change over time ©2008 susan anderson. darwin british naturalist journey to galapagos / south...
TRANSCRIPT
Change over Time
©2008 Susan Anderson
Darwin British Naturalist Journey to Galapagos / South America Saw:
New/different SPECIES Fossils similar to living organisms
(where had these organisms gone?)
He asked why were those organisms on the islands different from those on the mainland?
Adaptations Example for Darwin:
Finches Different beaks Different foods Less competition
Evolution Gradual change over time to become
better adapted to their environment. Gradualism Punctuated Equilibria
Natural Selection “Survival of the Fittest” Extinction Overproduction – not all offspring survive Competition- usually indirect (food, space) Variations – genetic Selection- helpful variations accumulate,
unfavorable ones disappear
Formation of New Species Sometimes a group is separated from the
rest of its species. (river, mountain range, weather carries them)
If a group is separated long enough, they may evolve different traits.
“Geographic Isolation”
Continental Drift Large scale geographic isolation. Members were separated when the
continents split. Example:
Animals isolated on Australia are unlike other mammals.
Review What is evolution? Name something Darwin observed that he
thought was the result of evolution Some insects look just like sticks. How
could this be an advantage to the insects? How could the “stick trait” have evolved
through natural selection?
Fossil Record Sedimentary Rock
Most fossils are found in this type of rock Why?
Petrified Minerals dissolved in the water around remains soaks in
and replaces the remains, changing them to rocks Molds/Casts
Remains get dissolved and leave behind a hollow space (mold), then it’s filled with minerals (cast)
Preserved Can be found in tar or amber
Dating Fossils Relative Dating
Only be used when the rock layers have been preserved in their original sequence
Doesn’t tell actual age, only which fossils are older or younger
Absolute Dating Uses radioactive elements to determine exact
age of fossils HALF LIFE – the time it takes for half the atoms
of a sample to decay
Review Describe how fossils form in sedimentary
rock. Explain the process of absolute dating. How are gradualism and punctuated
equilibrium similar? How are gradualism and punctuated
equilibrium different?
Other Evidence Homologous Structures Embryology DNA similarities
Branching Tree Diagrams A diagram the shows how scientists think
different groups of organisms are related.
Review Name three types of evidence from
modern day organisms that scientists use to determine evolutionary relationships.
What are homologous structures? Most scientists today consider similarities
in DNA to be the best indicator of how closely two species are related. Why do you think this is the case?
Homework