chalmers symposium
TRANSCRIPT
Advanced Technology Centre 1Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
David CarrHuman Factors Consultant
BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre
“How To An Eat Elephant”:Integrating the human component into
large, complex ship designs.
Advanced Technology Centre 2Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Where I work
Farnborough
Portsmouth
Bristol
Glasgow
Chelmsford
Advanced Technology CentreHuman Factors Locations
BAE Systems, Scotstoun(formerly Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited)
Advanced Technology Centre 3Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The problem of Human Factors Influence
- Warships are complex products…
- …with complex interactions between their parts…
- …built by large, diverse organisations…
- …under complex procurement arrangements.
- Human Factors specialists are few…
- …and some of them are simple souls.
A very large ship
A (relatively) small Human Factors specialist
Advanced Technology Centre 4Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The Anatomy of a Warship
Machinery Rooms
Bridge
Zonal Damage Control positions
Weapons
HelicopterHangar
Flight Deck
Cabins Galleys, Messes
Store RoomsRAS Points
Enclosed mooring deck
Tiller Flat
Ops Room
Combat System Network
Platform Management System
etc.Ship Control Centre(Machinery Control, Damage Control HQ)
Advanced Technology Centre 5Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The Human System
- The crew needs to be ‘designed’
- Crew design and ship design are interdependent
- Crews have complex design characteristics:
- Crew size. How many people are needed to operate and maintain the ship?
- Organisational structure
- Recruitment
- Retention
- Employment conditions
- Training
- Sustainable career paths
- Job satisfaction
- The crew is outwith the scope of supply.
Advanced Technology Centre 6Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Components of the human system
- Intelligent
- Adaptable
- Can handle complex information
- Good at fine manipulation
- Expensive
- Easily broken
- Difficult to get replacements
- Doesn’t come with a manual or a guarantee
- Has complex supply and servicing requirements
- Low environmental tolerance
- Unreliable – especially under stressful conditions
- Mean Time Between Failures ≤ 1 day
- Mean Time To Repair ≥ 12 hours
- Variable quality
- Doesn’t come in standard sizes
Advanced Technology Centre 7Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Human variability
Bao Xishun – 2.36mHe Pingping – 0.73m
Both from Inner Mongolia (PRC)
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Variations between and within populations
1.56m
1.87m
1.54m
1.85m
Advanced Technology Centre 9Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Design range for merchant ships
1.536m
1.90m
Advanced Technology Centre 10Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
What happens when designers don’t allow for variability
Advanced Technology Centre 11Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Embarked Forces’ Assembly Area, HMS Fearless
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System interactions
- No single design owner for a workspace
- Multiple dependencies on other disciplines
- Potential conflicts with unrelated systems
- Systems routed through compartments- Shipwide constraints- Build and upkeep aspects
- Who is responsible for Human Factors?
10V
240V
HP Seawater
HVAC
Fresh Water spray
Structures
LAN
Software
Removal Route
HP Seawater
Advanced Technology Centre 13Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Poor human-systems integration
Advanced Technology Centre 14Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Supply Office
~ 1.6m
Advanced Technology Centre 15Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Organisational Complexity
- Human Factors needs to influence several organisations
- Traceability from Equipment Requirements to User Requirements is via a long, complex route
- Human Factors requirements extend into outside organisations
Prime Contractor
PlatformComba
t System
Propulsion
Sh
ip B
uild S
up
po
rtCapability Procurer
(“Customer 1”)Naval User(“Customer 2”)
Su
pp
liers
HF
Sphere of interest for Human Factors
Advanced Technology Centre 16Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Where to begin?
Advanced Technology Centre 17Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The best way to eat an elephant?One piece at a time!
Advanced Technology Centre 18Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Go back to first principles
- Specify system functionality. What do we want the ship to do?
- Identify the critical areas for:
- Safety - Effectiveness, - Efficiency
- Think in terms of Human-Machine systems.
- Trace the physical attributes of the design back to the human capabilities they support.
- Task Analysis is the key to design.
“Equip the man. Don’t man the equipment.”(United States Marine Corps)
Advanced Technology Centre 19Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Task Analysis: What are all the bits for?
