ch.9 patterns of inheritance gregor mendel. mendel’s discoveries a blending- hereditary material-...
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Ch.9 Patterns of inheritance
• Gregor Mendel
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Mendel’s discoveries
A Blending- Hereditary material- Both parents contribute genetic material.
B Inheritable factors, genes are passed from generation to generation
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Pea experiments
1.Worked with 7 traits
2.Used purebreeding plants first then crossed them.
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Know the vocabulary
Homozygous- TT or tt - the same version
Heterozygous- Tt- two different versions
Phenotype - What you see ( look like)
Genotype - The genes TT,Tt, or tt
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Mendels Pea Crosses
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Law of independent assortment.
a homologous chromosomes move independently.
b Ex. Chromosome with A or a will go separate from chromosome with B or b.
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Law of Segregation
• Homologous pairs segregate during gamete formation(meiosis) and pair again after fertilization
• Ex. If a pea is Pp then half the gametes will receive a P and half a p.
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Testcross
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Dihybrid Cross
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Incomplete dominance
• Incomplete dominance leads to a blending of traits, red + white yields pink
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Codominance
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Codominance
• Codominance - A and B are both dominant to O but not to each other, giving the AB blood type
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Epistasis
• One gene has an effect on another. C leads to deposition of color while B or b leads to color BBcc would be white even though the genes code for black color.
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Polygenic inheritance
• Combinations of genes can yield cumulative effects. The more dominant alleles the more color.
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Environmental Effects
• Sometimes the environment can change the way a gene is expressed, like these hydrangia, and the color based on pH of the soil.
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Pleiotropy
• One gene can have an effect on other parts of the body. The sickle cell gene which causes problems with blood cells has far reaching affects on the body.
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Sample problems
Mendel crossed short and tall pea plants(purebred cross) TT x tt = P gen.
t t
T Tt Tt All offspring are heterozygous
T Tt Tt All are tall (Tt)
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Mendel crossed round, yellow pea plants to wrinkled, green pea plants (RRYY x rryy)
The only possible gametes are RY from parent 1 and ry from parent 2 so
ry ry
RY RrYy RrYy All offspring are round
RY RrYy RrYy and yellow (RrYy)
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Monohybrid Cross -two heterozygotes mated
Tt xTt
T t
T TT Tt 1TT:2Tt:1tt
t Tt tt 3 tall: 1 short
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Dihybrid cross
Heterozygotes for 2 traits are crossed RrYy x RrYy
You can make the folowing gametes for each parent RY,Ry,rY,ry, this means a four by four box as in the next slide
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Dihybrid Cross
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Dihybrid crosses can also be done like this;
R r Y y
R RR Rr Y YY Yy
r Rr rr y Yy yy
Now calculate the chances of RRYY (1/4 x 1/4)
RRYy (1/4 x2/4) RrYY (2/4 x 1/4)
RRyy (1/4 x 1/4) RrYy ( 2/4 x 2/4)
Rryy (2/4 x 1/4) rrYY (1/4 x/1/4)
rrYy (1/4 x 2/4) rryy (1/4 x 1/4)