chameleon suit – changing the outlook for eva · 1 chameleon suit – changing the outlook for...
TRANSCRIPT
2
Project Basics• Advanced Extra-Vehicular Activity System
Concept• Phase 2 Study
– March 2002 – January 2004• Contract #NAS5-03110 Grant #07605-003-001• HS Project Team – Gail Baker, Allison Bender,
Joel Goldfarb, Edward Hodgson, Gregory Quinn, Fred Sribnik, Catherine Thibaud-Erkey
• External Support – NIAC, NASA JSC, NASA HQ, and many, many more.
4
Historical EVA Challenges and Issues
• Pressure Suit Mobility & Comfort• On-Back Weight• EVA Expendables• Durability / Maintainability
5
Future Mission Needs
AccessiblePlanetarySurface
Earth& LEO
Anywhere/ Anytime
Earth’sNeighborhood
• Easier• Lighter• Cheaper• Longer• Adaptable
6
Technology Opportunities – The Shape of Things to Come
• Recursive system evolution• Atomic scale design & manufacture• The imitation of life
Active, optimal multi-functional materials –unconstrained design integration.
7
The Guiding Concept – A Different System Paradigm
Historic EVA Systems
• Functional partition• Environment isolation• Component interfaces
Chameleon Suit
• Functional integration• Environment
exploitation• Human interfaces
9
Implementation OptionsTechnology & Logical Choices
Phase 1 StudyIntegrated Passive Thermal Control
Integrated Active Heat Transport
EmphasizeIntegrated CO2 & Humidity Control
Active MobilityMCP SuitMobilityMass Savings
& IntegrationActive Suit Fit
TransportArtificialPhotosynthesis
Energy Harvesting
Distributed Energy Harvesting
O2 RecoveryModule
DistributedO2 RecoveryReactants Energy
10
Integrated Passive Thermal Control(Phase 1 Study)
LCVG Layers (outer layer,transport tubing, liner)
TMG and MEMS louvers
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
11
Integrated Active Heat Transport
Distributed thin filmmodules or flexible
thermoelectric polymers
TMG and MEMS louvers
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
12
Integrated CO2 & Humidity Control
Distributed thin filmmodules or flexible
thermoelectricpolymers
TMG and MEMS louvers
Selective ChemicalTransport Membranes
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
13
Active Suit Fit
Distributed thin filmmodules or flexible
thermoelectric polymers
TMG and MEMS louvers
Selective ChemicalTransport Membranes
Active Suit Fit Material
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
14
Energy Harvesting
Distributed thin filmmodules or flexible
thermoelectric polymers
TMG and MEMS louvers
Selective ChemicalTransport Membranes
Active Suit Fit Material
Flexible solar cell arrays/Photoelectric polymers
Concentrated CO2and H2O vented to
environment
Harvested Energy tobackpack reduces
battery size
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
15
Artificial Photosynthesis
Distributed thin filmmodules or flexible
thermoelectric polymers
TMG and MEMS louvers
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
Selective ChemicalTransport/Catalysis
Active Suit Fit Material
Flexible solar cell arrays/Photoelectric polymers
Harvested energyfrom photo- &
thermoelectrics todrive oxygen
recovery
16
Distributed O2 Recovery
Distributed thin film modules orflexible thermoelectric polymers
TMG and MEMS louvers
Selective ChemicalTransport Membranes
Active Suit Fit Material
Flexible solar cell arrays/Photoelectric polymers
Oxygen Recovery Process
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber feltCO2, H20 and
O2 Transfer
17
Active Mobility - MCP Suit
TMG and MEMS louvers
Active Suit Fit Material
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
18
Distributed Energy Harvesting -O2 Recovery Module
Distributed thin filmmodules or flexible
thermoelectric polymers
TMG and MEMS louvers
Active Suit Fit Material for MCP
Flexible solar cell arrays/Photoelectric polymersHarvested energy
