challenges for feeding swine in 2020 - le porc show · 2019-12-18 · •animal production faces...
TRANSCRIPT
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Challenges for feeding swine in 2020Dan Bussières, Groupe Cérès inc
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• Animal production faces various challenges to which the industry
must be able to adapt to keep its markets and especially, maintain
some profitability
• Pork is no exception, and we must continue to innovate but also
sometimes go back to the basics of nutrition and management to
ensure the success of our business
• Safety nets in nutrition and health are wearing thin, now forcing us
to walk on the fine line between the financial success and failure of
our herd
• The purpose of the presentation is to provide an overview of the
factors linked to feed and management, which are critical in facing
the new realities
Introduction
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• The new realities
• Impact of zinc and feed additives
• Day 1 – birth, immunity
• Birth weight and weaning age/weight
• Environment-temperature-barn sanitation
• Water acidification and treatment
• Feed formulation – level of protein, fibre, energy
• Alternatives to zinc, other additives
• Green feed – no animal by-product
• Ingredients biosecurity
Presentation plan
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• Reduced antibiotic use
• 20% reduction goal in Quebec
• Ban on classes 1
• New standards to come for zinc
• Will we still be able to use doses of 2,000-3,000 ppm?
• Restriction for source of animal protein
• Blood plasma and others
• New technologies vs. approval in Canada
• Hard to have new product/technology approved
• Biosecurity vs. ingredient source
• PPP – China/Asia
The new realities
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Challenge #1:
• Nutrition and management for the period around weaning
• Need healthy piglet with a good feed intake
• Quick and optimal feed intake to avoid compromising intestinal epithelium development
• Importance of doing things right, day after day
Where is the challenge?
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Impact of zinc and medicated feed additives
Zinc (4 trials)
Medicated feed additive
(12 trials)
ADG 15 to 25 g/day 0 to 55 g/day
Weight 0.70 to 1.25 kg 0 to 2.30 kg
FE 0 to 0.03 pts 0 to 0.07 pts
Mortality 0 to 7% 0.30 to 3.50%
$/piglets $1.10 to $9.10 $0.30 to $7.80
Average trials data HyLife-Cérès 2006-2019
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Impact of zinc and medicated feed additives
Zinc (10 trials)
Medicated feed additive
(13 trials)
ADG 10 to 55 g/day 5 to 75 g/day
Weight 0.50 to 2.90 kg 0.25 to 3.50 kg
FE 0 to 0.06 pts 0 to 0.05 pts
Mortality 1% * 1%*
$/piglets $1.75 to $6.20 $1.40 to $7.00
Data - KSU Swine Day 2014-2019
* Mortality not available, assume 1% on average
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• For zinc, reduction to doses < 500 ppm during phases 1 and 2
• Average impact of $1.50 to $7.50/piglet
• For complete removal of medicated feed additives
• Impact will be $0.80 to $7.40/piglet
• Does not always include the use of soluble and injectable antibiotic
• Not necessarily ABF or RWA full program
• Combined impacts of lower zinc doses and the removal of feed additives?
