Chandracchandra@gov.inJanuary 29, 2014

EQUITY ISSUES IN EDUCATION

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EQUITY IN EDUCATION- MACRO DIMENSIONS• India’s Educational attainments are low in international comparisons on

account of a large segment of ‘no schooling’ population! • Lack of adequate access to education,• Wide regional, social & gender gaps; • High drop out rates ;• A large no of OoSC;• Opportunity cost of Education;• Wide spread poverty;• High pvt. expenditure on education &• Low literacy, particularly for females

narrow down the base for higher educational attainments of our country.

GENERAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF POPULATION (15YRS & ABOVE

NSS-2009-10- ALL INDIA RURAL+URBAN)- MYS: 5.98 YEARS

32%

22%17%

13%

8%

1% 7%

No Schooling

Primary

Elementary

secondary

Hr. Secondary

Diploma

Degree, PG +

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GENDER GAP IN LITERACY

Although the no. of literates increased by 218 million, no. of illiterates declined in absolute terms by 31 million and female literacy increased at a faster (11.79%) than that for males(6.88%), still the gender gap in literacy is about 17%age points in 2011.

Female literacy is a crucial determinant of school enrolments, retention& completion. Female teachers greatly influence primary transition rates.

Sex Literacy 2011 Target 2017

Literates (million)

Literacy (%)

Literates (million)

Literacy (%)

Person 778.4 74.04 905 80

Male 444.2 82.14 495 85

Female 334.2 65.46 410 75

Gender Gap 16.68 - 10

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Twelfth Plan Monitorable Targets

School Education & LiteracyNational Monitorable Targets:• Achieve a Mean Years of Schooling of 7 by 2016-17 • Elimination of all social & gender gaps in enrolment.

Other Targets include:• Increase Secondary Education GER over 90% & Sr.

Secondary GER to 65% • Reduce secondary drop out rate to less than 25%.• Reduction in gender gap of literacy by10 percentage points.

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MEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLINGMean Years of Schooling: India & China

5.124.684.203.803.452.892.341.971.57

8.177.627.11

6.415.62

5.254.753.97

3.43

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Years

India China

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH RATES

( percentage per annum)

Period India China

1970/1990 3.99 2.5

1990-2000 2.00 2.37

2000/2010 2.00 1.40

All M FM RU UR MPCE Q1 MPCE Q5

5.077 6.06 4.04 4.08 7.58 2.83 9.95

ST SC MUSLIM OBC OTHERS

3.24 3.37 3.89 4.68 6.91

WB estimates 2004-05

2.02 3.50 7.12

3 + 2 +

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Mean Years of Schooling*

India’s MYS Census, 2001 4.44NSS 2007-08 5.55NSS 2009-10 5.98Twelfth Plan Target 7.00Thirteenth Plan 8.00

The main challenge is bridging gender, social & regional gaps in MYS.

35 STATES/UTs ( Estimated from NSS, 66th Round, 2009-10) REGIONAL INEQUALITY MYS

2 Chandigarh (9.55), Delhi >9

6 Goa, Kerala, Manipur, Nagaland, Daman-Diu & Puducherry >8

7 H.P, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Uttarkhand, A&N Islands & Lakshadweep >7

9 T.N, Karnataka, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, J&K, Sikkim, Tripura, Arunachal Pr. & Assam >6

10A.P, M.P, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, UP, W.Bengal & Dadra N.Haveli Jharkhand, Bihar (4.45). <5.98

S.No Countries 2000 2010

1 Malaysia 9.09 10.14

2 China 7.11 8.17

3 Brazil 6.41 7.54

4 Thailand 6.11 7.49

5 Indonesia 5.23 6.24

6 India 4.19 5.12

(i) AdvancedEconomies

10.65 11.03

(ii) DevelopingCountries

6.15 7.09

(iii) World ( Average)*(R. Barro-Lee, NBER)

