ch23 lecture presentation pc
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Lecture Presentations by
Carol R. Anderson
Westwood College, River Oaks Campus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
BOLO!" Li#e on $art%W&' P'"(OLO!" &ent% $dition
Audesirk Audesirk Byers
23Animal Diversity I:Invertebrates
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Chapter 23 At a Glance
23.1 What Are the Key Features of Animas!
23.2 Which Anatomica Features "ar# $ranch
Points on the Anima E%outionary &ree!
23.3 What Are the "a'or Anima Phya!
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23.1 What Are the Key Features of Animals?
&hese characteristics, to(ether, distin(uish animasfrom mem)ers of other ta*onomic (rou+s
Animas are eu#aryotes
Animas are muticeuar
Anima ces ac# a ce -a
Animas o)tain ener(y )y consumin( other or(anisms
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23.1 What Are the Key Features of Animals?
&hese characteristics, to(ether, distin(uish animasfrom mem)ers of other ta*onomic (rou+s
(continued)
Animas ty+icay re+roduce se*uay Animas are motie at some +oint in the ife cyce
"ost animas are a)e to res+ond ra+idy to e*terna
stimui
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
"ost anima +hya that currenty +o+uate Earth -ere+resent )y the am)rian +eriod /42 miion years
a(o
&he scarcity of +ream)rian fossis ed systematiststo search for cues a)out the e%outionary history of
animas )y e*aminin( features of
Anatomy
Em)ryoo(ica de%eo+ment
A se5uences
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
6ac# of tissues se+arates s+on(es from a otheranimas
7ne of the eariest ma'or inno%ations in anima
e%oution -as the a++earance of tissues
&issues are (rou+s of simiar ces inte(rated into a
functiona unit
&he )odies of amost a animas incude tissues
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
6ac# of tissues se+arates s+on(es from a otheranimas (continued)
8+on(es are the ony animas that retained the
ancestra ac# of tissues
Indi%idua ces act inde+endenty and are not or(ani9ed
as tissues
&his uni5ue feature su((ests that the s+it )et-een
s+on(es and the e%outionary )ranch eadin( to a
other anima +hya must ha%e occurred %ery eary in
anima history
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Fi(ure 231 An e%outionary tree of some ma'or anima +hya
)o tissues
&issues
Bilateral
symmetry,
cep%ali*ation,
t%ree tissue
layers
Radial
symmetry,
two tissue
layers
Cuticle
molted
Protostome
development
+euterostome
development
C%ordatalancelets,sea s-uirts,
vertebrates
$c%inodermata
sea stars,sea urc%ins,
sea cucumbers
/ollusca
clams, snails,octopuses,
s-uid
Annelida
segmentedworms
Platy%elmint%es#latworms
Art%ropoda
insects,
arac%nids,crustaceans
)ematoda
roundworms
Ctenop%oracomb 0ellies
$cdyso*oans
Protostomes
Bilaterallysymm
etrical
Lop%otroc%o*o
ans
+euterostomes
Pori#era
sponges
Cnidariasea 0ellies
coals,
anemones
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry
A animas -ith true tissues aso ha%e symmetrica
)odies
An anima is symmetrica if it can )e )isected aon( at
east one +ane such that the resutin( ha%es are mirror
ima(es of each other
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
&he symmetrica, tissue)earin( animas can )e
di%ided into t-o (rou+s
1. Animas e*hi)itin( radial symmetry
2. Animas e*hi)itin( bilateral symmetry
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
&he symmetrica, tissue)earin( animas can )e
di%ided into t-o (rou+s (continued)
1. In radia symmetry, any +ane throu(h a centra a*is
di%ides the o)'ect rou(hy into e5ua ha%es
2. In )iatera symmetry, animas can )e di%ided into
mirrorima(e ha%es ony aon( one +articuar +ane
throu(h a centra a*is
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
&he difference )et-een radiay and )iateray
symmetrica animas refects another ma'or )ranchin(
+oint in the anima e%outionary tree
&his s+it se+arated the ancestors of radiay
symmetrica cnidarians /sea 'eies, coras, and
anemones and cteno+hores /com) 'eies from theancestors of the remainin( anima +hya, a of -hich
are )iateray symmetrica
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
:adiay symmetrica animas ha%e t-o em)ryonic
tissue ayers; )iateray symmetrica animas ha%e
three
&he distinction )et-een radia and )iatera symmetry in
animas is cosey tied to a corres+ondin( difference in
the num)er of tissue ayers, caed germ layers
<erm ayers arise durin( em)ryonic de%eo+ment
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
:adiay symmetrica animas ha%e t-o em)ryonic
tissue ayers; )iateray symmetrica animas ha%e
three (continued)
Em)ryos of )iateray symmetrica animas ha%e a third
(erm ayer, mesoderm
&he mesoderm ies )et-een the endoderm and the
ectoderm
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
:adiay symmetrica animas ha%e t-o em)ryonic
tissue ayers; )iateray symmetrica animas ha%e
three (continued)
In )iateray symmetrica animas, the endoderm
differentiates to form the tissues that ine most hoo-
or(ans, res+iratory surfaces, and the (ut
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
:adiay symmetrica animas ha%e t-o em)ryonic
tissue ayers; )iateray symmetrica animas ha%e
three (continued)
&he ectoderm forms ner%e tissue and the tissue on the
outer surface of the )ody
&he mesoderm forms musce, and -hen +resent, the
circuatory and s#eeta systems
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Animas -ith tissues e*hi)it either radia or )iaterasymmetry (continued)
$iateray symmetrica animas ha%e heads
(continued)
&he e%oution of )iatera symmetry -as accom+anied
)y cep%ali*ation
e+hai9ation is the concentration of sensory or(ans and
a )rain in a defined head re(ion
&he head contains sensory ces, sensory or(ans,
custers of ner%e ces, and or(ans for in(estin( food
Fi(ure 23 2 $ody symmetry and ce+hai9ation
