angular velocity of the boom,
• Angular acceleration of the boom,
( )21
22221
ωω
ωΩωωωωα
×=
×+==+= Oxyz
rv ×=ω( ) vrrra ×+×=××+×= ωαωωα
21 ωωω +=
( )( ) ( )kj
Oxyz
srad50.0srad30.021
22221
×=×=
×+==+=
ωω
ωΩωωωωα
( ) ( )kj
srad50.0srad30.0 +=ω
• Velocity of boom tip ,
• Acceleration of boom tip,
( )i 2srad15.0=α
0639.105.03.00
kjirv
=×=ω
( ) ( ) ( )kjiv
sm12.3sm20.5sm54.3 −+−=
( )
kjiik
kjikjia
vrrra
90.050.160.294.090.0
12.320.5350.030.00
0639.100015.0
+−−−=
−−+=
×+×=××+×= ωαωωα
0.50k=
( ) ( ) ( )2 2 23.54m s 1.50m s 1.80m sa i j k= − − +
1 20.30 0.5010.39 6
j kr i jω ω= =
= +
15.7Motion Relative to A Moving Reference Frame
15.7A Three-Dimensional Motion Relative to a Rotating Frame
With respect to the fixed frame OXYZ and rotating frame Oxyz,
Consider motion of particle P relative to a rotating frame Oxyz
or F for short. The absolute velocity can be expressed as
The absolute acceleration can be expressed as
( ) ( ) QQQ OxyzOXYZ
×Ω+=
( )FPP
OxyzP
vv
rrv
+=
+×Ω=
′
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) onaccelerati Coriolis 22
2
=×Ω=×Ω=
++=
+×Ω+×Ω×Ω+×Ω=
′
F
F
POxyzc
cPp
OxyzOxyzP
vra
aaa
rrrra
15.7B Frame of Reference in General Motion
• With respect to OXYZ and AX’Y’Z’,
• The velocity and acceleration of P relative to AX’Y’Z’ can
be found in terms of the velocity and acceleration of P
relative to Axyz.
Consider:
- fixed frame OXYZ,
- translating frame AX’Y’Z’, and
APAP
APAP
APAP
aaa
vvv
rrr
+=
+=
+=
( )FPP
AxyzAPAPAP
vv
rrvv
+=
+×Ω+=
′
- translating and rotating frame Axyz or F.
(15.54)
Sample Problem 15.25
For the disk mounted on the arm, the indicated
angular rotation rates are constant.
Determine:
• the velocity of the point P,
• the acceleration of P, and
• angular velocity and angular acceleration of the
disk.
STRATEGY:
( )( ) ( )2
P A P A P A
P A P AAxyz Axyz
P P c
a a r r
r r
a a a′
= +Ω× +Ω× Ω×
+ Ω× +
= + +F
( )( ) ( )2
P A P A P A
P A P AAxyz Axyz
P P c
a a r r
r r
a a a′
= +Ω× +Ω× Ω×
+ Ω× +
= + +F
• Define a fixed reference frame OXYZ at O and a moving reference frame Axyz or F attached to
the arm at A.
• With P’ of the moving reference frame coinciding with P, the velocity of the point P is found
from
• The acceleration of P is found from
• The angular velocity and angular acceleration of the disk are
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
• Define a fixed reference frame OXYZ at O and a
moving reference frame Axyz or F attached to the arm at
A.
FPPP vvv += ′
cPPP aaaa ++= ′ F
jjRiLr
1ωΩ =
+=k
jRr
D
AP
2ωω =
=
F
( ) ωΩωα
ωΩω
×+=
+=
F
FD
• With P’ of the moving reference frame coinciding
with P, the velocity of the point P is found from
• The acceleration of P is found from
( )iRjRkrv
kLjRiLjrv
vvv
APDP
P
PPP
22
11
ωωω
ωωΩ
−=×=×=
−=+×=×=
+=
′
′
FF
F
kLiRvP
12 ωω −−=
cPPP aaaa ++= ′ F
( ) ( ) 21 1 1Pa r j Lk Liω ω ω′ = Ω× Ω× = × − = −
( )( ) 2
2 2 2
P D D P Aa r
k R i R j
ω ω
ω ω ω
= × ×
= × − = −
F F F
( )1 2 1 2
2
2 2c Pa v
j R i Rkω ω ωω
= Ω×
= × − =
F
• Angular velocity and acceleration of the disk,
FDωΩω
+= kj
21 ωωω +=
2 21 2 1 22Pa L i Rj Rkω ω ωω= − − +
( )( )1 1 2j j k
α ω ω
ω ω ω
= +Ω×
= × +
F
1 2iα ωω=