6.98 7.76

Elementary Education in India• SSA, launched in 2001-02 for UEE in the country, covers 199m

children in 1.4 m schools across 1.3 mil. habitations. Primary Middle Elementary

(Class 1-5) (Class 6-8) ( Class1-8)• Child Population (mil) 119 73 192• Enrolment (mil) 137 62 199• GER (%) 119 81 104• NER (%) 100 62 81

Schools (in lakh) 8.3 5.3 13.6

Teachers (in lakh) 43.3 18.7 63.0

Trained Teachers(%) 86 87 86

Pupil-Teacher Ratio 33:1 31:1 31:1

The Right to Free and Compulsory Education is a Fundamental Right with the passage of RTE Act, 2009 & SSA has been harmonised with the RTE mandate with a targeted investment of Rs.2.31 lakh crore for five years from 2010

All the States have already notified States Rules under RTE Act. 7

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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan • The XI Plan allocation for SSA was Rs.71,000 cr & funds released to the States

was higher at Rs.77,586 cr . The XII Plan has provided Rs.1.93 lakh cr for SSA besides Rs.90,155 cr for MDM to provide nutritional support to children, eliminate classroom hunger and strengthen school retention under SSA. About 62% of SSA money goes to SFDs ( include 66 SCs, 109 STs & 88 Muslim Minority, IAP 82 Districts). SSA brought children from marginalised social groups into educational system(EFA-GMR, UNESCO,2011)

Where SSA Rupee Goes?

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6 4 3 2

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Teachers' Salary Civil Works Training, capacity building, BRC & CRC. Text books& uniforms Grants (TLE, TLM, School Dev., Maintenance, Innovation, Library) KGBV & NPEGEL- EGS/AIE MME& Research IED& Miscellaneous (community mobilisation etc) 8

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REQUIREMENTS 2005-06 2011-12 2012-13 Gaps

ACR 41% 66% 78% 22%G-Toilet 31% 69% 69% 31%B-Toilet 49% 80% 84% 16%DWS 82% 95% 95% 5%Ramp 19% 54% 68% 32%Boundary 44% 58% 58% 42%Playground 47% 56% 65% 35%Library 47% 54% 54% 46%Untrained Teachers 14%

Teacher vacancies 12 lakh

MEETING RTE ACT NORMS

What SSA achieved?SSA provided • School buildings - 6.5 lakh; ACR - 18 lakh; KGBV - 3640; • DWS - 2.3 lakh; Toilets -7.4 lakh; BRCs - 6500; CRCs - 70,000

Add. Teachers - 19.7 lakh.

  SSA Progress Indicators 2002 2012  

1 Access to Primary Schools (<1KM) (2 lakh) 87% 99% ↑

Upper Primary Schools(<3KM) (1.5 lakh) 78% 95% ↑

2 Enrolment( Class I-VIII) (million) 159 199 ↑

3 Gross Enrolment Ratio (Class I-VIII) 82% 104% ↑

4 Gender gap in enrolments (%age pts.) 17 1.2 ↓

5 Dropout Rate (Class I-VIII) 55% 41% ↓

6 No. of Out of school children (million) 32 8.1(4.3) ↓

7 No. of Child Labour 2009-10 (million)*1999-2000

10.6* 5.2 ↓

Since 2004-05 SSA, enrolled additional 17mil. children, of which girls accounted for 75%(13 mil.) and SCs & STs, 60%(10 mil.)

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RTE CHILD TREE - 5-14 yrs.(2009-10)

Child Population (5-14yrs)(NSS 1999-2000 246m) (NSS 2009-10 254.7 million)

(178)Attending School (225.4 m) (68)Not Attending School (29.3 m)

(10.6)Child labour (5.2m ) (57.3)Not in gainful economic activity(24.1 m)

(10.4)Working

(5.10m ) (0.2)Unemployed

(0.14m ) (7.2)Domestic work

(3.3 m)

(49.7)DestituteChildren(19.5 m)

0.4mDisabledChildren(1.3 m)