from photo- &thermoelectrics to
backpack
Variable loft layerswith active polymer
spacers and thermallyconductive fiber felt
Suit atmosphere tobackpack for CO2,H2O removal and
O2 recovery
19
Enabling Technologies
• Multi-functional Materials• Bio-mimetic Processes• Advanced Manufacturing Technologies• Information Technologies
20
Multifunctional Materials
• Conductive Polymers• Shape Change Materials• Optically Active Materials• Energy Storage and Conversion• Chemically Active Materials
21
Polymers and NanocompositesEngineered Materials Revolution
• Driven by, enabled by, and underlying information revolution– Microelectronics > massive complexity > ever smaller features >
MEMS– Computational, imaging and modeling tools at atomic and
molecular scales• Ubiquitous in science, industry & society• Designer molecules
– Multi-functional polymers – conductive, mechanically active, optically active, chemically active
– Biomimetic• Nano-composites
22
Conductive PolymersAlternatives to Wiring Harnesses, Switches
and Liquid Electrolytes• Conductive polymers and
composite electro-textiles– Flexibility– Massively parallel
interconnection• Polymeric semiconductors
– Integrated function, structure & control
• Solid polymer electrolytes– Lithium polymer batteries – Fuel cells ~ 1000 W-hr/Kg– Flexible batteries – 160W-hr/Kg
23
Shape Change Materials
-
-100
-
60-80
-
Medium to fast
380
7.2
Dielectric
---20 to 40 20 to 40
-150 to150
Temperature range (C)
-
0.3
30-35
107
100
20
0.35
HumanMuscle
-
120
1
[email protected]% strain
3
2
40
MIT CP
2002
N
Very low
1
105
Low
2
5-10
insulation
-
>4
20
106
36
25
0.5
MIT target
Y
40
20
106
100
25
40
MCP/assisted mobility
20Tensile strength (MPa)
Y
low
1000
Low
25
20
Active fit
O2 compatibility
Efficiency (%)
Life cycle
Strain rate (%/s)
Strain (%)
Force output (MPa)
Characteristics
-
-100
-
60-80
-
Medium to fast
380
7.2
Dielectric
---20 to 40 20 to 40
-150 to150
Temperature range (C)
-
0.3
30-35
107
100
20
0.35
HumanMuscle
-
120
1
[email protected]% strain
3
2
40
MIT CP
2002
N
Very low
1
105
Low
2
5-10
insulation
-
>4
20
106
36
25
0.5
MIT target
Y
40
20
106
100
25
40
MCP/assisted mobility
20Tensile strength (MPa)
Y
low
1000
Low
25
20
Active fit
O2 compatibility
Efficiency (%)
Life cycle
Strain rate (%/s)
Strain (%)
Force output (MPa)
Characteristics
24
Optically Active Materials
• Electrochromicmaterials– Inorganic– Polymers
• Electroemissivematerials– OLED
• MEMS• Photoelectric materials
25
Energy Storage & Conversion
• Thin film & polymeric devices
• Increasing conversion efficiency
• Lower cost & more flexible manufacture
• Emerging applications
Progress of Thermoelectic Improvements
012345
1930 1950 1970 1990 2010Year
Figu
re o
f Mer
it,
ZT
Thin Film State of the Art
Polymer state of the art
Commercially available material
ElectrolytePlastic (PET)Platinum Catalyst
Transparent Conductor
0.010 inches
Plastic (PET) TiO2 & DyeTransparent Conductor
Photovoltaic
Polymer Batteries
Thermoelectric
26
Chemically Active Materials
O2
CO2
H2O
CO2
e-load
H2O
O2
H2
e-power
H+
CO3=
O2
CO2
H2O
CO2
e-load
H2O
O2
H2
e-power
H+
CO3=
Porous substrate
Liquid containing facilitators
Hydrophilized surface
Vent flowCO2 ,O2,
H2O H2O
CO2
Vacuumor
Sweep gas
Passive transport selective membranes
Active transport – polymer electrolytes
Chemical conversion – integrated catalysis
27
Bio-mimetic Processes
• Membranes• Bio-catalysts• Artificial Photosynthesis• Self-Assembling Systems
28
Membrane Technologies
• Biological membranes– Self organizing– Selective transport– Active transport
• Enzyme membranes• Biomimetic liquid
crystal membranes– CO2 transport &
selectivity comparable to lung tissue
29
Bio-catalysts
Biocatalytic Processes• Efficient reactions at
useful rates and modest temperatures
• High specificity• Enzymes - organic -
stereochemical