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Fi(ure 232 $ody symmetry and ce+hai9ation
central a1is
plane o# symmetry
anterior
plane o#symmetry
posterior
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
"ost )iatera animas ha%e )ody ca%ities $ody ca%ities are fuidfied ca%ities )et-een the
di(esti%e tu)e and the outer )ody -a
&he (ut and )ody -a are se+arated )y a fuidfieds+ace, creatin( a =tu)e-ithinatu)e> )ody +an
:adiay asymmetrica animas do not ha%e )ody
ca%ities
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
"ost )iatera animas ha%e )ody ca%ities(continued)
$ody ca%ities ha%e a %ariety of functions
&hey can act as a s#eeton, +ro%idin( su++ort for the)ody and a frame-or# a(ainst -hich musces can act
&hey can form a +rotecti%e )uffer )et-een the interna
or(ans and the outside -ord
&hey can ao- or(ans to mo%e inde+endenty of the
)ody -a
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
"ost )iatera animas ha%e )ody ca%ities(continued)
$ody ca%ity structure %aries amon( +hya
&he most common )ody ca%ity is a coelom, a fuidfied )ody ca%ity that is com+etey ined -ith a thin
ayer of tissue de%eo+ed from the mesoderm
Phya -ith animas that ha%e this ty+e of )ody ca%ity are
caed coelomates and incude anneids, arthro+ods,mous#s, echinoderms, and chordates /-hich incude
humans
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
"ost )iatera animas ha%e )ody ca%ities(continued)
$ody ca%ity structure %aries amon( +hya (continued)
A )ody ca%ity that is not com+etey surrounded )ymesodermderi%ed tissue is caed a pseudocoelom
Phya -ith animas that ha%e this ty+e of )ody ca%ity are
caed pseudocoelomates and incude round-orms, such
as nematodes
8ome )iatera animas ha%e no )ody ca%ity and are
#no-n as acoelomates; they incude the fat-orms
Fi(ure 233 $ody ca%ities
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Fi(ure 23 3 $ody ca%ities
&%e body cavity is
completely lined wit% tissue
derived #rom mesoderm
&%e body cavity is partially,
but not completely, lined wit%
tissue derived #rom mesoderm
body wall
pseudocoelom
digestive
tract
digestive
cavity
body wall
digestive
tract
digestive
cavity
coelom
2&rue3 coelom annelids, c%ordates
&%ere is no cavity
between t%e body wall
and digestive tract
body wall
digestive
tract
digestive
cavity
24alse3 or pseudocoelom roundworms )o coelom #latworms
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
$iatera or(anisms de%eo+ in one of t-o -ays Protostome de%eo+ment
In these animas, the )ody ca%ity forms -ithin the s+ace)et-een the )ody -a and the di(esti%e ca%ity
&hese animas incude nematodes, arthro+ods,anneids, and mous#s
+euterostome de%eo+ment
In these animas, the )ody ca%ity forms as an out(ro-thof the di(esti%e ca%ity
Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
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23.2 Which Anatomical Features ark Branch !ointson the Animal "#olutionary $ree?
Protostomes incude t-o distinct e%outionary ines Ecdysozoans incude the arthro+ods and round-orms
-hose )odies are co%ered )y an outer ayer that is
+eriodicay shed
Lophotrochozoans incude +hya -hose mem)ers
ha%e a s+ecia feedin( structure caed a o+ho+hore
as -e as a +hya, and +ass throu(h a trocho+hore
ar%a de%eo+menta sta(e
E*am+es incude fat-orms, anneids, and mous#s
Fi(ure 234 Formation of the coeom in +rotostomes and deuterostomes
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( +
coelom
digestivecavity
Protostome development
(olid mass o# mesodermsplits to #orm coelom
/esoderm pocketspinc% o## o# digestive
cavity to #orm coelom
+euterostome development
mesoderm
Fi(ure 23 6o+hotrocho9oan characteristics
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Lop%op%ore &roc%op%ore larva
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
$ioo(ists +ace animas in one of t-o ma'orcate(ories
1. 5ertebrates, those -ith a )ac#)one or %erte)ra
coumn
@erte)rates incude fish, am+hi)ians, re+ties, and
mammas
2. nvertebrates, those ac#in( a )ac#)one
&he %ast ma'ority of anima s+ecies are in%erte)rates
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
Presentday )ioo(ists reco(ni9e a)out 2 +hya ofanimas
6ess than 3B of a #no-n animas are %erte)rates
Animas +ro)a)y ori(inated from coonies of sin(eceed +rotists -hose mem)ers had )ecome
s+eciai9ed to +erform distinct roes -ithin the coony
&a)e 2311
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&a)e 2312
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
8+on(es are sim+e, sessie animas Sponges /Porifera are found in most a5uatic
en%ironments
"ost of EarthCs ,000 s+on(e s+ecies i%e in sat -ater,-here they inha)it ocean -aters -arm and cod, dee+
and shao-
Adut s+on(es i%e attached to roc#s or other
under-ater surfaces
&hey are (eneray sessie
8+on(es come in a %ariety of sha+es and si9es
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
8+on(es are sim+e, sessie animas (continued) "ost s+on(es are %ermap%roditicDthat is, they
+ossess )oth mae and femae se*ua or(ans
(continued)
&hey ty+icay re+roduce se*uay (continued)
Fertii9ed e((s de%eo+ inside the adut into acti%e
ar%ae that esca+e throu(h o+enin(s in the s+on(e
)ody
Water currents dis+erse the ar%ae to ne- areas, -here
they sette and de%eo+ into adut s+on(es
% i ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
8+on(es are sim+e, sessie animas (continued) 8+on(es ac# tissues
&he s+on(e )ody is +erforated )y tiny +ores throu(h
-hich -ater +asses, and )y fe-er, ar(e o+enin(sthrou(h -hich -ater is e*+eed
As -ater +asses throu(h the s+on(e, o*y(en is
e*tracted, and microor(anisms are fitered out and
di(ested )y indi%idua ces
23 3 Wh A h % A i l !h l ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
8+on(es are sim+e, sessie animas (continued) 8+on(e ces are s+eciai9ed for different functions
8+on(es ha%e three ma'or ce ty+es, each -ith a
s+eciai9ed roe
1. Fattened epithelial cells co%er the animaCs outer )ody
surfaces.