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Equity Efforts in Twelfth Plan• Additional KGBVs in EBBs, • Residential School Complexes, • Ashram Schools, • Residential Schools for migrant children. • Enhanced scholarships for Disadvantaged social groups - DBT

• Transport Escort Services in difficult areas

• Support to RTE 25% disadvantaged group children in Pvt. Unaided Schools ( 1.5 million)(Per child cost across the state varies from Rs. 3500 to Rs. 18,000 per annum),

• MDM in Private Un-aided Schools in areas of SCs/STs and Minorities concentration• BITES in SC/ST Blocks

• Supplemental instructions,• Bridge courses, • PGT warden for hostels, • LEP in low learning achievement areas/regions• Pace setting role for KV/NVs for neighbourhood schools

• 3500 Model Schools in EBBs

• Support to Minorities - funding Madrasas and other educational institutions

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School Education-Challenges• Improving quality & standards of education in schools. • Ensuring RTE Act prescribed norms and standards for schools.• Providing professionally qualified, trained teachers as per norms.• Enrolling all the OoSC including street children & CWSN.

• School retention & ensuring children progress through the system.• Addressing systemic issues-accountability, absenteeism, untrained

teachers (14%), rational deployment, teacher vacancies (12 lakh) & efficient management of schools.

• Implementing common curricula and syllabi of nationally acceptable standards for Science, Math and English.

• Consolidation & expansion in partnership with private schools dominating Secondary Education(56,000 schools<80 pupils).

• Accreditation of schools; Use of ICT in normal teaching learning processes& integrating VE with academic curriculum

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Conventional Hypothesis on Equity & Excellence

• Growth of educational Institutions & Infrastructure have not kept pace with growth of enrollments!

The `admission of a large number of students in response to popular demand without the necessary staff, classroom…. makes it impossible….. to give full education….’

– Dr. S.Radhakrishnan,1948-49Rapid expansion has resulted in lowering quality- Kothari, 1964-65

Lessons from Finland: • Schools not on a mad race emphasizing academic performance & competition. • Every child is ensured to have the same opportunity to learn regardless of SES/region.• Child centric instructions, individualised approach. Classroom transactions joyful,

interactive and teacher trained to place the child in most comfort zone and nurture.• Teachers have a lot of autonomy. No standardised Tests. • Teachers brought educational change. Not a great funding! Even Shanghai-China did not.

Sacrifice Excellence at the altar of Equity! Equity at the cost of Excellence!Studies show that equity actually promotes excellence! It is not Equity Vs. Excellence.

PISA Regressions

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  Reading Performance w.r.t Coefficients R2

(i) Per capita GDP(PPP) Y = 0.0004x + 479.77 0.06

(ii) Education Spending Y = 0.0002x + 476.80 0.09

(iii) Parents Education Y = 1.3609x + 451.67 0.46

(iv) Share of socio economic disadvantaged students

Y = (-) 1.13306x + 451.67 0.46

• The PISA 2009 reported wide differences in educational outcomes.• Shangai-China topped the league tables, Kyrgyzstan was at the bottom.• PCY & Educational spending have marginal influence educational outcomes. • Parents education & SES explained the bulk of the variations in learning outcomes.• We have not yet secured the value of money invested in teachers, DIETs, BRCs &CRCs• NCERT learning achievement surveys show only modest improvement ( 2% age pts).• ASER shows dismal performance of children in publicly funded schools.• Contract teachers perform well(NBER).Teachers to perform or quit(Young Lives)

How countries improved their PISA ratingBrazil China Turkey

Increased investment in education

Motivated teachers Equitable& Efficient

spending Disadvantaged

school funded Basic Edn Dev,

Index ODL for rural

teacher training. Emphasis on

student’s achievement.

