Change in the Sixties and Seventies

The Music of Youth:Rock ’n’ Roll

• Rock ’n’ Roll– Alan Freed (1921–1965)– “rhythm and blues”– Elvis Presley (1935–1977)

• “Folk” Music– Peter Seeger (b. 1919)– Joan Baez (b. 1941)– Bob Dylan (b. 1941)– The Kingston Trio– Peter, Paul, and Mary

The British Invasion:The Beatles

• John Lennon (1940–1980)• Paul McCartney (b. 1942)• George Martin (b. 1926)• “Concept albums”

A New Challenge

• Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)

Rock ’n’ Roll Becomes Rock

• The Who, Tommy (1969)– Rock opera– “progressive rock”

Fusion

• Jazz-rock fusion– Miles Davis (1926–1991)• In a Silent Way (1969); Bitches Brew

(1970)

• Third Stream– Gunther Schuller (b. 1925)– confluence of Western art music

and jazz– Modern Jazz Quartet

The Rise of Minimalism

• Minimalism– “pattern and process music”– experimental classical tradition– non-Western music– jazz and rock

La Monte Young (b. 1935)

• Composition 1960 No. 7– B-F# “hold for a long time”

• String Trio

• Pandit Pran Nath• Marian Zazeela (b. 1940)• Theater of Eternal Music

Riley’s In C

• Terry Riley (b. 1935)• Mescalin Mix– tape loops

• In C (1964)– 53 numbered “modules” for “any number of any

kind of instruments”

“Classical” Minimalism:Steve Reich

• Steve Reich (b. 1936)• West African Drumming and Balinese gamelan• It’s Gonna Rain (1965)• Come Out (1966)– tape pieces– phasing

Phase Music

• Piano Phase (1967)– for two pianos– phasing for performers

• Drumming (1971)– “rhythmic construction” “rhythmic reduction”

Reich’s Music for 18 Musicians

• [Anthology 3-56]• Percussion and keyboard instruments,

electronically amplified solo strings, winds, and voices

Philip Glass

• Studied at the University of Chicago and Julliard

• Received a Fulbright to study with Nadia Boulanger

• Worked with Ravi Shankar

Philip Glass

• Strung Out (1967)– for solo amplified violin– pentatonic module subjected to variations

• Two Pages for Steve Reich (1968)– scored for the Philip Glass Ensemble

• Music in Twelve Parts (1971–74)

Einstein on the Beach

• [Anthology 3-57]• Collaboration with Robert

Wilson• Rented the Metropolitan

Opera House in NY• Postmodern

Gesamtkunstwerk

The Holy Minimalists

• Arvo Pärt (b. 1935)– influence of Medieval music,

sound of bells (“tintinnabular” style)

– Symphony No. 3 (1971)– Fratres– Cantus in memoriam

Benjamin Britten– Tabula rasa [Anthology 3-58]

The Holy Minimalists

• Henryk Górecki (1933–2010)– strictly diatonic, highly repetitive – Third Symphony (1976)– recording sold over 1 million copies