8ome e+itheia ces are modified into pore cells,
-hich surround +ores, controin( their si9e and
re(uatin( -ater entry
23 3 Wh A h % A i l !h l ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
8+on(es are sim+e, sessie animas (continued) 8+on(e ces are s+eciai9ed for different functions
(continued)
8+on(es ha%e three ma'or ce ty+es, each -ith as+eciai9ed roe (continued)
2. Collar cells are fa(eated ces that maintain -ater fo-
throu(h the s+on(e
3. Amoeboid cells are motie ces that di(est and
distri)ute nutrients, +roduce re+roducti%e ces, and
secrete s#eeta +ro'ections caed spicules
23 3 Wh t A th % A i l !h l ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
8+on(es are sim+e, sessie animas (continued) 8ome s+on(es contain chemicas usefu to humans
A num)er of chemicas -ithin s+on(es ha%e +ro%ed to
)e %aua)e medicines &he dru( spongistatin is an emer(in( treatment for the
fun(a infections that sic#en AI8 +atients
8ome medicines deri%ed from s+on(es incude some
+romisin( ne- anticancer dru(s
Fi(ure 23 &he di%ersity of s+on(es
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$ncrusting sponge &ubular sponge 5ase6s%aped sponge
Fi(ure 23 &he )ody +an of s+on(es
( t fl t
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epit%elialcell
spicules
amoeboidcell
pore cell
collar cell
pore
(water flow out of the sponge)
(water flow intothe sponge)
(water flow)
23 3 Wh t A th % A i l !h l ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators 8ea 'eies, sea anemones, coras, and hydro9oans
)eon( to the +hyum nidaria
&he rou(hy ,000 #no-n s+ecies of cnidiarians areconfined to -atery ha)itats; most are marine
"ost s+ecies are sma, from a fe- miimeters to a
fe- inches in diameter &he ar(est sea 'eies can )e ei(ht feet across and
ha%e tentaces 10 feet on(
23 3 Wh t A th % A i l !h l ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued) nidarians ha%e tissues and t-o )ody ty+es
&he ces of cnidarians are or(ani9ed into distinct
tissues incudin( contractie tissue that acts i#e musce
nidarian ner%e ces are or(ani9ed into tissue caed a
nerve net , -hich )ranches throu(h the )ody and
contros the contractie tissue to )rin( a)out mo%ement
and feedin( )eha%ior
"ost cnidarians ac# true or(ans and ha%e no )rain
23 3 Wh t A th % A i l !h l ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued) nidarians ha%e tissues and t-o )ody ty+es
(continued)
nidarians come in a %ariety of forms, a of -hich are%ariations on t-o )asic )ody +ans? the polyp and the
medusa
&he tu)uar +oy+ is ada+ted to a ife s+ent 5uiety
attached to roc#s
&he +oy+ has tentaces that reach u+-ard to (ras+
and immo)ii9e +rey
23 3 Wh t A th % A i l !h l ?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued) nidarians ha%e tissues and t-o )ody ty+es
(continued)
nidarians come in a %ariety of forms, a of -hich are%ariations on t-o )asic )ody +ans? the polyp and the
medusa (continued)
&he medusa foats in the -ater and is carried )y currents
&he )esha+ed )ody of the medusa has traiin(
tentaces i#e muti+e fishin( ines
23 3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued) nidarians ha%e tissues and t-o )ody ty+es
(continued)
"any cnidarian ife cyces incude )oth +oy+ andmedusa sta(es
8ome s+ecies i%e ony as +oy+s
8ome s+ecies i%e ony as medusae
$oth de%eo+ from 'ust t-o (erm ayersDthe interior
endoderm and the e*terior ectoderm
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued) nidarians ha%e tissues and t-o )ody ty+es
(continued)
:e+roduction %aries amon( different ty+es of cnidarians
8+ecies may ha%e )oth +oy+ and medusa sta(es;
+oy+s ty+icay re+roduce )y ase*ua budding in -hich
the +oy+ +roduces miniature %ersions of itsef
Fi(ure 23G nidarian di%ersity
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Anemone (ea 0elly
(ea waspCoral
Fi(ure 23 Poy+ and medusa
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mout%
body wall
lining o# gastrovascular cavity
#oot
Polyp
gastrovascular cavity
tentacle body wall
/edusa
mout%
tentacle
gastrovascular cavity
lining o#gastrovascular cavity
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued) nidarians ha%e stin(in( ces
nidarian tentaces are armed -ith cnidocytes, ces
containin( structures, that, -hen touched, e*+osi%eyin'ect +oisonous or stic#y fiaments into +rey
nidarians do not acti%ey hunt
&hey -ait for their %ictims to )under, )y chance, intothe (ras+ of their en%eo+in( tentaces
Fi(ure 2310 nidarian -ea+onry? the cnidocyte
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trigger #ilament
trigger
nuclei
CnidocytesHydra
