Challenging the Postwar Order, 1960–1991

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I. Reform and Protest in the 1960s

A. Cold War Tensions Thaw 1. The Shift to the Left 2. Détente and Ostpolitik 3. The Helsinki Accords

4. The Welfare States

B. The Affluent Society 1. Consumer Society 2. Fears of Consumerism 3. Family Ties

I. Reform and Protest in the 1960s

C. The Growing Counterculture Movement 1. Demographics 2. American Inspiration 3. The New Left

4. The Sexual Revolution

D. The United States and Vietnam 1. American Involvement 2. Criticism 3. American Withdrawal

I. Reform and Protest in the 1960s

C. The Growing Counterculture Movement 1. Demographics 2. American Inspiration 3. The New Left

4. The Sexual Revolution

D. The United States and Vietnam 1. American Involvement 2. Criticism 3. American Withdrawal

II. Changing Consensus in Western Europe

A. Economic Crisis and Hardship 1. Collapse of the International Monetary System 2. OPEC and the Oil Crisis

4. Towards a Postindustrial Society

II. Changing Consensus in Western Europe

B. The Conservative Backlash 1. Neoliberalism 2. Margaret Thatcher 3. Ronald Reagan

4. Helmut Kohl 5. Francois Mitterand

II. Changing Consensus in Western Europe

C. Challenges and Victories for Women 1. The Feminist Movement 2. The Feminist Critique

A. Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) B. Betty Friedan (1921-2006)

3. The Feminist Movement

II. Changing Consensus in Western Europe

D. The Rise of the Environmental Movement 1. Rachel Carson 2. The Ecological Agenda 3. Environmental Groups

II. Changing Consensus in Western Europe

E. Separatism and Right-Wing Extremism 1. Separatist Movements 2. The ETA 3. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)

4. Right-wing Extremists

III. The Decline of "Really Existing Socialism”

A. State and Society in the East Bloc 1. Really Existing Socialism 2. Everyday Life 3. Economic Decline

4. The One-Party State

III. The Decline of "Really Existing Socialism”

B. Reform Movements in Czechoslovakia and Poland 1. New Approaches 2. Vaclav Havel 3. Karol Wotyla

4. Solidarity

III. The Decline of "Really Existing Socialism"

C. From Détente Back to Cold War 1. The End of Détente 2. The American Response

D. Gorbachev's Reforms in the Soviet Union1. Administrative Controls 2. Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931) 3. Perestroika

4. Glasnost 5. Additional Reforms

IV. The Revolutions of 1989

A. The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe1. Events in Poland 2. Events in Hungary 3. Events in East Germany

4. The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia 5. Events in Rumania

IV. The Revolutions of 1989

B. German Unification and the End of the Cold War1. Popular Support 2. Helmut Kohl 3. International Agreement

IV. The Revolutions of 1989

C. The Disintegration of the Soviet Union 1. Electoral Defeats 2. Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007) 3. The Coup

4. The Collapse of the USSR