• Greater impact, maybe even double
Impact of zinc and medicated feed additives
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• Sow well prepared before farrowing, need to avoid overweight female
• Proper nutrition, avoid the MMA syndrome
• Fibre, water, avoid constipation, no toxin…
• Importance of colostrum
• Heat and dry condition
• Vigorous piglets – avoid too early induction
• Short farrowing process
• Temperature monitoring – know how to recognize and treat sows with fever– ex. Meloxicam
Birth – Day 1 – Essentials
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• Make sure to provide the piglets with a proper environment
• Impact of thermal stress during transport and/or upon arrival
Environment and sanitation
Weight loss can represent $0.80/piglet excluding costs of treatments and runts
M.Vignola Porc Show 2018. Source: J. Spencer ( 2018) Banff Pork Seminar
ADG ADFI FE # Runts # Injections
0-8 d weaning stress/cold -14.30% -2.80%
9-15 d post-weaning normal -4.30% -7.80%
Total duration post-weaning -2.00% -1.7% -1.40% X 8 X 10
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• Temperature, drying, washing and disinfecting
• Priority #1 - washing
• Priority #2 - drying
• Priority #3 – disinfecting with soap
Environment and sanitation
Section Washing with disinfection
No washing with disinfection
% difference
Starter 572 g/d 500 g/d 14.4%
Grower 671 g/d 621 g/d 8.1%
Finisher 736 g/d 692 g/d 6.4%
Source: Cargill and Banhazi 1998, Australia
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Environment and sanitation
Method ADG (g/d) % difference ADG vs. washing alone
Washing alone 866
Washing + soap 889 + 2.67%
Washing + disinfecting 894 + 3.19%
Washing + soap + disinfecting
917 + 5.91%
Source: London Swine Conference, April 2005
Impact of washing + soap + disinfecting
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• Need piglets that are easier to manage during lactation and post-weaning
• Need piglets that are older so heavier, but also piglets as heavy as possible for the same age
• Impact on performances and mortality
• HyLife data on more than 7,600 piglets followed from birth to slaughter
Birth weight, age and weaning weight
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• Birth weight is important
• Harder to influence, but just think about the impact of farrowing induction being done too early
Birth weight - performances
1 day gestation =
+ 75 g birth
+ 0.165 kg weaning
+ 0.50 kg nursery
+ 1.35 kg at market
PIC not published: 75 g birth = 220 g weaning
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• + 75 grams on average at birth = 1.30% reduction PWM and a further 0.20% mortality in nursery
• Adapted from PIC Tech Memo 338-ES 401
Birth weight - mortality
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Performances
• Economically speaking, this represents a potential added margin of $24/sow or $0.90/pig sold
Mortality
• Reduction in pre-weaning and nursery mortality equivalent to $0.75/pig
Total: $1.65/pig
Birth weight - economic
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• Impact of increasing weaning age on weight
Weaning age - performances
+ 1 day=
+ 0.245 kg weaning + 0.80 kg nursery
+ 1.70 kg at market(fixed time)
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#1 no impact on the number of litters/sow/year
• + 1 day represents a potential added margin of $27/sow or $1/pig sold
#2 impact on the number of litters/sow/year
• + 1 day represents a potential added margin of $21/sow or $0.80/pig sold
+ impact on mortality 0.25% = $0.15/pig
(Main et al 2004)
Weaning age - economic
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• Do you optimize the use of your farrowing crate?
• Washing period vs. farrowing create loading
• Entry in farrowing vs. date of farrowing
• Pre-batch breeding for batch farrowing system
• Impact of the non-management of your gilt pool with heat no serve date and your schedule for batch breeding
• Use of Regumate, early detection, heat no serve (HNS)
• Pre-weaning of pig during lactation
Weaning age - others
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• In addition to having to optimize the weaning age, it is also important to optimize the weight of the piglets, regardless of their age
Weaning weight - performances
+ 0.5 kg weaning(for same weaning age)
+ 1 kg nursery+ 1.75 kg at market
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Weaning weight - mortality
7.36%
5.33%
4.18%
3.18%
2.14%
3.50%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
< 4.0 kg 4.0-5.0 kg 5.0-6.0 kg 6.0-7.0 kg > 7.0 kg Moyenne
% m
ort
alit
y
Weaning weight (kg)
Weaning weight vs. % nursery mortality
Source: HyLife R&D Farm
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Weaning weight - mortality
% < 4 kg % 4-5 kg % 5-6 kg % 6-7 kg % > 7 kg
6,3 kg 4.10% 11.90% 23.80% 28.50% 31.70%
6,8 kg 2.50% 7.90% 17.90% 26.00% 45.70%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%Weaning weight vs. weight category
6,3 kg 6,8 kg
+ 0.5 kg weaning = 0.40% reduction in mortality
Source: HyLife R&D Farm
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Performances
• Economically speaking, + 0.5 kg represents a potential added margin of $31/sow or $1.15/pig sold
Mortality
• 0.40% mortality = $0.25/pig
Total: $1.40/pig
Weaning weight - economic
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Summary – age and weight
• With our actual production context with the use of high dose
of zinc and the use of medicated feed additives, there is a
global impact of $4/pig produced if the birth weight is
increased by 75 g, the weaning weight by 0.5 kg and the
weaning age by 1 day.
