Changes in Changes in Spanish TexasSpanish Texas

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War1. In 1754 the British and the French went to war over the

land north of the Ohio Valley in America. This war was called the French and Indian War

2. This war spread to Europe resulting in the Seven Years’ War with France and Spain becoming allies (friends).

Video Question:Video Question:

Who were the main Who were the main European Powers in North European Powers in North America after the ending America after the ending of the war and the Treaty of the war and the Treaty of Paris?of Paris?

Spain and Britain

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• The French threat to Spain was gone

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris• In 1763 after Great Britain won the war, and the Treaty of Paris required France and Spain to give land to the British.

• France gave up all the land around the Mississippi Mississippi RiverRiver and Canada while Spain gave up Florida

• After the treaty, France no longer had ANY mainland on North America

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Marques de Rubi …Marques de Rubi …and the REPORT

• Who:Who: Marques de Rubi was an inspector for Spain who spent 2 years touring the Texas missions and presidios.

• Why:Why: Due to the changes in the New World and New Spain’s empire, Spain needed to inspect the conditions in “Texas”

• When:When: Beginning in 1766 and lasting for 2 years• What:What: After completing his tour… he made the

following recommendations in a report:

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Marques de Rubi ReportMarques de Rubi Report

Marqués de Rubí Report

1.

2.

3.

4.

Spain should abandon all missionsand presidios in Texas except those at La Bahía and San Antonio.

The Spanish in East Texas should be moved to San Antonio to strengthen the defenses of the missions and settlement there.

The Spanish should befriend the Comanche and use their help infighting the Apache.

San Antonio should then replace Los Adaes as the capital of Texas.

These had the best conditions- others were in desperate need of repairs and staffed by soldiers who lived in poverty.

Why?

The French were no longer a threat to East Texas…

The government approved Rubi’s recommendations

Why?

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Effects in East Texas…Effects in East Texas…• Spanish officials began to withdrawal from East TexasEast Texas

(and Los Adaes) in 1773. Residents were forced from their homes and land (many against their will) and sent to San AntonioSan Antonio. The 3 month3 month journey killed many.

• San AntonioSan Antonio became the new capitalnew capital in the early 1770’s and the newcomers were very unhappy. Farmland was already taken, etc.

• Antonio Gil YbarboAntonio Gil Ybarbo led a group who moved back to East Texas and founded present day NacogdochesNacogdoches on the site of the old mission. This town prospered and turned into a major trading post, trading with LouisianaLouisiana and the Tejas IndiansTejas Indians.

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Changes in the Indian PoliciesChanges in the Indian Policies• Because the mission systemmission system failed in keeping

peaceful relations with the Plains IndiansPlains Indians, the Spanish decided to try befriending the tribes by trading with them and exchanging giftsgifts (If you can’t beat em…join em )

• In 1785, a peace treaty was signed between the ComancheComanche Indians and the SpanishSpanish.

THE TREATYTHE TREATYThe Comanche Indians agreed to stop attacking Spanish settlements in return for annual gifts

The Spanish agreed to provide them with beads, clothes, mirrors and shoes. They even provided guns.

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What about the Apaches?What about the Apaches?

• After the treaty with the Comanche Indians, the raids by the Apache IndiansApache Indians continued.

• In 1790In 1790, several Native American tribes (including the Comanches) joined forces with the Spanish ArmySpanish Army and was victorious during a war with the ApachesApaches.

• This loss negatively effected the Apache’s strength in TexasTexas for several years.

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What did you learn….What did you learn….Answer the following questions about the powerpoint:Answer the following questions about the powerpoint:

1. What led to the Rubi inspection tour? Spain wanted to inspect the settlements because

of the recent changes to the empire

2. How did Spanish relations with the Indians change in the late 1700’s?

Used trade and gifts to make allies; signed a peace treaty with the Comanche; defeated Apache during war

3. How did the Treaty of Paris effect Texas? France had to cede all the land that bordered

Texas and was no longer a threat.

