changes in community structure and productivity in a coastal … · 2011-02-17 · concurrent 1 km2...
TRANSCRIPT
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Changes in community structure and productivity in a coastal upwelling system:
The CARIACO ocean time-series and implications for future satellite
measurements
Frank Muller-Karger
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AcknowledgementsColleagues and
co-Investigators:Ramon Varela (FLASA)Yrene Astor (FLASA)Eduardo Klein (USB)Robert Thunell (USC)Mary Scranton (SUNY)Gordon Taylor (SUNY)Robert Weisberg (USF)Kent Fanning (USF)Laura Lorenzoni[AND MANY OTHERS]
Funding and support:NSFFONACIT
FLASAUSBUCVUDO
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Location
Southeastern Caribbean
Time series station:LAT 10.5° NLON 64.65° W
~1400 m
Cariaco Basin
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PEN. DE ARAYA
CUMANA
PTO. LA CRUZ
L. TORTUGA
LAGUNA DE UNARE LAGUNA DE PIRITU
LAGUNA DE TACARIGUA
CABO CODERA
I. CUBAGUA
ISLA DE MARGARITA
BANCO DE LA TORTUGA
P L A T A F O R M A D E U N A R E
PLATAFORMA DE MARGARITA
SILLA DE CUBAGUA
SILLA DE ARAYASILLA CENTRAL
CANALCENTINELA
FARALLONCENTINELA
ALTOS DECENTINELA
CANAL DE LATORTUGA
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CARIACO
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CARIACO time series[CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean]
Cariaco Basin Characteristics
Permanent anoxia below ~250m: undisturbed sediments.
Local river inputs (Minimal Orinoco and Amazon river influence)
High Secondary production: Sardine, demersal and other pelagic fisheries (~500Ktm/y).
Tropical climate
Basin embedded in the continental shelf.
High primary production (~500 gC/m2/y)
Alternating seasonal upwelling and river discharge
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SeaWiFS satellite-derivedChlorophyll-a and other “pigments”
Mar 5, ’03
First half of year:Windy / dryHigh coastal upwellingHigh primary productionLow river discharge
Strong Trade Wind
Low Discharge
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SeaWiFS satellite-derivedChlorophyll-a and other “pigments”
Oct 17, ‘03
Second half of year:Less wind / wetLow upwellingLow primary productionHigh river discharge
Orinoco River plume
Weak TradeWind
Higher Discharge
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No benthic organisms
Laminated (“varved”) sediments
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Sediment varves:Lighter color laminae:rich in plankton(upwelling period)
Dark laminae:Riverinedetrital minerals(rainy season)
ODP Core Site 1002C.Lea et al., 2003
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Significance of basin
Continental margin / upwelling processesOxic/anoxic oceanographic processesSediment climate record (natural sediment trap)anoxic bottom and absence of bioturbation lead to
sediment varves
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TIME SERIES PROJECT Scientific Objectives
Understand linkages between oceanographic processes and the production and sinking flux of particulate matter in the Cariaco BasinExplain climate / paleoclimate changes in
the region (including Atlantic Ocean)
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Objectives of bio-optical researchAssess fundamental ecological characteristics of the system rapidly, repeatedly, over large scales and long times, and economically (e.g. use of remote sensing). Specifically:Phytoplankton concentrationPrimary productivityFunctional groups and
community structure
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Infrared & Ocean ColorSatellites: NOAA 12/15/17/18SeaWiFS, MODIS (Terra/Aqua)
CTD /Rosette
FluorometerTransmissometerDissolved Oxygen
USC, Columbia, SC.Particulate Flux / traps,
POC/PON, Oxygen isotopes
SUNY Stony Brook, N.Y.Bacterial metabolismBacterial productivity
UMass DartmouthUSF St. Pete. FL.
General CoordinationData Q/C, Nutrients,
CTD, Inorganic CarbonSatellite image Processing
and Analysis
OXIC
ANOXIC
Sediment Traps
The Cariaco Basin
FLASA/EDIMARMargarita Island
Logistics, Salinity, pH, AlkalinityChlorophyll,
Primary ProductionPart. Light Abs.
EDIMAR/UDOMargarita IslandPhytoplankton/ZooplanktonTaxonomy
CPDI/USB Caracas, VenezuelaSatellite data products
R/V Hno. Ginés
SpectrascanOcean Color,Reflectance
14C PrimaryProduction
-100 m
-200 m
-1255 m
-475 m
-900 m
-275 m
ADCP
-125 m
The CARIACOProject
PRR-600Irradiance &
Radiance
LADCP
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TIME SERIES DETAILS 10º30’N, 64º40’W (Venezuela) Operation: since November ’95
(monthly cruises, moorings) -hydrography / sediment traps-bio-optical /biogeochemical::* Phytoplankton concentration* HPLC pigment composition* Taxonomy* Primary productivity* Reflectance profiles* Hypersperspectral reflectance
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R/V Hermano Gines25 m (~80 ft)116 metric Ton13 crew8 science party~$4,000/day
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Sampling and keeping records…
Yrene AstorKeeps us in line
CTD/rosettehydrography
Sediment traps
Primary productivity Bio-optics
(ocean color)
Filtering…filtering…24 h a day…
Zooplankton
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CARIACO time series[CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean]
CARIACO cruises and data policy
Since Nov 1995:172 core cruises (August 2010)29 sediment trap and current meter recovery-redeployment cruises30 biogeochemical and microbial process cruises6 regional cruises
Implemented a policy for open and public sharing of samples, data, and information
http://cariaco.ws (Spanish)
http://www.imars.usf.edu/CAR/ (English)
http://ocb.whoi.edu/jg/dir/OCB/CARIACO/
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CARIACO time series[CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean]
-300
-200
-100
17
18.5
20
21.5
23
24.5
26
27.5
29
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008C
TemperatureºC
Upwelling intensity has decreased since we started the series
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Long Term Changes in SST:Reduction in Annual Range
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
SS
T (
o C)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20072008 2009
~6oC ~5oC
Contributed byR. Thunell, USC
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Primary Production
Chlorophyll and primary production highest in Jan-Apr
A secondary peak seen during the summer upwelling
Shift in phytoplankton community since ~2001 (now smaller cells)
Amplitude of PP decreased since ~2000, with broader peaks
Total annual production remains similar (~500 gC/m2/y)
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Temperature Δ Salinity Δ fCO2 ΔMax 1996-2001 29.50 7.68 37.00 0.92 441.70 143.40min 1996-2001 21.82 36.07 298.30
max 2002-2009 30.00 7.15 37.06 1.22 452.60 135.30min 2002-2009 22.85 35.84 317.30
Trend in CO2 fugacity: fCO2 Increasing?