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued) nidarians ha%e stin(in( ces (continued)
8tun( and firmy (ras+ed, the +rey is forced throu(h an
e*+anda)e mouth into a di(esti%e sac, gastrovascularcavity
i(esti%e en9ymes secreted into this ca%ity )rea# do-n
some of the food
Further di(estion occurs -ithin the ces inin( the ca%ity
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued)
nidarians ha%e stin(in( ces (continued)
$ecause the (astro%ascuar ca%ity has ony a sin(e
o+enin(, undi(ested materia is e*+eed throu(h themouth -hen di(estion is com+eted
&he %enom of some cnidarians can cause +ainfu stin(s
in humans
&he stin(s of a fe- sea 'ey s+ecies can e%en )e ife
threatenin(
23 3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued)
nidarians ha%e stin(in( ces (continued)
&he %enom of some cnidarians can cause +ainfu stin(s
in humans (continued) &he most deady of these s+ecies is the sea -as+,
Chironex fleckeri
&he Chironex fleckeri is found in the -aters off
northern Austraia and 8outheast Asia
&hey can (ro- to a)out 12 inches in diameter
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued)
"any coras secrete hard s#eetons
In many cora s+ecies, +oy+s form coonies
oonia +oy+s secrete a hard e*terna s#eeton ofcacium car)onate
&he s#eeton remains after the +oy+ dies
e- +oy+s )uid on the s#eeta remnants of earier(enerations
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
nidarians are -earmed +redators (continued)
"any coras secrete hard s#eetons (continued)
ora reefs are found in )oth cod and -arm oceans
od-ater reefs form in dee+ -aters
Warm-ater reefs are restricted to cear, shao- -aters
in the tro+ics
ora reefs form undersea ha)itats that are the )asis ofan ecosystem of stunnin( di%ersity and un+araeed
)eauty
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
om) 'eies use ciia to mo%e
&he rou(hy 10 s+ecies of radiay symmetrica comb
ellies /teno+hora are su+erficiay simiar to some
cnidarians in a++earance
"ost com) 'eies are ess than an inch /2. cm in
diameter
om) 'eies mo%e )y ciia, -hich are arran(ed in
ei(ht ro-s #no-n as com)s
om) 'eies are cooress and trans+arent or
transucent
23 3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
om) 'eies use ciia to mo%e (continued)
A com) 'eies are carni%ores
"ost com) 'eies inha)it coasta or oceanic -aters
&hey eat tiny in%erte)rate animas
om) 'eies ac# the stin( ces that characteri9e
cnidarians
Amost a com) 'eies are herma+hroditic
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in(
&he flat!orms /Patyheminthes are a+ty named?
they ha%e a fat, ri))oni#e sha+e
&hey are )iateray symmetrica
"any of the a++ro*imatey 20,000 fat-orm s+ecies
are +arasites
Parasites are or(anisms that i%e in or on the )ody ofanother or(anism, caed a host, -hich is harmed as a
resut of the reationshi+
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
Fat-orms can re+roduce )oth se*uay and ase*uay
Freei%in( s+ecies may re+roduce )y cinchin(
themse%es around the midde unti they se+arate intoha%es, each -hich (enerates its missin( +arts
A fat-orm s+ecies can re+roduce se*uay
"ost fat-orms are herma+hroditic, -hich ao-sthem to re+roduce throu(h seffertii9ation
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
Fat-orms ha%e or(ans )ut ac# res+iratory and
circuatory systems
Fat-orms ha%e or(ans in -hich tissues are (rou+edinto functiona units
"ost freei%in( fat-orms ha%e sense or(ans, incudin(
eyes+ots that detect i(ht and dar#
&hey ha%e ces that res+ond to chemica and tactie
stimui
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
Fat-orms ha%e or(ans )ut ac# res+iratory and
circuatory systems (continued)
&heir ner%ous system consist of custers of ner%e cescaed ganglia /sin(uar? (an(ion in the head, formin(
a sim+e )rain
&hey ha%e +aired nerve cords that e*tend the en(th of
the )ody and conduct ner%e si(nas to and from the(an(ia
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
Fat-orms are )iateray symmetrica, rather than
radiay symmetrica
&his )ody +an is accom+anied )y ce+hai9ation, -heresense or(ans are concentrated in the anterior +ortion of
the )ody
&his enhances an animaCs a)iity to res+ond
a++ro+riatey to any stimui that it encounters
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
8ome fat-orms are harmfu to humans
&a+e-orms can infect +eo+e -ho eat im+ro+ery
coo#ed )eef, +or#, or fish that has )een infected )y the-orms
&a+e-orm ar%ae form enca+suated restin( structures,
caed cysts, in the musces of these animas
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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3.3 W e e %o y ?