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Disputes with the Disputes with the United StatesUnited States

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The Growing US Threat…The Growing US Threat…• 17751775 the US Revolutionary War begins as

the American Patriots begin fighting for independence against BritainBritain.

• Spain joined in fighting against Great Britain

• Bernardo de Galvez was the governor of Spanish LouisianaLouisiana at the time, and demanded resourcesresources from Texas

• In 1783, the United States won its independence and became a republic. The republic began to grow quickly becoming a threat to Spanish power.

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The Threat Continues…The Threat Continues…

• U.S. Settlers began moving west towards the Mississippi River and some even moved into Spanish Territory in Louisiana.

• Spanish officials in Louisiana allowed U.S. immigration to help the population (was sparse at the time) BUTBUT Texas officials went as far as setting up troops on the borders to keep “Americans” out.

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The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase• In 1800 a land deal known as the Louisiana Purchase

took place. This deal forced Spain to sell Louisiana back to the French… who in turn sold it to the U.S. in 1803. This doubled the size of the U.S.

Video Question: How much did the U.S. pay for the land during this land deal?

$15 Million$15 Million

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Border Disputes in TexasBorder Disputes in Texas• The U.S. now bordered New Spain and alarmed the Spanish.

• Disputes on the ACTUAL borders began to surface. The U.S.

claimed that Texas was part of Louisiana and of course Spain disagreed.

• The disputed land was designated as “neutral ground”.

• In 1819, Spain and the U.S. signed the Adams-Onis Treaty that set up a defined border.

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What did you learn….What did you learn….Answer the following questions about the powerpoint:Answer the following questions about the powerpoint:

1. What events increased Spain’s fears of the United States?

- Expansion of U.S. Settlements and the Louisiana Purchase.

2. How did these events affect Texas?

The U.S. now bordered New Spain and led to border disputes and who official had land control of Texas.

Unrest and Unrest and RevolutionRevolution

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Colonists Grow Unhappy with Spain

As the small colonies grew into towns, the settlers worked together

to solve their own problems.

•The settlers couldn’t wait for Spain to direct them.

•The settlers felt that the king lived too far away to truly understand their needs.

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• In the last decades of the 1700’s Spain became involved in huge problems in Europe.

• Conflicts with England and France took up most of Spain’s time and money.

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How was Spain going to get money to fight the conflicts with England and France?

• Spain placed HEAVY TAXES on the settlers in Texas.

• Spain forced the settlers in Texas to donate money to pay for European wars.

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• How would you like to work hard all week and have to give the Spanish King and Queen take most of your income/money in taxes?

• What you had left, they tried to make you “donate” to Spain to pay for their European Wars.

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• By 1800, the settlers were feeling dissatisfied.

• Colonists were unhappy with the Spanish rulers.

• Colonists wanted to make their own rules.

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• People tried to apply reason and science to all aspects of society, including government.

• This movement challenged the idea that kings had a God-given right to rule.

• A government should support the people’s nature rights and interests. (If a government does not do this, it should be replaced.)

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• Father Hidalgo believed strongly in the ideals of the Enlightenment.

• Father Hidalgo worked among Mexican farming families for years just north of Mexico City. He saw how these families struggled and how Spain’s crown neglected to help them.

Father Hidalgo Calls for Independence

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• Father Hidalgo knew that as long as the king was in charge, conditions for these Mexican families would never changechange.

• Father Hidalgo called for the liberation of the Mexican people from Spain.(liberation – the act of becoming free)

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• When the king and queen of Spain heard that Father Hidalgo was conspiring to overthrow the Spanish government, they decided to ARREST HIM.

• Hidalgo heard about this beforehand and knew he had three choices:– stay in Dolores (small town north of

Mexico City)– hide out and hope not to get caught– begin a revolution

conspiring – to join in a secret agreement

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Grito de Dolores

• On September 16, 1810, Father Hidalgo gave a speech titled “Grito de Dolores”. (Remember Dolores was the city he was in, just north of Mexico City.)