Investment through non-government. funding

Law for compulsory education

Infrastructure support to schools

Higher funding to rural schools

Mentor system of good schools with weaker ones

Models schools

International Education Standards set

Efficiency of education system improved

ICT support to schools Law for eight years

compulsory education Tax concession for

investment in Education

Public School Teacher Salaries Much Higher

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Expenditure on Education & Training

Structure of Education Expenditure-I

20%

5%

15%60%

Central Plan Central non-Plan States Plan States non-Plan

Structure of Education Expenditure- II

25%

23%

9%

43%

Elementary Secondary University Technical

(Total Exp.Rs.3.6 lakh cr.& PCEE Rs,3000/-in 2011-12XII Plan: SE&L 3.43+HE 1.11=Rs.4.54 lakh cr (Central)

Government Schools serve the Poorest • Balakrishna studies in an Ashram school and his

father is a cowherd and his elder brother, aged

12, never attended school, since he helps his

father tend to the animals. The mother explains

that they choose the government hostel for their

son because: “We are small people. Those who

are well off put their children in private school;

those who are like me will send them to

government school.” (Young Lives-India)

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Macro Structural Dimensions: Education, Skills & Employment

Enrolment in Educational Institutions (270

million)

18%8%

74%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Structure of Population (Educational Age Group 6-24 years) (414 million)

47%

23%

30%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Structure of Workforce(459 million)

59%18%

23%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Structure of GDP(52 lakh crore)

25%16%

59%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

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12th Plan :Expected Outcomes India achieving a MYS of seven years. Preschool education integrated with primary schooling. Regional, Gender and Social gaps in Elementary Education enrollment

bridged & that in Secondary Education substantially reduced. GERs in Secondary and Sr. Secondary levels exceed 90% and 65%,

respectively. RMSA to become a comprehensive composite scheme for Universalisation of

Secondary Education like SSA for UEE. National norms set for Universalisation of Secondary Education (USE) in

partnership with private providers as they manage over 60% of secondary schools.

A significant improvement in quality and standards of education in Government Schools.

Transparent governance system, professional management of schools including school accreditation & school boards strengthened.

Gender gap in Literacy reduced to 10%age points.

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Education Chapter, 12th Five Year Plan (Chapter 21 )

http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/12thplan/pdf/vol_3.pdf

Planning Commission

http://planningcommission.nic.in/

http://www.facebook.com/PlanComIndia

Department of School Education & Literacy

http://www.mhrd.gov.in/

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ( SSA)

http://www.ssa.nic.in/

Mid Day Meal ( MDM)

http://www.mdm.nic.in

Department of Higher Education

http://www.mhrd.gov.in/higher_education

National Council of Educational Research &Training (NCERT)

http://www.ncert.nic.in/

National University of Education Planning & Administration ( NUEPA)

http://www.nuepa.org/

National Council for Teacher Education ( NCTE)

http://www.ncte-india.org/

National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)

http://www.nsdcindia.org/

Additional Information

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Access2002 2012

PS < 1 Km 87% 99%

(SSA sanctioned 2.01 lakh new PS & 1.94 lakh operational-residual gaps mainly in 4 states: UP-2311, Raj-1700, Bih-1483, Odisha-502)

UPS <3Km 78% 95%

SSA sanctioned 1.57 lakh new UPS & 1.47 lakh operational-

-residual gaps mainly in 4 states: Odisha-2035, Raj-1864, WB-1619, Bih-1043.

Residuals are very less . States Plan funding for elementary education has also been increased in the States where the shortfall is higher. Besides, IAP/BRGF are also funding school infrastructure in 82 districts

Access-ACRs• Assessed requirement – 4.9 lakh ACRs• SSA Sanctions 1.7 lakh• State Plans 0.4 lakh• IAP 0.1 lakh• GAP 2.7 lakh• Residual gaps filled up in 16 State/UTs & 14 State /UTs are

about to be filled up• Only few States have big gaps for ACRs - Bihar, MP, WB,

Rajasthan & UP where the progress is slow • The resource requirement for all infrastructure-Civil works is

no more than 20% or about Rs.44,000 Cr, of the total RTE requirements of Rs. 2.31 lakh cr. A bulk of the expenditure on Salary components and Grants or the so called Non-Plan Exp.