Historical Processes• Efficient reactions at
high rates , high temperatures
• Limited specificity• Inorganic metals &
salts
30
Artificial Photosynthesis
• Find alternate chemicals / chemical sequences to achieve photosynthetic functions recognizing photosynthesis specificity of– Fast kinetics– Highly specific pathways– Molecular level assembly
• For example, mimicking chlorophyll’s light conversion process (PSII)– Carotene/Porphyrin/Fullerene sequence (Arizona
State University)– Development of Ru-Mn complexes (Uppsala
University, Sweden)
31
Self-Assembling Systems
• The essence of biology• Complexity (apparently) without
cost• Genetic codes – molecular templates• Understanding Practice
– Natural systems Modes of operation Engineered analogs
32
Advanced Manufacturing Technologies
• Photo-Lithography• Stereo-Lithography• Self-Assembling Systems
33
Photolithographic ProcessesKeys to Practical Complexity at Any Scale
• Design and manufacturing approaches are proven
• Extension to multi-disciplinary systems has been made
• Extension to large scale planar structures
• Further growth in scale and range of materials
34
Stereo-Lithography
• Photo-lithographic process extended to 3D• Direct computer control
– Design flexibility– Responsiveness– Small lot economics
• Increasing materials possibilities
35
Self-Assembling Systems (again)
• Becoming a practical reality in engineering practice
• One key to mastering massively parallel, repeating systems of very small parts …Like the Chameleon Suit
Nanolitho effort harnesses self-assembly
PORTLAND, Ore. — Nanoscale patterning of silicon substrates with regular, repeatable, atomically perfect application- specific templates could enable manufacturable nanoscale chips within the decade, according to scientists at the University of Wisconsin'sMaterials Research Science and Engineering Center (Madison).
By R. Colin Johnson
EE TimesAugust 5, 2003 (2:54 p.m. ET)
36
Information Technologies
• Underlying Technology• Information Processing• Connectivity• Recursive Design• Advanced Interfaces
37
Underlying Technology Base
• Silicon as a designer material– Flexible, easily controlled functionality– Consistent continuous structure
• Photolithographic manufacturing– Progressive evolution to smaller scales– Consistent, local control of microscale
composition• Automated design, manufacturing processes
38
Information Processing
• Dealing with massive complexity essential for and enabled by information revolution enables:– Design of complex structures and networks– Complex control algorithms and networks– Practical coordinated interaction of large numbers of
sensors and effectors– Analysis and understanding of complex natural systems
– designer molecules & biomimetic design
Chameleon Suit practicality
39
Connectivity
• Data bus structures and approaches to enable flow of information among large numbers of cooperating devices with practical overhead– Data bus Ethernet Internet
• Wireless adaptations flexible geometry and topology
• Smaller, lower power access devices “smart dust”
40
Recursive & Extensible Processes
• N-1th generation capabilities enable Nth generation design
• Progressive change in scale (smaller), complexity (greater)
• Extensible to additional degrees of freedom & new domains– MEMS– Microchannel systems
41
Advanced Information Interfaces –Toward Thought Controlled Systems• Progress in sensors and signal processing
Robust research in thought controlled systems– Military systems & assistive systems and devices
• Complex spatial and temporal patterns of very low level signals– Noise, individual variability
• Extensive training, user concentration• Limited channel bandwidth < 10 Hz• Continued progress and research interest
Chameleon Suit applications potential
42
Application Analyses and Results – Is the Concept Real?
