changes in voting requirements by 1828 election
TRANSCRIPT
Changes in Voting Changes in Voting Requirements by 1828 Requirements by 1828
ElectionElection
Changes in Voting Changes in Voting Requirements by 1828 Requirements by 1828
ElectionElection
Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601860
Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601860 KING CAUCUS!!
By the time of this election, the one party of Republicans has divided into: National Republicans Democrats/Jacksonians/
Jacksonian Democrats Electoral Vote:
Jackson, 178 Adams, 83
Jackson - S & WAdams - NE
By the time of this election, the one party of Republicans has divided into: National Republicans Democrats/Jacksonians/
Jacksonian Democrats Electoral Vote:
Jackson, 178 Adams, 83
Jackson - S & WAdams - NE
Mudslinging prominent!
War Hero, strong leader, passionate, intensely patriotic, “average but ideal”
Fascinating personal historyRich landowner, slaveowner
Rachel
Coffin Handbill
The Center of Population in The Center of Population in thethe
Country Moves WESTCountry Moves WEST
The Center of Population in The Center of Population in thethe
Country Moves WESTCountry Moves WEST
• The Planter Elite in the The Planter Elite in the SouthSouth
• People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier
• State Politicians – State Politicians – spoils spoils systemsystem
• Immigrants in the Immigrants in the cities.cities.
Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.& special privilege.
His heart & soul was with theHis heart & soul was with the“plain folk.”“plain folk.”
Belief that the common man Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon was capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.
The Reign of “King Mob”
The Reign of “King Mob”
President Jackson was known for opening up the White House to visitors of all classes. His inauguration party lasted for hours as throngs of people from packed streets pushed into the White House. This painting captures the rowdy scene with its broken furniture and stifling crowd. “King Mob” was so dangerous that Jackson had to be taken out through a window and it took an entire week to scrub and clean the White House after the party.
White male suffrage increased
Party nominating conventions.
Spoils system.
Rise of Third Parties.
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs (1832) Republicans (1854)
Democrats (1828)
Increased Democratization
Common people have more of a voice & candidates (“Coonskin Congressmen”) seek vote of ordinary man
Elected officials expected to be responsive to will of their “constituents”
SPOILS SYSTEM - a/k/a “patronage”Appointing party supporters to political office
Rotation in office Common man can do any job; Jackson distrusts
expertsSocial & political changes that led to the
rise of Jacksonian democracy:Disestablishment of churchesMove to improve knowledge (free school/more
secondary)More newspaper circulation
Differences between Jacksonian democracy and Jeffersonian democracy?
His supporters viewed Jackson as a strong President who represented the common people.
Critics denounced him as a would-be tyrant. They called him “King Andrew the First.”
KING ANDREW
Appeared in Whig newspaper
This visual draws more interest than a printed article would
During his first term Main Idea: Jackson has
unconstitutionally expanded the power of the presidency
Uses veto more than 6 previous Ps COMBINED
First to use pocket veto
Relied on “Kitchen Cabinet”
Opposed federal aid to local road building projects – “Maysville Road Bill’In Clay’s state of
KYJeffersonian in his
view of a limited national government
Poor administrator; penny-pincher
Calhoun claimed that the Union had not been formed by the people, but by people representing States.
This meant that a state was sovereign, not the national government.
The states were the units which formed the compact (union), thus the states could withdraw from that compact (the union) if they so desired.
Calhoun also said that a state could declare an act of the federal government null and void within that state's borders.
The Nullification IssueThe Nullification IssueCalhoun’s Nullification Theory:Calhoun’s Nullification Theory:
The Nullification IssueThe Nullification Issue
Webster-Hayne DebateWebster-Hayne Debate
Prime Reflection of Sectional ConflictPrime Reflection of Sectional Conflict
The Nullification IssueThe Nullification Issue
Webster-Hayne DebateWebster-Hayne Debate
Prime Reflection of Sectional ConflictPrime Reflection of Sectional Conflict
Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster
[MA][MA]
Sen. Robert Hayne Sen. Robert Hayne [SC][SC]
Western Land Policy
9 Day Debate!9 Day Debate!18301830
• Allies with West• Condemns NE for …?• Supports?
WebsterWebster:: “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”
….nothing more than a “rope of sand.”
Impact of Webster’s oratory in the N?JEFFERSON DAY BANQUET:JEFFERSON DAY BANQUET:
JacksonJackson:: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.
CalhounCalhoun:: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.
So… is Jackson a nationalist or a states’ So… is Jackson a nationalist or a states’ rightist?rightist?