Toilets & DWS slow progressToilets Sanctioned Completed• Bihar 70,000 14,302• Chhattisgarh 40,000 16,367• Jharkhand 22,000 9,484• MP 80,000 7,931• Odisha 50,000 39,127• WB 50,000 25,276

DWS Sanctioned Completed• Bihar 21,000 3,453• Chhattisgarh 4,000 908• Odisha 7000 1502• WB 12,000 2355

Preparation of curriculum (S.29.2 RTE)

• Curriculum renewed• Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur,

Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh. (14)

• In Process - Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal. (9)

( 23/35)

• Some adopt neighbouring States Curriculum & Syllabi.

PTR (S.25.1 RTE)

2005-06 2011-12

• Primary Schools 38 31

(Bihar – 59, Jharkhand – 41, U. P. – 46)

• Upper Primary Schools 31 29 (Bihar – 63, Jharkhand – 42, U.P.- 44)

YEAR PERSONS MALE FEMALE Gender Gap

1981 43.57 56.38 29.76 26.62

1991 52.21 } 64.13 } 39.29 } 24.84

2001 64.84 } 12.63% 75.26 }11.13% 53.67 }14.38% 21.59

2011 74.04 } 9.20% 82.14 } 6.88% 65.46 } 11.79% 16.68

• Female literacy increased at a faster rate(11.79%) than that for males(6.88%).

• No. of Illiterates declined in absolute terms by 31 million and Literates increased by 218 million.

• National Female Literacy Mission has been launched

through Saakshar Bharat targeting 60 million women & 10 million men.

Status : Literacy Rate(%)

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Elementary Education: 12th Plan Interventions -Quality

•Strong focus on learning outcomes for good quality education.•Ensuring all children acquire basic reading and numeracy skills by Class 2 and skills of critical thinking, expression and problem solving by Class 5.•Teacher Eligibility Tests (TETs) institutionalized and made mandatory for teacher recruitments.  •A National Mission on Teachers and Teaching to deal with issues of teacher education in a holistic manner is being launched. •Periodic review curriculum and school textbooks by NCERT/SCERT. Many states have already completed review of curriculum.

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S.No. State RURAL (ALL) URBAN(ALL) RURAL+URBAN(ALL)

    MALE FEMALE PERSONS MALE FEMALE PERSONS MALE FEMALE PERSONS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 Andhra Pradesh 5.318 3.126 4.209 9.203 6.852 8.044 6.459 4.168 5.296