• Thermal Control• Transport• Mobility• Mass Reduction• System Energy Balance• Implications for System Robustness• Artificial Photosynthesis Integration
43
Thermal Control Viability –Passive & Beyond
CollapsedLayers
ThermoelectricModules
Heat Spreading LayerCarbon Velvet
Plastic
Heat Spreading Layer
Plastic Carbon Velvet
Gap (Vacuum) AluminumThread
Skin
Ambient Environment
Passive heat rejection from suit surface in most environments and at most work rates
Thin film thermoelectric devices in suit walls allow no expendables heat rejection at maximum work rate and lunar noon – worst case thermal environment – 250 W power input.
44
Transport Membrane Integration
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Hole Spacing (in)
Req
uire
d Fl
ow A
rea/
Tota
l Sui
t Are
a
Laminar
Sharp-Edged Orifice
Analyses show that CO2 and humidity transport through suit insulation is consistent with thermal control design
0.0E+00
2.0E-06
4.0E-06
6.0E-06
8.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.2E-05
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Hole Spacing (in)
Pre
ssur
e D
rop
per S
uit L
ayer
(psi
d)
Pressure drop component for flow through felt is negligible compared to the pressure drop through the holes in the suit which is ~0.008 psid per layer
45
Assisted and Enhanced Mobility
• Active Fit, Assisted Mobility, Mechanical Counter Pressure
• Required performance parameters separately demonstrated in active materials
• Combined characteristics & environmental tolerance in sight
• Energy harvesting essential for assisted mobility & mechanical counter pressure
WristBearing
ScyeBearing Bearing
Arm
46
System Mass Reduction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
On Back Mass (Kg)
basephase1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Concept
On-Back Mass Reduction With Chameleon Suit Concepts
47
System Energy Balance Current Phase 1
Suit Concept 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8(W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr) (W-hr)
DCM/CWS 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80Radio 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90Pump 40 20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AFan/Separator Motor Ass'y 304 304 254 N/A N/A 254 N/A N/A N/A 254Circulation Fan N/A N/A N/A 125 125 N/A 125 125 125 N/AElectrochromics N/A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Actuators N/A 150-300 150-300 150-300 150-300 150-300 150-300 150-300 150-300 150-300MEMS Louvers N/A 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5Thermoelectrics N/A N/A 122-80 122-81 122-82 122-83 122-84 122-85 122-86 122-87Photovoltaics N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 to 3456 0 to 3456 0 to TBD 0 to 3456Oxygen Recovery N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2350 N/A 2350Net Energy Balance - MAX 514 801 853 724 724 853 724 3074 724 3203Net Energy Balance - MIN 514 651 501 372 372 501 3084 734 TBD 605
Phase 2 Concepts
ENERGY BALANCES FOR CHAMELEON SUIT CONCEPTS
48
Implications for System Robustness
• Current reliability and life issues are eliminated:sublimator, gas trap, filters.
• Fewer duration limiting resources• Massively parallel systems graceful failure
responses (gradual performance loss)• Inherent environmental sensitivity• Central control or common power failures (design
mitigation)• Local thermal extremes possible with failures
49
Artificial Photosynthesis Integration
• Materials and energy transport problem– Energy (light) available outside suit– Materials available (CO2, H2O), and
needed (O2), inside suit– Both must be together for O2
recovery• Energy transport
– As electricity (low efficiency)– As energetic intermediates?
• A satisfactory solution path has not been identified yet.
Suit Pressurized Volume
Unpressurized SuitInsulation Space
WasteCO2, H2O
O2Need
AvailableLight Energy
Transport?
50
Summary – Vision for the Future • The seed has been planted and it will grow!
– The path is clear to revolutionary change– The required technologies are ripening for harvest– Targeted research is being explored with many
investigators – The vision of possibilities has been shared– The Chameleon Suit is on our technology roadmap
• Today’s unsolved problems are not insoluble• Perhaps the Chameleon Suit really will look like
those Star Trek images after allThe best possible space suit will be invisible