• Imagine the impact as we have to reduce our safety nets?
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• Think outside the box– look at what European are doing
• What seem to be logical for early wean diets?
• Feed that is sufficiently high in energy and protein to meet the needs of the piglets and compensate for their low feed intake
• This could work well and we have seen excellent results at times
• BUT when facing challenges with gut health issue and others, maybe it is time to think in a different way
• One solution: using feed that is not as high in protein and energy, but higher in fibre
Post-weaning nutrition and feeding
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27
MODIFIERS OF THE GUT
INTESTINAL FLORAPROMOTERS OF FEED
CONSUMPTION
• Acidifiers
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics
• Short/Medium fatty acid
• Plant extracts
• Minerals: ZnO & Cu
• Dietary fibre
• Diets low in CP
• Role of fat
• Palatable ingredients
• Digestible ingredients
• Flavours
• Synthetic amino acids
How can we help piglets to get a good start?
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• Interesting concept to enhance intestinal health
• Addition of fibre to the post-weaning diet
• Inert fibre/low fermentation: oat hulls, wheat bran, rice hulls
• Avoid soya hulls, beet pulp– fibre that ferments
• Reduce the net energy level of the feed
• Stimulation of intake and reduction of intestinal load
Addition of fibre and reduction of energy
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29
• Improves the digestive function
• Modifies the GIT intestinal flora
• Improves microbial fermentation
• Reduces the digestibility of nutrients
• Can penalize the performance of animals
• Slows down gastric emptying
• Proximal fermentation in the hind gut
• Increases luminal viscosity
Oat hulls
Beet pulp
Inert fibre
Fermentable fibre
Inert (I-CHO) vs. fermentable (F-CHO) fibre
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Protein level
• Reduce the risk of undigested protein that increases the risk of fermentation and proliferation of pathogenic agents in the hind gut
• Optimize the use of synthetic amino acids
• Evaluate the interest of proteases to reduce the need for additional protein sources
• Enzyme that improves protein digestibility
• % protein without the addition of valine: 22%
• % protein + added valine: 21.5%
• % protein + added valine + protease: 21%
• % protein by reducing the EN by 100 kcal/kg: - 1%
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• Importance for supporting the immune system
• Higher requirement for the immune system for certain amino acids
• Threonine and tryptophan must be higher
• Threonine is the most important amino acid for the intestinal epithelium development
• Threonine SID / Lysine SID: 65%
• Tryptophan SID/Lysine SID: 20-22%
Amino acid level and ratio
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Schothorst
14 days - 36 piglets
Control
2350 kcal NE
Test 2030 kcal NE
+ Fibre (I-CHO)P value
ADG 0-14 d 99.1 131.3 <0.01
ADFI 0-14 d 147 173 <0.01
FE 0-14 j 1.47 1.32 <0.10
Feces 5.2 5.5 <0.01
E.coli ileum (log
10)5.6 3.8 <0.01
E.coli colon (log
10)6.6 3.9 <0.01
Stomach weight
(% of body weight)0.78 0.89 <0.10
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• Trials conducted with this concept on our R&D farm
• Comparison with a standard nutrition program
• Reduction of NE level from 4 to 6%
• Reduction of 1-2% for the crude protein level
• Reduction of 2% for the Lys SID/NE ratio during phase 1
• For the first 5 weeks post-weaning
• Last phase (week 6-7) with a higher NE and Lys SID/NE ratio
• Compensatory growth, if loss of performance in the earlier phases
Fibre concept and ↓ NE and protein
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NE + fibre trials
C-122-125 (- 4% EN) Test vs Control P value
Final weight (kg) + 2.5% p<0.05
Total ADG (g/d) + 2.6% p<0.05
Total FE + 0.70% NS
Scour index - 25% p<0.10
Same level of Zn Ox added
#328 (- 6% EN) Test vs Control P value
Final weight (kg) - 1% NS
Total ADG (g/d) - 1.4% NS
Total FE + 3% p<0.01
Scour index - 50% p<0.10
Trial #328 done with no Zn Ox added (500 ppm max)
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• Free acid vs. protected acid
• Organic vs. inorganic acid
• Tests conducted with different acids
• Protected acids vs. butyric acid vs. combination
• Formic acid vs. Ca formate and ortho-phosphoric acid
• Some data suggests a positive impact of feed acidification after 3 weeks post-weaning, but profitability?
