chain rule - university of british columbia department of ...keshet/m102/lect2017_8.2.pdf · the...
TRANSCRIPT
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ChainRule
RelatedRatesImplicitdifferen4a4on
UBCMath102
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Teams points
11
3
19
10
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TeamsizeTeams points
2132
11
3
19
10
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TeamsizeTeams points/person
2132
5.5
3
5
6.3
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Growingsphere:
• Radiusincreaseswith4me• =>volumealsoincreaseswith4me• =>surfaceareaalsoincreaseswith4me
• Informa4onaboutoneofthesecanbeusedtocharacterizealltheotherones!
UBCMath102
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ChainRule
Timetà
UBCMath102
r(t) V(r)
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(1)GrowingsphereIftheradiusofasphereincreasesataconstantratethenthevolumeofthatsphere
UBCMath102
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Growingsphere
UBCMath102
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Growingsphere
UBCMath102
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Growingsphere
Iftheradiusofasphereincreasesataconstantratethenthevolumeofthatspheresa4sfiessothevolumeofthesphereincreasesataratepropor4onaltoitssurfacearea.
UBCMath102
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(2)Growingsphere:
Supposethevolumeofthesphereisincreasingataconstantrate.Then
UBCMath102
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• Given:
• Butfrombefore:
• So:
UBCMath102
(inverselypropor4onaltosurfacearea!)
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GrowingsphereII
• Smallsphere:rchangesfast• Largesphere:rchangesslowly
UBCMath102
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Growingsphere
Supposethevolumeofthesphereisincreasingataconstantrate.Then
UBCMath102
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(3)Changingdistance:
UBCMath102
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(4)Changingdistance:
UBCMath102
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(5)Changingdistance:
UBCMath102
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Changingdistance
• Thevariablesarex(t),y(t),L(t)
• Given:
UBCMath102
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Changingdistance
Chainrule:
UBCMath102
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Changingdistance
• Nowuse
• Thedistancebetweenthetwopeopleisincreasingattherate
UBCMath102
m/s
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Take-homemessage:
• Drawandlabeldiagram• Writedowntherela4onshipsneeded• Determinewhichquan44esarechanging,whichareconstant.
• Differen4ate(carefully),andremembertousethechainrulewhereneeded.(Thisgivesyouageneralequa4onthatholdsforall4me)
• Pluginnumbersattheend.(Thisdeterminesarateofchangeatoneinstant)
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ChainRule
Implicitdifferen4a4on
UBCMath102
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Implicitdifferen4a4on
• Notallcurvescanbedescribedby1func4on• Example:acircle–need2func4ons
UBCMath102
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Implicitdifferen4a4on
• However,xandyarelinkedbytherela4onship
• “Locally”(closetosomepoint)thisrela4onshipimpliesthatydepends
(uniquely)onx• Wecallthisan“implicit”func4on
UBCMath102
.(x,y)
.(x,y)
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Implicitfunc4on
• Locally,ifxchanges,thenyalsochanges:.
• Locallyydependsonx.• Wesome4meswritey(x)todenotethat.
UBCMath102
.(x,y) .(x,y)
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Slope
• Wecanaskwhatistheslopeofthecurveatthepoint(x,y).
Slopeofsecantline Slopeoftangentline
.(x,y).(x,y)
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Wecanfindusingthechainrule
• Rememberthatweconsideryasavariablethatdependsonx
UBCMath102
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Implicitdifferen4a4on(chainrule)
• Chainruleappliedatthisstep!!
UBCMath102
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Example9.5:
Findtheslopeofthetangentlinetothepointx=1/2inthefirstquadrantonacircleofradius1andcenterattheorigin.
UBCMath102
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(6)Example9.5:
Findtheslopeofthetangentlinetothepointx=1/2inthefirstquadrantonacircleofradius1andcenterattheorigin.
Theslopeis:(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)
UBCMath102
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Example9.5:solu4on
Findtheslopeofthetangentlinetothepointx=1/2inthefirstquadrantonacircleofradius1andcenterattheorigin.
• Atx=1/2gety=
UBCMath102
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Inversefunc4ons
(Anexampleofwhyimplicitdifferen4a4onissohelpful)inversefunc4ons
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Useimplicitdifferen4a4ontoverifythepowerruleforfrac4onalpower
Considerthefunc4onFinditsderiva4vebyimplicitdifferen4a4onaferrewri4ngitas
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Solu4on:Werewritetherela4onshipintermsoftheinversefunc4onWeconsideryasavariablethatdependsonxandwedifferen4atebothsidesNowusethechainrule:Finally,isolatedy/dx:
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Soln,contd:
• Simplifywherepossible,usingtherela4onshipofyandx:
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Comment
• Implicitdifferen4a4onisveryusefulforfindingderiva4veofinversefunc4ons
• Wewillseemanyexampleswherethisisso.