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
8ome fat-orms are harmfu to humans (continued)
&a+e-orms can infect +eo+e -ho eat im+ro+ery
coo#ed )eef, +or#, or fish that has )een infected )y the-orms (continued)
&he cysts hatch in the human di(esti%e tract, and the
youn( ta+e-orms attach themse%es to the inin( of the
intestine
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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% y
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
8ome fat-orms are harmfu to humans (continued)
&a+e-orms may (ro- to a en(th of more than 20 feet
/ meters, a)sor)in( di(ested nutrients directythrou(h their outer surface
&hey reease e((s that are shed in the hostCs feces,
continuin( the infecti%e cyce
Fi(ure 2313 &he ife
cyce of the human +or#ta+e-orm
A %uman eats
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A %uman eatspoorly cookedpork wit%live cysts A larval
tapewormis liberated bydigestion andattac%es tot%e %uman7sintestine adult tapeworm
8 inc%es
&%e tapeworm matures in a %umanintestine, producinga series o# reproductive segments9 eac% segmentcontains bot% male and #emale se1 organs
%ead attac%ment site
&%e larvae #ormcysts in pig muscle
$ggs are s%ed #romt%e posterior end o# t%eworm and are passedwit% %uman #eces
A pig eats #oodcontaminated byin#ected #eces
Larvae %atc%in t%e pig7s intestine
&%e larvae migrate t%roug%blood vessels to pig muscle
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% y
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
8ome fat-orms are harmfu to humans (continued)
Another (rou+ of +arasitic fat-orms is the flukes
6i%er and )ood fu#es, such as those of the (enusSchistosoma, cause the disease schistosomiasis
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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% y
Fat-orms may )e +arasitic or freei%in( (continued)
8ome fat-orms are harmfu to humans (continued)
Another (rou+ of +arasitic fat-orms is the flukes
(continued) 8chistosomiasis affects an estimated 200 miion +eo+e
-ord-ide
8ym+toms incude diarrhea, anemia, and +ossi)e
)rain dama(e
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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% y
Anneids are se(mented -orms
&he )odies of annelids /Anneida are di%ided into a
series of simiar re+eatin( se(ments
E*ternay, this segmentation a++ears as a series ofrin(i#e de+ressions on the surface
Internay, most of the se(ments contain identica co+ies
of ner%es, e*cretory structures, and musces
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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% y
Anneids are se(mented -orms (continued)
8e*ua re+roduction is common amon( anneids
8ome s+ecies are herma+hroditic; others ha%e
se+arate se*es urin( co+uation, s+erm are transferred from one
indi%idua to the other
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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% y
Anneids are se(mented -orms (continued)
8e*ua re+roduction is common amon( anneids
(continued)
In herma+hroditic s+ecies, s+erm transfer may )emutua, -ith each +artner donatin( and recei%in( s+erm
8ome anneids re+roduce ase*uay )y a +rocess in
-hich the )ody )rea#s into t-o +ieces, each of -hich
re(enerates the missin( +art
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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% y
Anneids are se(mented -orms (continued)
Anneids are coeomates and ha%e or(an systems
Anneids ha%e a fuidfied coeom )et-een the )ody
-a and the di(esti%e tract &he coeom functions as a %ydrostatic skeleton, -here
+ressuri9ed fuid +ro%ides a frame-or# a(ainst -hich
musces can act
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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% y
Anneids are se(mented -orms (continued)
Anneids are coeomates and ha%e or(an systems
(continued)
Anneids ha%e -ede%eo+ed or(an systems Anneids ha%e a closed circulatory system that
distri)utes (ases and nutrients throu(hout )ody
In cosed circuatory systems, )ood is confined to the
heart and )ood %esses
&he )ood is fitered and -astes are remo%ed )y
e*cretory or(ans caed nephridia
Fi(ure 2314 An anneid, the earth-orm
coelom nep%ridia
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intestine
anus
coelom
ventral
nerve cord
e1cretorypore
intestinegi**ardcropesop%agus%earts
brain
mout%p%aryn1 ventral
bloodvessel
ventral nerve cord
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Anneids are se(mented -orms (continued)
Anneids incude oi(ochaetes, +oychaetes, and
eeches
&he ,000 s+ecies of anneids fa into three mainsu)(rou+s
1. "ligochaetes
2. #olychaetes
3. Leeches
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Anneids are se(mented -orms (continued)
Anneids incude oi(ochaetes, +oychaetes, and
eeches (continued)
&he oi(ochaetes incude the earth-orm and itsreati%es
"ore than a miion earth-orms may i%e in an acre of
and, tunnein( throu(h soi, consumin( and e*cretin(
soi +artices and or(anic matter &he im+act of earth-orms can )e ne(ati%e
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Anneids are se(mented -orms (continued)
Anneids incude oi(ochaetes, +oychaetes, and
eeches (continued)
Poychaetes i%e +rimariy in the ocean 8ome +oychaetes ha%e +aired feshy +addes on most of
their se(ments used in ocomotion
7ther +oychaetes i%e in tu)es
&hey +ro'ect feathery (is that e*chan(e (ases and
fiter the -ater for microsco+ic food
Fi(ure 231 i%erse anneids
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Polyc%aete gills +eep6sea polyc%aete Leec%