WTB158
WTB107
WTB69
Zone 2Zone 3Zone 4
Aft Machinery SpaceRegular short-duration access
•Maintenance personnel•Overalls/ ear defenders
Critical access•Firefighting•Machinery repair
Aft Machinery SpaceRegular short-duration access
•Maintenance personnel•Overalls/ ear defenders
Critical access•Firefighting•Machinery repair
Aft Machinery Space Access• Maintainers carrying
toolboxes• Rapid access for 3-person
firefighting teams• First aid/ Casualty
evacuation
Aft Machinery Space Access• Maintainers carrying
toolboxes• Rapid access for 3-person
firefighting teams• First aid/ Casualty
evacuation
Ship Control CentreHarbourside - 1 watchkeeper• Admin/ Safety activities
Peacetime - 1 w/k + 1 mobile• Machinery Supervision• Admin/ Safety Activities
Battle - 9 person team• Machinery control/ Repair coord.• Damage control coordination• Weapons repair coordination
Ship Control CentreHarbourside - 1 watchkeeper• Admin/ Safety activities
Peacetime - 1 w/k + 1 mobile• Machinery Supervision• Admin/ Safety Activities
Battle - 9 person team• Machinery control/ Repair coord.• Damage control coordination• Weapons repair coordination
Cabins• Outfitted for quality of life• Working space• Privacy• Personal storage space• Long-term comfort
•Low noise levels•Thermal comfort
Cabins• Outfitted for quality of life• Working space• Privacy• Personal storage space• Long-term comfort
•Low noise levels•Thermal comfort
Advanced Technology Centre 20Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Challenges from Project Organisations
- Ships and ship systems assembled from bought-in components
- Competitive procurement strategy
- Cost driven
- Human Factors is but one of many competing constraints
- Very large projects
- Varying levels of understanding of Human Factors- Limited Human Factors resources
- Traditional practices
- Scepticism: Human Factors specialists don’t build anything!
Human Factors =
Defence against the dark arts
Advanced Technology Centre 21Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Smile patiently and explain
Offer support. Check up on them from time to time
Let them get on with it(and use them as an ally)
Lean on them
“I’m an engineer. We don’t have to worry about that kind of thing.”
“Obviously we’ll need to do a Task Analysis before we design the system.”
“I’ll make sure all the machinery is accessible. But that’s just good
engineering”
“Yes! The décor is very important.
What colour should we paint the
cabins?”
System Designers and Human Factors
No Yes
No
Yes
Do they care about Human Factors
Do they understand Human Factorsproperly?
Advanced Technology Centre 22Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
How to get a toe-hold
Hearts and Minds
- Education
- Information
- Support
Carrot and Stick
- Set task criteria as acceptance requirements
- Require evidence of task identification
Deckhead height
Clear height (i.e. free from obstructions)2100mm minimum is mandatory forpassageways2100mm minimum is recommended elsewhere forany space which is normally occupied.For compartments which are accessedinfrequently (e.g. for maintenance or repaironly), 1950mm is adequate, provided there isalso sufficient access for firefighters.
Access for firefighters
Minimum clearance for firefighters is1970mm
(based on 95th %ile 2020 male, plus allowancesfor boots and helmet)Smaller clearances may be tolerated for “duck-under” access by firefighters. Ask the HumanFactors Team first.This must be also be the minimum height inoccupied spaces, although 2100mm preferred.
Avoid making people have to stoop
It may be permissible for people to have toduck under an overhead obstacle on routeswhere access is infrequent. Ask the HumanFactors Team first.
Avoid crawing access.
This is only permitted for infrequentmaintenance / Inspection tasks. Ask theHuman Factors Team first.
Example of a Design Team information sheet
Advanced Technology Centre 23Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The impact of Off-the-Shelf components on the user interface
Advanced Technology Centre 24Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Which components matter?
Task Analysis
Safety Related?
Performance Critical?
Frequently used?
Components
User Interface?
Evidence of usability?
Accept Risk? Low Risk
y
y
y
y
y
n
n
n
n
n
Advanced Technology Centre 25Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
How “Usability Mature” are suppliers?
Is your component suitable?
- It’s a valve. What more do you want?
- We sell it to a lot of customers.
- Trust us - we’re used to building these things.
- It’s been used successfully for a similar purpose and our customers have told us they’re very happy with it.
- All components meet the weight limits in the Manual Handling Regulations.
- We’ve reviewed all the controls against ergonomics guidelines.
- We’ve involved users in the design and have carried out thorough usability evaluations.