Feed acidifier
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Protected acidifier and butyric acid test
A
Protected
acid
B
Butyric acidA+B P value
Start weight (kg) 6.75 6.74 6.75 NS
Finish weight (kg) 31.24 30.99 31.45 0.19
ADG 0-21 d 296ab 292b 307a <0.05
Total ADG 515 511 522 0.15
FE 0-21 d 1.10a 1.09ab 1.07b <0.05
Total FE 1.40 1.40 1.38 <0.10
Acid period 0-21 days post-weaning
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Formic acid
Ca-Formate and
ortho-phosphoric
acid
Formic acid P value
Start weight (kg) 6.01 6.01 NS
Finish weight (kg) 29.77 30.19 <0.05
ADG 0-21 d 326 340 <0.01
Total ADG 498 504 0.11
FE 0-21 d 1.18 1.13 <0.01
Total FE 1.46 1.43 <0.01
Scour index 0.21 0.12 <0.05
Formic acid for 21 days post-weaning
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Water quality – Importance
• Importance of water both in terms of quantity and quality
• Do you measure your water quality?
• Do you clean your water lines regularly?
• Do you acidify water in nursery?
• Make sure the piglets have easy access to water at weaning
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Water quality – Importance
A B C D
GMQ 613 652 712 747
CA 1.63 1.51 1.44 1.44
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
FE
AD
G (
G/d
)
Water quality-cleaning vs. performance
A: witness, B: washed lines, C: B+cleaning, D: B+C+pH
Pitkin et al 2012
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Water acidification
• Optimize HCL and pepsin production for better protein digestibility
• Less substrate for bacterial fermentation in the small intestine
• Improve chlorine efficiency (pH < 7.0)
• Increases water consumption
• Impact on performances?
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Trial D-32 (0-3 weeks)
Control Acetic acid ($0.10/piglet) P value
ADG 0-3 (g/d) 338 348 0.35
Total ADG (g/d) 480 480 0.94
Scour index 0.10 0.12 0.42
Mortality % 1.52 1.88 0.79
Control Polyacid ($0.06/piglet) P value
ADG 0-3 (g/d) 345 357 0.30
Total ADG (g/d) 488 487 0.90
Scour index 0.18 0.11 0.05
Mortality % 2.29 2.69 0.80
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Trial D-34 (0-5 weeks)
Control Polyacid($0.14/piglet)
P value
ADG 0-3 (g/d) 304 315 0.08
Total ADG (g/d) 447 453 0.28
FE (0-3) 1.17 1.17 0.45
Total FE 1.47 1.47 0.44
Scour 0.18 0.15 0.22
Mortality % 1.96 1.61 0.67
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Water acidification
• Recommend to lower the water pH level to 3.5 – 4.0 for +/- 21 days post-weaning
• Choose the right acid and do a specific titration for the type of water
• All acids are not identical and strongly depend on water quality – presence of mineral salts
• Need to run a titration (see graph)
• Preference for an organic and inorganic acid mix
• Not costly: < $0.10/pig in general
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Water quality vs. acidification
• Bonanza Nursery – R&D Manitoba
• With a pH of 7.73, need 1,500 ml/2,000L to lower the pH
level to 4.5
• Brenelm Farm - Ontario
• With a pH of 7.75, need 600 ml/2,000L to lower the pH
level to 4.5
• Méthot Nursery - R&D Quebec
• With a pH of 8.0, need 375 ml/2,000L to lower the pH
level to 4.5
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Lactose level
• Potential for reduction of scour incidence with a lower lactose level in the post-weaning diet without compromising performance
• Can pigs be lactose intolerant?