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes
&he +hyum "ousca consists of cams, snais, and
ce+hao+ods
"ost mous#s ha%e open circulatory systems /)ood is not confined to the heart and )ood %esses
$ood +ercoates throu(h a %emocoel /or )ood ca%ity,
)athin( the interna or(ans directy
"ous#s ha%e an e*tension of the )ody -a, caed a
mantle, that forms a cham)er for the (is and, in
sheed s+ecies, secretes the she
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes (continued)
&he mous# ner%ous system is simiar to that of
anneids /(an(ia connected )y %entra ner%es;
ho-e%er, more of the (an(ia are concentrated in the
head
"ous#s re+roduce se*uay
8ome s+ecies ha%e se+arate se*es
7thers are herma+hroditic
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes (continued)
&he three casses of mous#s are
1. <astro+ods
2. $i%a%es
3. e+hao+ods
Fi(ure 231 A )i%a%e mous#s%ell %eart
kidney
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kidneyadductor muscle
anus
gillsmantle
intestinegonad
#oot
mout%
stomac%
%inge
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes (continued)
<astro+ods are onefooted cra-ers
&he snais and su(s are coecti%ey #no-n as
gastropods
&hey ha%e a muscuar foot for ocomotion
&hey may +ossess a she, )ut not a (astro+ods are
sheed
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes (continued)
<astro+ods are onefooted cra-ers (continued)
&hey feed usin( a radula, a fe*i)e ri))on of tissue
studded -ith s+ines used to scra+e a(ae from roc#s or
(ras+ ar(er +ants or +rey
"ost snais use (is, ty+icay encosed in a ca%ity
)eneath the she, for res+iration
<ases can aso diffuse readiy throu(h the s#in of most
(astro+ods
8ome of them use a sim+e un( for )reathin(
Fi(ure 231 &he di%ersity of (astro+od mous#s
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(nail (ea slug
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes (continued)
$i%a%es are fiter feeders
$ivalves incude scao+s, oysters, musses, and cams
$i%a%es +ossess t-o shes connected )y a fe*i)ehin(e
"ost ha%e a muscuar foot used for )urro-in( or for
attachin( to roc#s
&hey are fiter feeders and use (is for )oth feedin( and
res+iration
Fi(ure 231G &he di%ersity of )i%a%e mous#s
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(callop /ussels
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes (continued)
e+hao+ods are marine +redators
&he cephalopods incude octo+uses, nautiuses,
cuttefish, and s5uids
A ce+hao+ods are +redatory carni%ores, and a are
marine
&hey ha%e hi(hy de%eo+ed )rains and sensory systems
8ome may ha%e a she /e.(., nautiuses
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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"ost mous#s ha%e shes (continued)
e+hao+ods are marine +redators (continued)
e+hao+ods ha%e tentaces -ith chemosensory
a)iities and suction dis#s
&he tentaces are used for ocomotion and to ca+ture
+rey
&hese animas are a)e to mo%e ra+idy )y forcefuy
e*+ein( -ater from the mante ca%ity
&hey +ossess cosed circuatory systems
Fi(ure 231 &he di%ersity of ce+hao+od mous#s
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Octopus
(-uid )autilus
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas
o other anima +hyum comes cose to the
arthropods
Arthro+oda incudes insects, arachnids, myria+ods,
and crustaceans
A)out 1 miion arthro+od s+ecies ha%e )een
disco%ered
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e a++enda(es and an e*os#eeton
A arthro+ods ha%e +aired, 'ointed a++enda(es and ane1oskeleton, an e*terna s#eeton that encoses the
arthro+od )ody i#e a suit of armor
&he e*os#eeton is secreted )y the epidermis /the outer
ayer of s#in
It is com+osed +rimariy of +rotein and chitin /a
+oysaccharide
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e a++enda(es and an e*os#eeton
(continued)
&he e*os#eeton
Protects a(ainst +redators
Pro%ides ri(id attachment sites for musces, )ut are thin
and fe*i)e at 'oints to increase the ran(e of mo%ement
of the a++enda(es
Pro%ides a -aterti(ht co%erin(
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e a++enda(es and an e*os#eeton
(continued)
&he e*os#eeton must )e molted /shed and re+aced
-ith a ar(er one
"otin( uses ener(y and ea%es the anima tem+orariy
%unera)e to +redators
&he e*os#eeton is hea%y, and its -ei(ht increases
e*+onentiay as the anima (ro-s
Fi(ure 2320 &he e*os#eeton ao-s +recise mo%ements
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Fi(ure 2321 &he e*os#eeton must )e moted +eriodicay
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e s+eciai9ed se(ments and
ada+tations for acti%e ifestyes
Arthro+ods ha%e se(ments that are s+eciai9ed for
different functions
%ead , the front se(ment, contains the sensory and
feedin( structures
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e s+eciai9ed se(ments and
ada+tations for acti%e ifestyes (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e se(ments that are s+eciai9ed for
different functions (continued)
Abdomen, the rear se(ment, contains the di(esti%e
structures
&horax , )et-een the head and a)domen, the site for
attachment for ocomotion structures
Fi(ure 2322 8e(ments are fused and s+eciai9ed in insects
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wing
abdomen
antennae
%ead
t%ora1
compound eye
mout% parts
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e s+eciai9ed se(ments and
ada+tations for acti%e ifestyes (continued)
Efficient (as e*chan(e is re5uired to su++y ade5uate
o*y(en to musces
In a5uatic arthro+ods, (as e*chan(e is accom+ished )y
(is
In terrestria arthro+ods, (as e*chan(e is +erformed