• Thepresentexample:usedknownderiva4veofthefunc4ony=xn(powerrule)tofindthederiva4veofy=x1/n
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Example:
Findtheslopeofthetangentlineatthepoint(1,1)onthecurve
• Hint:aproductruleisneeded!
UBCMath102
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(7)Example:
Findtheslopeofthetangentlineatthepoint(1,1)onthecurve
Theslopeis(A)1(B)-2/3(C)-3(D)-1(E)3
UBCMath102
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Example:
Findtheslopeofthetangentlineatthepoint(1,1)onthecurve
UBCMath102
Productrule
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Exponen4alfunc4onsandexponen4algrowth
UBCMath102
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Thefunc4on2n
UBCMath102
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(1)Whichofthefollowingapproxima4onsisreasonable?
(A) 210≈100(B) 210≈500(C) 210≈1000(D) 210≈5000(E) 210≈10000
UBCMath102
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(2)Andromedastrain
hjps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc
Thisstatementis (A)TRUE (B)FALSE
UBCMath102
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Exponen4algrowthapplica4on
POLYMERASECHAINREACTION- AwayofamplifyingDNAforresearch,gene4cs,crime-sceneforensics
- hjps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMC7c2T8fVk
- SeealsothePCRSong:- hjps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5yPkxCLad
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Asmoothfunc4on2x
UBCMath102
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Otherbases:y=ax
UBCMath102
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Whatisthederiva4veofy=ax?
Usethedefini4onofthederiva4vetocalculatedy/dx.
UBCMath102
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(3)Whatisthederiva4veofy=ax?
(A)
(B)
(C)whereCissomeconstant
(D)
(E)whereCissomeconstant
UBCMath102
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(3)Whatisthederiva4veofy=ax?
Usethedefini4onofthederiva4vetocalculatedy/dx.
Thisthingisaconstant
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(3)Whatisthederiva4veofy=ax?
Usethedefini4onofthederiva4vetocalculatedy/dx.
Thisthingisaconstant
IDEA:pickaconvenientbasesuchthatthisconstantisC=1
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Introducingaspecialbase
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What’ssospecial?
Thederiva4veofexisex
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Comparison
POWERFunc4ony=f(x)=xnf’(x)=nxn-1f’’(x)=()xn-2…f(n)(x)=n(n-1)…1f(n+1)(x)=0
EXPONENTIALFunc4ony=f(x)=exf’(x)=exf’’(x)=ex…
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Howdoesexcomparewithotherbases?
Itsgraphlooksalotlikethatofothercommonbases!
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Sowhyshouldwecareaboutit?
• Weusethisexponen4alfunc4onmostlybecauseitsderiva4veismoreconvenientthanthederiva4vesoftheotherexponen4alfunc4ons.
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Ln(x)istheinversefunc4onforex
UBCMath102
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Thenaturallogarithmisaninversefunc4onfor
•
UBCMath102
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• Restatetherela4onshipintheform
• Nowuseimplicitdifferen4a4ontofinddy/dx
UBCMath102
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• Restatetherela4onshipintheform
• Nowuseimplicitdifferen4a4ontofinddy/dx
• Result:
UBCMath102
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Answers
• ChainRule&ImplicitDiff
• 1A• 2A• 3E• 4B• 5C• 6B• 7D
• Exponen4als• 1C• 2B• 3E
UBCMath102
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QUESTIONSTOTESTYOURSKILLS
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Implicitdifferen4a4onexample:Astroid
Thecurvehastheshapeofanastroid.Findtheslopeofthetangentlinetoapointontheastroid.
(SeeExample9.8)hjps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeQDxV1vGqM&feature=youtu.be
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(10)Thegraphofexlookslikewhichofthese?
UBCMath102
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Findtheequa4onofthistangentline
Tangentlinetothecurvey=exatx=0.
UBCMath102
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Exponen4al:Examques4on
UBCMath102
Note:Part(a)useslogarithminfinalstep..Seenextlecture
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Prac4ce:conceptualmidtermques4on
Hereisthegraphofy=CektforsomeconstantsC,k,andatangentline.UsedatafromthegraphtodetermineCandk.
UBCMath102
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Prac4cemidtermques4on
Sketchthegraphofthefunc4on
UBCMath102
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Prac4ceExamques4on
UBCMath102
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Prac4ceExamQues4on:
UBCMath102
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Prac4ceExamQues4on
UBCMath102
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Prac4ceExamques4onforImplicitdifferen4a4on
UBCMath102
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Solu4onstopreviousproblems
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Conicalpileofsugar
Problemfromlast4meSugarispouredataconstantflowrate,1cm3/stoformaconicalpile.Atwhatrateisthebaseareaincreasing?
UBCMath102 Solu4on
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Solu4on:firstexpressVintermsofA
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NowuseChainRule
Timetà
UBCMath102
A(t) V(r)
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Solu4on,cont’d
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Relatedtestproblem
UBCMath102 Solu4on
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Solu4on:
UBCMath102