• We fed PED affected pigs with a lactose-free diet somewhat successfully!
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Lactose level (trials #300-308)
High
lactose
Average
lactose
Low
lactoseP value
P1 0-10 days 18% 12.5% 9%
P2 11-21 days 5% 2.5% 0%
Start weight (kg) 6.49 6.49 6.49 NS
Finish weight (kg) 28.0 28.55 28.60 NS
Total ADG (g/d) 493 487 492 NS
Total FE 1.39 1.38 1.38 NS
Scour index 0.26a 0.14b 0.15b <0.01
Mortality % 2.57 2.97 2.30 NS
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Zinc oxide alternative
• Different zinc sources are available and positioned as zinc oxide alternatives, but using smaller doses
• Nano zinc/potentiated zinc
• Better quality source, finer and more porous particles
• Protected zinc
• Not solubilized in the stomach, does not form ZnCl
• Protected, so no buffering effect affecting pH reduction
• Released in the small intestine
• Lack of reliable and repeatable data to prove their efficiency
• Vaccination vs. E. coli vs. zinc dosage
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Trial #179 – potentiated Zn (2011)
ZnOx2500-2000 ppm
ZnOx250 ppm
Zinpot112.5-225 ppm
+ 250 ppm ZnOx
P value
ADG 0-3 (g/d) 273a 232b 230b < 0.01
Total ADG (g/d) 463a 436b 438b < 0.05
FE 1.42 1.42 1.43 NS
Mortality % 4.1b 11.8a 13.2b < 0.01
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KSU trial – protected Zn (2014)
ZnOx3,000 ppm
ZnOx 110 ppm
Protected zinc500 ppm
P value
ADG 0-31 d (g/d) 349a 304b 313b < 0.05
FE 1.56b 1.62a 1.58b < 0.05
Mortality % 4.1b 11.8a 13.2b < 0.01
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Trial #128 - E. coli vaccine (2009)
ZnOx2500-2000 ppm
ZnOx 250 ppm
ZnOx 250 ppm + Coliprotec
P value
ADG 0-3 weeks (g/d)
263a 248b 258ab < 0.05
Total ADG (g/d) 483a 467b 478ab < 0.05
FE 1.43b 1.46a 1.44ab < 0.05
Mortality % 3.8 2.1 2.1 NS
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None-animal ingredient diet
• Questioning the use of animal by-products in the diet
• Grain Fed with No Antibiotics and No Animal By-Products
• No plasma, animal fat, vit. D3 (sheep wool lanolin), vit. A 1000 (pig gelatine) no added zinc, no antibiotic feed, no injectable or water antiobiotic
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Feed ingredients biosecurity
• Risks with imported ingredient from China or other countries with PPA
• Storage/Quarantine period recommended by the ANAC/CPC/EQSP is 20 days at 20°C or 100 days at 10°C
• American studies – transmission of exotic diseases
Average time needed for the virus to reduce to 99.9%
Days at 4°C Days at 15°C Days at 30°C
Soya 143 52 26
DDGS 494 182 26
Vitamin D3 39 26 26
Lysine 78 13 13
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Feed ingredients biosecurity
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Conclusion
• For the feed industry, we must provide producers with the tools needed to face challenges
• For producers, a revision of the management aspects mentioned in the presentation, and others, will be part of solutions and will be your best allies for the future
• Feed biosecurity is also an important aspect to consider in the protection of our farms and accesses to export markets
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Dan Bussières
418-956-5638
CollaboratorsJean Poulin, PICGilbert Gagnon, CargillFrancis Simard, NutrecoMartin Bonneau, Demeter Services Vétérinaires