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Sediment trap samples
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Particulate organic carbon flux
Organic particle flux at 1300 m is:~5x10-3 mol C m-2d-1 or~0.074 g m-2d-1
(Thunell et al., 2007) ~1.3% of primary
productivity reaches the bottom
0,000
0,050
0,100
0,150
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0,250
0,300
0,000
0,050
0,100
0,150
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0,250
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08/1
1/95
08/1
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08/1
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1/00
08/1
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08/1
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1/03
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08/1
1/05
Trap A
Trap B
Trap C
Trap D
Fluj
o de
PO
C (g
C m
-2d-
1 )
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Diatoms
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Dinoflagellates
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Picophytoplankton
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Trichodesmium (N-fixer)
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Pytoplankton pigments: HPLC
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Time
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
PSC
(mg/
m3 )
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
TChl
b (m
g/m
3 )
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Time
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
PPC
(mg/
m3 )
0.01
0.1
1199619971998199920002001
TChl
c (m
g/m
3 )
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Variations in the concentration of phytoplankton accessory pigments at the CARIACO time-series station (1996 to 2001). A) Total chlorophyll-b, B) Photoprotective Carotenoids (PPC), C) Total Chlorophyll-c, D) Photosynthetic Carotenoids (PSC).
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Mean (1996-2001) Seasonal Distribution of Phytoplankton Pigments
with Depth (HPLC samples)
From: Natasha Rondon, MS Thesis, U Dalhousie
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Mean (1996-2001) Seasonal Distribution of Phytoplankton Groups
with Depth (taxonomic samples)
From: Natasha Rondon, MS Thesis, U Dalhousie
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1995-1999
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
N95 D E96 F M A M J J A S O N D E97 F M A M J J A S O N D E98 F M A J J A S O N D E99 F M A M J J A S O N D
Ce
l/m
DIAT DF COC
2000-2007
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
E00 M M J S N E01 M M J S N E02 M M J O D F A J A N E04 M M J S N E05 M M J O E06
Ce
l/m
DIAT DF COC
Interannual variability of phytoplankton groups (surface taxonomic samples)
From: Luis Troccoli, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela
1996 1997 1998 1999
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2000-2005
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Measuring sea surface reflectance(upwelling radiance)
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Measuring sea surface reflectance(downwelling irradiance)
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Seasonal cycle in reflectance
Remote Sensing Reflectance
0.0000
0.0010
0.0020
0.0030
0.0040
0.0050
0.0060
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0.0080
380 480 580 680 780
Wavelength [nm]
Rrs
May '96Sep '96Oct '96Nov '96Dic '96Jan '97Feb '97Mar '97Apr '97May '97
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Remote sensing reflectance:
Blue: upwelling
Red: rainy season
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-0.0020
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Calibration problem from manufacturer
Ref
lect
ance
Monthly cruise number
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Concurrent 1 km2 SeaWiFS-derived chlorophyll-aestimates compared to in situ Chlorophyll a observations between January 1998 and December 2005 at the Cariacotime-series station (N = 29, R2=0.84, RMSE=57%). Solid line is the 1:1 relationship.
Absorption spectra(a) phytoplankton,(b) detrital material and (c) CDOMBlue: upwelling / Red: rainy seasonBlack: average values.
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CARIACO time series[CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean]
C
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CARIACO time series[CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean]
Community shifts:
Trade Winds decreased between 2001-2005 relative to 1996-2000:-seasonal upwelling intensity decreased-waters have become warmer-annual PP remains about the same-phytoplankton community shift from large diatoms to smaller cells-coincides with regional fishery collapse (sardine)
2006-2008 upwelling seems to have increased, but not sardine fisheries
We should expect similar cases of interannual variability and long-term trends everywhere around the world – at this time we are unable to assess these changes or their impacts on either foodwebs, biogeochemistry or climate
C
Some Key Findings
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CARIACO time series[CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean]
Implications for future satellite programs / HyspIRI:
-Initiate planning for a comprehensive cal/val program, building on NASA SIMBIOS/SeaBASS experience-Initiate planning for ecosystem assessments: land-ocean interactions-Include time series efforts with relevant observations-Coordinate with PACE/ACE, Geo-Cape teams
This will lead to:
-Interdisciplinary scientific understanding of the coastal zone including human activities.
-A practical classification for coastal habitats and the valuation of ecosystems services
-Quantify the distributions and biological diversity of coastal habitats and their changes
-Better assessment of carbon and nutrient cycling and sequestration in coastal habitats
-Identification of hot-spots of habitat diversity for use in setting priorities for restoration and conservation
C
Observations
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CARIACO and its peopleFLASA/EDIMARFONACITNSFMany others
Crew
Scientists