2 Arunachal Pradesh 6.370 4.726 5.598 9.631 7.838 8.781 7.015 5.373 6.248

3 Assam 6.617 5.150 5.900 10.271 8.855 9.573 7.040 5.597 6.341

4 Bihar 5.521 2.506 4.069 8.489 6.125 7.365 5.871 2.926 4.449

5 Chhattisgarh 6.247 3.819 5.051 10.006 7.575 8.815 6.947 4.537 5.748

6 Delhi 9.117 4.508 7.018 9.936 8.798 9.434 9.905 8.545 9.317

7 Goa 8.742 6.885 7.856 10.054 8.679 9.347 9.055 7.394 8.244

8 Gujarat 6.165 3.599 4.907 9.145 7.645 8.424 7.399 5.237 6.357

9 Haryana 7.120 4.462 5.876 8.873 6.844 7.957 7.666 5.157 6.486

10 HP 7.801 6.141 6.941 10.194 9.478 9.847 7.999 6.405 7.198

11 J&K 6.795 4.218 5.532 8.671 6.877 7.780 7.272 4.873 6.100

12 Jharkhand 5.528 2.673 4.195 8.919 6.623 7.826 6.234 3.479 4.922

13 Karnataka 6.135 3.980 5.025 9.433 7.678 8.613 7.405 5.298 6.350

14 Kerala 8.466 7.936 8.186 9.317 8.937 9.124 8.708 8.179 8.430

15 Madhya Pradesh 5.720 3.071 4.466 9.255 7.373 8.342 6.580 4.176 5.435

16 Maharashtra 7.262 4.892 6.087 9.898 8.409 9.200 8.458 6.358 7.439

17 Manipur 8.824 6.783 7.810 10.665 8.620 9.673 9.304 7.277 8.295

18 Meghalaya 6.754 6.436 6.620 9.971 9.209 9.562 7.276 6.969 7.118

19 Mizoram 7.370 6.494 6.946 9.179 8.310 8.727 8.172 7.331 7.759

20 Nagaland 8.380 7.367 7.872 10.053 8.779 9.428 8.826 7.726 8.261

21 Orissa 5.889 4.036 4.961 9.021 6.801 7.927 6.349 4.420 5.377

22 Punjab 6.265 5.169 5.731 8.360 7.779 8.107 7.036 6.049 6.554

23 Rajasthan 5.494 2.281 3.915 8.838 6.299 7.601 6.360 3.288 4.836

24 Sikkim 6.952 5.788 6.410 9.422 7.351 8.504 7.259 5.966 6.669

25 Tamilnadu 6.679 4.851 5.722 8.931 7.441 8.188 7.707 6.001 6.839

26 Tripura 6.202 4.934 5.573 8.615 7.420 8.018 6.644 5.417 6.020

27 Uttrakhand 8.157 5.021 6.623 8.727 7.830 8.304 8.316 5.692 7.051

28 UP 5.896 3.149 4.545 8.450 6.661 7.581 6.484 3.939 5.242

29 West Bengal 5.580 3.939 4.796 8.869 7.468 8.175 6.443 4.896 5.700

30 Andaman & Nicobar 6.670 6.571 6.622 8.983 8.343 8.666 7.603 7.274 7.441

31 Chandigarh 7.836 8.230 8.032 10.490 9.344 9.931 9.999 9.133 9.551

32 Dnh 5.288 3.174 4.225 9.282 7.329 8.470 6.555 4.228 5.470

33 Daman & Diu 9.291 7.893 8.687 9.576 7.688 8.660 9.388 7.793 8.671

34 Lakshadweep 8.531 7.182 7.919 7.767 6.049 6.908 8.169 6.583 7.389

35 Puducherry 7.517 5.144 6.305 10.286 8.317 9.277 9.394 7.326 8.329

  All India 6.140 3.856 5.010 9.160 7.500 8.330 7.024 4.883 5.984

Twelfth Plan Core InterventionsAccess Equity Quality

Access to all Residual Habitations, Enroll all OoSC, Street children, CWSN in Schools, Revisit outdated Rules & Regulations & ease Land norms

Additional KGBVs in EBBs, Residential School Complexes, Ashram Schools, Residential Schools for migrant children. Enhanced scholarships for Disadvantaged social groups- DBT

• Strong focus - learning outcomes-All children acquire basic reading/ numeracy skills by class II & critical thinking, problem solving by class V.

• Ensure quality secondary education with relevant skills including basic competency in mathematics, science, languages and communication

RTE Norms & Standards, Convergence for school facilities &Intervention for Single Teacher schools (9 %)

Transport Escort Services in difficult areas

Address Teacher shortages, TET for recruitment & Teacher Education Mission

50% Schools with 1 year of well supported well resourced, pre-school education.

Support to RTE 25% disadvantaged group children in Pvt. Unaided Schools ( 1.5 million)

BITEs for 196 SC/ST / Minority concentrated Districts

Extend RMSA to +2 MDM in Pvt. Schools in SC/ST area Professional Cadre Development for Teachers, School Managers

Extend RMSA to aided Inst. Supplemental instructions, Bridge courses, PGT warden for hostels, LEP

Continuous & Comprehensive Evaluation

Set National Norms for Schools for USE. Viability

3500 Model Schools in EBBs Examination & Curricular reforms- focus on Math, Science & English;

Partnership with Pvt. Sector. Support to Madarasas, IDMI VEP- NVEQF- based on national occupational standards linked with SSC