either )y un(s or )y tracheae
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e s+eciai9ed se(ments and
ada+tations for acti%e ifestyes (continued)
"ost arthro+ods +ossess -ede%eo+ed sensory and
ner%ous systems
Arthro+od sensory systems often incude compound
eyes, -hich ha%e muti+e i(ht detectors and acutechemica and tactie senses
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e s+eciai9ed se(ments and
ada+tations for acti%e ifestyes (continued)
"ost arthro+ods +ossess -ede%eo+ed sensory and
ner%ous systems (continued)
&he arthro+od ner%ous system consists of a )rain
com+osed of fused (an(ia
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Arthro+ods ha%e s+eciai9ed se(ments and
ada+tations for acti%e ifestyes (continued)
"ost arthro+ods +ossess -ede%eo+ed sensory and
ner%ous systems (continued)
&he -ede%eo+ed ner%ous system, com)ined -ith
so+histicated sensory a)iities, has +ermitted thee%oution of com+e* )eha%iors in many arthro+ods
Fi(ure 2323 Arthro+ods +ossess com+ound eyes
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23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates
&he num)er of descri)ed insect s+ecies is a)outG0,000
Insects ha%e a sin(e +air of antennae
Insects ha%e three +airs of e(s, usuay su++emented
)y t-o +airs of -in(s
Fi(ure 2324 &he di%ersity of insects
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Ap%id Ant
Beetle #lying /ot% larva
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
Insects under(o metamorp%osis, a radica chan(efrom a 'u%enie )ody form to an adut )ody form
In many insects, the 'u%enie is a larva, and has a
-ormsha+ed )ody form
E*am+es incude ma((ots /housefy ar%a and
cater+iars /moth or )utterfy ar%a
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
In insects -ith com+ete metamor+hosis,
de%eo+menta sta(es incude e((→ ar%a /feedin(
sta(e→ pupa /nonfeedin( sta(e→ adut
Housefies, moths, and )utterfies under(o com+ete
metamor+hosis
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
In insects -ith incom+ete metamor+hosis,
de%eo+menta sta(es incude e((→ nym+h /feedin(
sta(e that resem)es the adut→ adut
<rassho++ers and cric#ets under(o incom+ete
metamor+hosis
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
Insects are di%ided into se%era do9en (rou+s; three of
these (rou+s incude
1. $utterfies and moths
2. $ees, ants, and -as+s
3. $eetes
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
$utterfies and moths
&his is the most cons+icuous and )eststudied (rou+ of
insects
$utterfies fy durin( the day; moths fy at ni(ht
&he e%oution of )utterfies and moths has )een cosey
tied to the e%oution of fo-erin( +ants, -hich de+end on
these fyin( insects for +oination
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
$ees, ants, and -as+s
&his (rou+ of insects is e5ui++ed -ith a stin(er that
e*tends from the a)domen and can )e used to in'ect
%enom into the %ictim of a stin(
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
$ees, ants, and -as+s (continued)
:e+resentati%es of this (rou+ /e.(., )ees and ants ha%e
com+e* socia )eha%ior in -hich indi%iduas s+eciai9e in
+articuar tas#s such as fora(in(, defense, re+roduction,
or rearin( ar%ae
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
$eetes
7nethird of a #no-n insect s+ecies are )eetes
&hey ha%e a hard, +rotecti%e, e*os#eeta structure that
co%ers their -in(s
:e+resentati%es may )e destructi%e a(ricutura +ests or
+redators that are used to contro other insect +ests
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
"ost arachnids are +redatory meat eaters
&he arachnids incude s+iders, mites, tic#s, and
scor+ions
Arachnids ac# antennae
Arachnids ha%e ei(ht -a#in( e(s
"ost arachnids are carni%orous /feed on )ood or
+redi(ested +rey
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
"ost arachnids are +redatory meat eaters (continued)
8ome arachnids, such as s+iders and scor+ions, in'ect
+aray9in( %enom into +rey
Arachnids )reathe )y usin( tracheae, un(s, or )oth
8ome ha%e sim+e ima(eformin( eyes, each -ith a
sin(e ens
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
"ost arachnids are +redatory meat eaters (continued)
In arachnids, a)domina (ands +roduce +rotein threads
/si# that are used to -ea%e -e)s
8+iders ha%e sensory hairs that are sensiti%e to touch,
sme, or taste, and aid in detectin( +redators or +rey
Fi(ure 232 &he di%ersity of arachnids
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(corpion
(pider &icks
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
"yria+ods ha%e many e(s
&he myriapods incude the centi+edes and mii+edes
&hey ha%e one +air of antennae
&hey ha%e sim+e i(htdetectin( eyes
&hey res+ire )y means of tracheae
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
Insects are the ony fyin( in%erte)rates (continued)
enti+edes ha%e one +air of e(s +er )ody se(ment
"ii+edes ha%e t-o +airs of e(s +er )ody se(ment
Fi(ure 232 &he di%ersity of myria+ods
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/illipedeCentipede
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Arthro+ods are the most di%erse and a)undant
animas (continued)
"ost crustaceans are a5uatic
rustaceans incude cra)s, crayfish, o)sters, shrim+,
and )arnaces
&hey +ossess t-o +airs of antennae
"ost ha%e com+ound eyes
"ost res+ire )y means of (is
Fi(ure 232 &he di%ersity of crustaceans
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Water #lea (owbug
Barnacles'ermit crab
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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:ound-orms are a)undant and mosty tiny