- Well…we think we’ve a fair idea that it’s suitable…but it would be best if we could work with you and your customer to makes sure that it works exactly the way you want it to.
Advanced Technology Centre 26Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Human Factors influence must be continuous
Big numbers Clear Dial Familiar format
?
Advanced Technology Centre 27Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Human Factors influence must be continuous
- From functional specification- Through procurement- To detailed fitting out
- …and through life.
LAN
Advanced Technology Centre 28Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Detailed Example: Type 45 Destroyer Ship Control Centre
Daring ClassAir Defence Destroyer7350 TonnesLength, 152.4 mBeam, 21.2mDraft, 5mSpeed, 29+ knotsComplement, 1902 shaft integrated electric propulsion (gas turbine)Armaments:PAAMS missile system4.5” gunClose-in weapons systemLynx helicopter
Advanced Technology Centre 29Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
What is a Ship Control Centre (SCC)?
• The main compartment for operation of the ‘Platform Management System’ (PMS)
• Provides control and surveillance of shipboard machinery for:
• Propulsion and steering
• Power and cooling to weapons
• “Hotel” services (lighting, air conditioning, fresh water, sewage, etc)
• Damage Control systems
•Firefighting water; CO2 and Foam
•Integrity (Ventilation; Flood control)
•Incident and Casualty management
• Staffed by between 2 people (Peacetime Cruising) and 9 people (Action)
• Supports “The Internal Battle”
Advanced Technology Centre 30Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The Internal Battle
Advanced Technology Centre 31Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Previous RN ship technology
• Hardwired from equipment to control rooms
• Limited automation: still many manual operations
• Controlled from one central location
• Voice communications to other “outstations”
Control Room
Advanced Technology Centre 32Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The Conventional Ship Control Centre
- Layout dictated by bulky, hardwired panels
- Panels are against walls because of wiring
- Good overview of all systems
- But
- Operator roles fixed by where people stand and what they can reach
- Operators face the panels! Difficult to work as a team.
Advanced Technology Centre 33Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Type 45 Technology
• Software based
• More automation and more signals
• LAN distribution throughout the ship
• High levels of redundancy and flexibility
Advanced Technology Centre 34Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
WTB158
WTB107
WTB69
Zone 1Zone 2Zone 3Zone 4
PMS Operating Points
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New technology, old thinking
Advanced Technology Centre 36Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The User-Centred Approach
ISO 13407 standard approach to user-centred design
- Multi-discipline team - User Involvement - Iterative, prototyping
approach- Explicit allocation of
functions
Advanced Technology Centre 37Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Interdependent design issues
HCI Software
Console
Operator
Team
Ship
Compartment
Layout
Control Locations
Advanced Technology Centre 38Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Type 45 Team Design
WeaponsManagement Centre
Ship Control Centre
ANBCDOANBCDO
PMPM
DCODCO
SMSM
PropulsionSupervisor
PropulsionSupervisor
WMWM
WRMWRM
WSMWSM
PictureCompiler
PictureCompiler
Operations Room
Command
Command Advisor
Assistant
XO(Roving)
XO(Roving)
ZoneControlPosts(1-4)
i/c
ZCP Op
Fire and Flood Repair Parties
Fire and Flood Repair Parties
Fire and Flood Repair Parties
Fire and Flood Repair Parties
Mobile Machinery Repair Party
Weapons Repair Personnel
Medical HQMedical HQ
First Aid Parties
First Aid Parties
First Aid Parties
First Aid Parties
Advanced Technology Centre 39Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
• Multi-function 2-screen displays• Ergonomically optimised• “See over” by 5th percentile RN personnel
promotes teamworking• Incorporates stowage for lifejacket and BA
SCC Operator’s Console
Advanced Technology Centre 40Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
The Type 45 ‘Teamworking’ concept
- Consoles bring the functionality to the operators.
- Flexible software allows functions to be allocated to meet changing operational demands.
- Layout allows eye contact and verbal communication between team members.
Advanced Technology Centre 41Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Ship Control Centre
Advanced Technology Centre 42Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
Fwd
Zone Control Post
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LCD Monitor Mounting brackets
Advanced Technology Centre 45Chalmers tekniska högskola, October 2007
I like elephants - but I could never eat a whole one.
Advanced Technology Centre 46RINA Human Factors Conference, March 2007, London.
Tack så mycket Frågor?
David Carr
0141 957 [email protected]