• In the speech, Hidalgo called for Mexican citizens to rise up and fight for independence.

www.vivasancarlos.com/ call_ind.html

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Father Hidalgo is killed.• On his was to meet up with his

supporters, Hidalgo was seized by Spanish authorities and executed.

• Although Father Hidalgo did not live to see Mexican independence from Spain, he had a great effect on the future of Mexico and Texas.

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Hidalgo’s Supporters Rebel Against Spain• A group of rebels led by Juan

Bautista de las Casas overthrew the Spanish government in San Antonio.

• They named Las Casas governor and then took control of La Bahia and Nacogdoches.

• On January 22, 1811, Las Casas declared the Mexican state of Texas independent of Spain.

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Mexican Unrest Continues• Even though the rebellions led by

Hidalgo and Las Casas failed, people began opening their eyes to the possibility of freedom from Spanish control.

• They believed that with the right army, the colonists could “win” their independence.

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Jose Bernardo Gutierrez

• Left Nuevo Santander and fled to Louisiana to raise an army.

• Gutierrez and his army commander, Augustus Magee, marched back to Texas and briefly took control from Spain. They were defeated shortly thereafter.

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Meanwhile in Spain

• A group of liberals staged a successful revolt in 1820.

• This revolt forced the king of Spain to make changes.

• The conservatives in Spain started to think twice about all of its choices.

• Many conservatives joined with Father Hidalgo’s followers to defeat Spanish forces.

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August 24, 1821• A treaty was signed, making

Mexico independent from Spain.

• Texas then became the new Republic of Mexico.

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Spanish Influence Lives On• Spaniards explored Texas, built towns,

established missions, and developed missions for hundreds of years.

• Spanish culture, language, customs, beliefs, etc. heavily impacted life in Texas.

• Even though Spain lost political control of Texas, Spanish influence has remained strong throughout history.

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MEXICO AFTER MEXICO AFTER INDEPENDENCE, 1821INDEPENDENCE, 1821

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Spain establishes missions and

presidios.

More colonists come to Texas,

establishing towns and ranches.

Mexican colonists, including those in

Texas, seek independence from Spain.

Spanish Rule Spanish Rule Ends in MexicoEnds in Mexico

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Mexico Wins IndependenceMexico Wins Independence• After the death of After the death of Father Father

HidalgoHidalgo and Father Pavon and Father Pavon (two leaders of (two leaders of Mexican Mexican IndependenceIndependence), the revolution ), the revolution seemed at an end.seemed at an end.

• In In 18201820 political changes in political changes in SpainSpain weakened the weakened the government and breathed government and breathed new life into the new life into the revoltrevolt..

• Agustin de IturbideAgustin de Iturbide and and Vicente Guerrero led an army Vicente Guerrero led an army that defeated that defeated SpainSpain and and MexicoMexico won it’s won it’s independence.independence.

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Now What…Now What…

• By By 18211821 only about ½ of the only about ½ of the populationpopulation of tejanos of tejanos remained (near 30,000 remained (near 30,000 IndiansIndians still remained however). still remained however).

• About About 1,5001,500 tejanos lived in tejanos lived in San AntonioSan Antonio and around and around 1,0001,000 lived in lived in La BahiaLa Bahia (renamed (renamed GoliadGoliad in 1829) in 1829)

• Nacogdoches was Nacogdoches was deserteddeserted..

This war of This war of independenceindependence took a great toll on both Mexico took a great toll on both Mexico and and TexasTexas. Indian attacks on settlements . Indian attacks on settlements increasedincreased and and little man-power remained for little man-power remained for defensedefense. The loss of livestock . The loss of livestock and crops due to the war destroyed the and crops due to the war destroyed the economy.economy.