'ound!orms /ematoda are neary e%ery-here
:ound-orms, aso caed nematodes, ha%e cooni9ed
neary e%ery ha)itat on Earth
&hey +ay a roe in )rea#in( do-n matter
:ound-orms are mosty microsco+ic, )ut some
+arasitic forms reach a meter in en(th
Fi(ure 232G A fresh-ater nematode
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anterior endmout%
cuticle
posterior end
ovaryintestinevaginaeggs
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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:ound-orms are a)undant and mosty tiny
(continued)
:ound-orms are Pseudocoeomates and ha%e a
sim+ified )ody +an
:ound-orms ha%e a tu)uar (ut and a fuidfied
+seudocoeom that surrounds the or(ans
A rou(h, fe*i)e, noni%in( cutice encoses and +rotects
the thin, eon(ated )ody and is +eriodicay moted
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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:ound-orms are a)undant and mosty tiny
(continued)
:ound-orms are Pseudocoeomates and ha%e a
sim+ified )ody +an (continued)
ematodes ac# circuatory and res+iratory systems
&hey ha%e o- ener(y re5uirements, diffusion suffices for
(as e*chan(e and distri)ution of nutrients
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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:ound-orms are a)undant and mosty tiny
(continued)
:ound-orms are Pseudocoeomates and ha%e a
sim+ified )ody +an (continued)
"ost nematodes re+roduce se*uay, and the se*es are
se+arate
&he mae /usuay smaer than the femae fertii9es the
femae )y +acin( s+erm inside her )ody
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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:ound-orms are a)undant and mosty tiny
(continued)
A fe- round-orm s+ecies are harmfu to humans
Hoo#-orm ar%ae )ore into human feet and tra%e to the
intestine, -here they cause continuous )eedin(
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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:ound-orms are a)undant and mosty tiny
(continued)
A fe- round-orm s+ecies are harmfu to humans
(continued)
&richinella causes the disease trichinosis
&richinella -orms can infect +eo+e -ho eat im+ro+ery
coo#ed infected +or#
&he cysts hatch in the human di(esti%e tract and in%ade)ood %esses and musces, causin( )eedin( and
musce dama(e
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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:ound-orms are a)undant and mosty tiny
(continued)
A fe- round-orm s+ecies are harmfu to humans
(continued)
Parasitic -orms can endan(er domestic animas
Heart-orms can )e transmitted to do(s )y the )ite of an
infected mos5uito
Heart-orm +oses a se%ere threat to the heath ofun+rotected +ets
Fi(ure 232 8ome +arasitic nematodes
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'eartworms
Trichinella
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Echinoderms ha%e a cacium car)onate s#eeton
Echinoderms /Echinodermata incude sand doars,
sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucum)ers, and sea iies
&hey +ossess an endoskeleton /interna s#eeton that
sends +ro'ections throu(h the s#in
Fi(ure 2330 &he di%ersity of echinoderms
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(ea cucumber
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Echinoderms ha%e a cacium car)onate s#eeton
(continued)
Echinoderms are )iateray symmetrica as ar%ae and
radiay symmetrica as aduts
&hey e*hi)it deuterostome de%eo+ment and are in#ed
)y common ancestry -ith other deuterostome +hya
&he a)sence of ce+hai9ation is consistent -ith the
su((ish e*istence of echinoderms
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Echinoderms ha%e a cacium car)onate s#eeton
(continued)
Echinoderms ha%e a uni5ue -ater%ascuar system
It consists of the sie%e +ate, a circuar centra cana,
se%era radia canas, and numerous tube feet
&he !atervascular system functions in ocomotion,
res+iration, and food ca+ture
8ea-ater enters throu(h an o+enin( /sieve plate on
the animaCs u++er surface
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Echinoderms ha%e a cacium car)onate s#eeton
(continued)
Echinoderms ha%e a uni5ue -ater%ascuar system
(continued)
&he sea-ater is conducted throu(h a circuar centra
cana
&he canas conduct -ater to the tu)e feet, each of -hich
is controed )y a muscuar s5uee9e )u) #no-n as anampulla
Fi(ure 2331 &he -ater%ascuar system of echinoderms
sieve plate
canalsstomac%
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stomac%
ampulla
tube #eet
(ea star body plan
(ea star consuming a mussel
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Echinoderms ha%e a cacium car)onate s#eeton
(continued)
8ome echinoderm or(an systems are sim+ified
Echinoderms ha%e a reati%ey sim+e ner%ous system
-ith no distinct )rain
"o%ements are coordinated )y a system consistin( of a
ner%e rin( that encirces the eso+ha(us, radia ner%es
to the rest of the )ody, and a ner%e net-or# throu(h thee+idermis
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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Echinoderms ha%e a cacium car)onate s#eeton
(continued)
8ome echinoderm or(an systems are sim+ified
(continued)
8ea stars ha%e sim+e i(ht and chemica rece+tors
8ome )ritte star s+ecies ha%e enscontainin( i(ht
rece+tors
Echinoderms ac# a circuatory system
23.3 What Are the a%or Animal !hyla?
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&he chordates incude the %erte)rates
&he chordates /hordata incude the %erte)rate
animas and a fe- (rou+s of in%erte)rates
In%erte)rates incude the sea s5uirts and anceets