changes in ecosystems: ecological succession
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Changes in Ecosystems: Ecological Succession. Definition:. Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary The gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time. Ecological Succession. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Changes in Ecosystems:Ecological Succession
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Definition:
• Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary
• The gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time
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Ecological Succession
• There are two main types of succession, primary and secondary.
Primary succession is the series of changes that take place when there is no soil present. For example, after a volcano or destroyed coral reef.
Secondary succession is the series of changes that take place when there is soil present. For example, after a fire, hurricane, flood, destruction by man, or tornado.
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Which one do you think takes longer?Answer
Primary Succession
Why?
The rocks need to break down to make the soil before new species will grow
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Primary Succession
• Begins in a place without any soil – Sides of volcanoes– Landslides– Flooding
• Starts with the arrival of living things such as lichens that do not need soil to survive
• Called PIONEER SPECIES
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Primary Succession
• Soil starts to form as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces
• When lichens die, they decompose, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock to make soil
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http://www.life.uiuc.edu
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Primary Succession
• Simple plants like mosses and ferns can grow in the new soil
http://uisstc.georgetown.edu
http://www.uncw.edu
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Primary Succession
• The simple plants die, adding more organic material
• The soil layer thickens, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over
http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu
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Primary Succession
• These plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil
• Shrubs and tress can survive now
http://www.rowan.edu
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Primary Succession
• Insects, small birds, and mammals have begun to move in
• What was once bare rock now supports a variety of life
http://p2-raw.greenpeace.org
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• http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=182733
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Pond Succession- Primary or secondary?
• Put the pictures in order
B, C, A, then D.
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Secondary Succession
• More common
• Occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed.
• Occurs on ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or by natural processes such as storms, floods, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
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Secondary Succession: Mt. St. Helens
• Erupted in 1980.• 44,460 acres were
burned and flattened.• After the eruption,
plants began to colonize the volcanic debris.
• Pioneer species: the first organism to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession.
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• Over time, the pioneer species makes the area habitable by other species.
• Today, Mt. St. Helens in the process of secondary succession.
• Plants, flowers, new trees and shrubs have started to grow.
• If this continues, over time they will form a climax community.
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http://www.geo.arizona.edu
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http://www.ux1.eiu.edu
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Climax Community
• A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process
• Does not always mean big trees– Grasses in prairies– Cacti in deserts
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Whale Fall Community
• A whale fall is a whale carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. Whale falls were first observed in the 1980s, with the advent of deep-sea robotic exploration. When a whale dies in shallow water, its carcass is typically devoured by scavengers over a short period of time
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Whale Fall• However, in very deep water, fewer
scavenger species exist. The dead carcass of the whale can provide sustenance for the complex localized ecosystem over a period of decades
• This ecosystem does not need plants or light because they can live off off dead whales for long period of time
• There are also many chemosynthetic organisms at those deep depths
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Hox gene
• Hox genes are a group of regulatory genes that control the timing and route of development.
• If a Hox gene is turned off for a fruit fly, this fly might not have wings when it is an adult
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Hox Gene
• If a giraffe needs to reach higher up on a tree to get its food to survive, will evolution occur?
• It may indeed, the Hox gene may cause a mutation that makes the neck become bigger at birth
• Hox genes may cause great changes in the early development stages