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Causes and Effects Causes and Effects of Mexican Independenceof Mexican Independence

CausesCauses• Wide economic and social Wide economic and social divisions between the rich divisions between the rich and poor in New Spainand poor in New Spain

• Political corruption in SpainPolitical corruption in Spain

• Examples of other Examples of other revolutions, including the revolutions, including the American Revolution and American Revolution and those occurring in Latin those occurring in Latin AmericaAmerica

• Father Hidlago’s Grito de Father Hidlago’s Grito de DoloresDolores

EffectsEffects• Creation of Mexico as an Creation of Mexico as an independent republicindependent republic

• Economic ruin and loss of Economic ruin and loss of life in Mexico, including life in Mexico, including Texas.Texas.

• Political instability in MexicoPolitical instability in Mexico

• Attempts to increase the Attempts to increase the Texas population with Texas population with immigrants from Europe and immigrants from Europe and the United Statesthe United States

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Tejano RanchersTejano Ranchers• Several Several ranches ranches began to pop up and thrive began to pop up and thrive

around the around the Rio Grande ValleyRio Grande Valley and and LaredoLaredo. . Livestock included cattle, horses and Livestock included cattle, horses and sheepsheep..

Martin de LeonMartin de Leon was a famous tejano was a famous tejano rancherrancher to helped to establish the to helped to establish the cattle industrycattle industry in Texas in Texas

• Ranching also became a huge Ranching also became a huge economyeconomy booster around the booster around the San AntonioSan Antonio area as well area as well setting up trade with setting up trade with Louisiana Louisiana and trading and trading posts in Mexicoposts in Mexico

• Many of the wealthiest Many of the wealthiest tejanostejanos lived and lived and worked on ranches in worked on ranches in TexasTexas..

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Mexican Policies in TexasMexican Policies in Texas• Now that Mexico was an independent republic, they Now that Mexico was an independent republic, they

had to decide which Spanish policies to continue in had to decide which Spanish policies to continue in Texas.Texas.

THE MISSION SYSTEM:THE MISSION SYSTEM:

• SpainSpain has begun to has begun to secularizesecularize the remaining the remaining mission beginning in mission beginning in 17931793 (moving from (moving from religiousreligious to to civil civil control)control)

• San Antonio de ValeroSan Antonio de Valero was the first to be was the first to be secularized and housed a military unit called San secularized and housed a military unit called San Jose y Santiago del Jose y Santiago del AlamoAlamo de Parras. de Parras.

• All Texas missions were All Texas missions were secularizedsecularized by 1831 and by 1831 and most of the most of the Native AmericansNative Americans began to settle among began to settle among the Spanishthe Spanish

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• MexicoMexico was concerned about the low was concerned about the low populationpopulation in Texas. Too much land and in Texas. Too much land and too few too few TejanosTejanos… defense??… defense??

• Few Mexicans wanted to live in the Few Mexicans wanted to live in the unsettled unsettled Texas Texas frontierfrontier

• Right before the Right before the independenceindependence of Mexico, of Mexico, Spain had offered open Spain had offered open immigrationimmigration to the to the U.SU.S..

• Would Would MexicoMexico honor this offer??… honor this offer??…

More Mexican Policies in TexasMore Mexican Policies in Texas

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What did you What did you learnlearn……Answer the following based on the powerpoint…Answer the following based on the powerpoint…

1.1. Under Spain, and then Mexico, what Under Spain, and then Mexico, what happened to the Mission System in happened to the Mission System in Texas?Texas?

- It was secularized beginning in 1793 under Spain and It was secularized beginning in 1793 under Spain and finishing in 1831 under Mexicofinishing in 1831 under Mexico

2. How did the Mexican Independence affect 2. How did the Mexican Independence affect Texas?Texas?

- It made Texas part of the independent nation of Mexico; It made Texas part of the independent nation of Mexico; ruined the economy and drained the resources; greatly ruined the economy and drained the resources; greatly decreased the Tejano population; worsened Indian decreased the Tejano population; worsened Indian relations in Texasrelations in Texas

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To Review…