Another cause ofThe split betweenP Jackson and VP Calhoun….Calhoun resigns
THE TARIFF ISSUE Tariff of 1824 had raised rates from 23% to 37% Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828 increased some rates to 45%
Protested as the “Tariff of Abominations”the “Tariff of Abominations” SC protest: Calhoun’s “SC Exposition and Protest”
Theory of nullification rebornProtection against the “tyranny of the majority”
Tariff of 1832 passedTariff of 1832 passed SC passes Ordinance of Nullification – seems to be only
solution to solve both protective tariff issue & impending problem of abolition of slavery
Jackson issues Proclamation to People of SCProclamation to People of SC Defines nullification as “treason” No defiance of federal law will be permitted! Threatens force
Compromise: Tariff of 1833 = gradual tariff reductions Force Bill – gives P power to use force to stop
treasonous activities SC repeals its Nullification Ordinance BUT then goes on
& nullifies the Force Bill!
“Nullie button”
The National Bank The National Bank IssueIssue
The National Bank The National Bank IssueIssue
Nicholas Biddle,Nicholas Biddle,President of the BUSPresident of the BUSBrilliant Manager but...wealthy and Brilliant Manager but...wealthy and arrogant.arrogant.
President President JacksonJackson
vs.
Unconstitutional – he just ignores McCulloch decision of Supreme Ct.
A monopoly on public fundsSmall banks’ profits were limitedFavors hard money; doesn’t trust
paperBank favors the rich at the
expense of the poorRun by private citizen & handful of
rich men“Un-American” – foreign investors
owned small portion of the bankClay & Webster try to use this
against him & seek early renewal of Bank’s charter in 1832
Jackson, as predicted, vetoed the rechartering bill
JACKSON’S OPPOSITION TO THE B.U.S.
Jackson's actions with regard to the Second Bank of the U. S. resulted in his censure by Congress for abuse of power. In this cartoon, Henry Clay is sewing Jackson's mouth shut.
Democratic cartoon shows Jackson fighting the monster Bank. "The Bank," Jackson told Van Buren "is trying to kill me, but I will kill
it!"
Jackson destroying the “Devil’s bank”
ELECTION OF 1832ELECTION OF 1832Clay tries to get Bank rechartered early knowing
Jackson will veto it - thought Jackson’s veto of Bank recharter would keep him from getting elected
Backfired – Jackson elected by a huge margin(219 to 49)Note: national nominating conventionsnational nominating conventions for first
time in this electionSees his huge margin of victory as a
mandatemandate from the people to kill the BankSo…. he does:
1.Had already vetoed the rechartering bill2.Took federal $ out of the bank and put them
into his “pet” state banksDisastrous effects
Paper money scarce & specie virtually unobtainable
Specie Circular, 1836Buy future federal land only with gold or silverBuy future federal land only with gold or silver
Serious panic threatens & occurs by 1837 (lasts ‘til ‘43)
Indian Removal PoliciesIndian Removal PoliciesIndian Removal PoliciesIndian Removal Policies
• Jackson’s Goal? View of Americans?Jackson’s Goal? View of Americans?
• 1830 1830 Indian Removal Act Indian Removal Act
• Cherokees & John Marshall:Cherokees & John Marshall:
• How does Marshall rule?How does Marshall rule?
• Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831) (1831)
• Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832) (1832)
• Jackson: Jackson: John Marshall has made his John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!decision, now let him enforce it!
The Cherokee Nation After The Cherokee Nation After 18201820
The Cherokee Nation After The Cherokee Nation After 18201820
What does Jackson’s willingness to allow GA toignore Supreme Ct. rulings tell states rightists?
THE TRAIL OF TEARS, 1838 & 1839Over 4,000 die of starvation/exposure on 116 day journey
Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal
Major exception to Jackson’s Indian policies
Resisted and were mostly successful
Second Seminole War;led by Chief Osceola
Escaped, hid out in the Everglades and adopted entire new lifestyle
Jackson’s Professed “Love” Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americansfor Native Americans
Jackson’s Professed “Love” Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americansfor Native Americans
Jackson is the only President to beat up his own would-be assassin!
JACKSON,JACKSON,1767 - 18451767 - 1845
Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before his death)
Whig Party formed up in opposition to Jackson Emerson: “enterprising,
intelligent, well-meaning & wealthy part of the people
Bankers, intellectuals, scientific, well-educated
No single candidate in 1836 - run “favorite sons” (Webster, Harrison)
Martin Van Buren, D, wins1st P born under U.S. flag
Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren
““Old Old Kinderhook”Kinderhook”
[O. K.][O. K.]
Van Buren in OfficePanic of 1837:
Full depression by 1839-1843 Caused by speculation in
western lands, roads, canals, RR, slaves
Also caused by Jackson’s Bank War & Specie Circular
Hands-off approach hurts himFavors states to take on
internal improvementsNo real position on tariffsOnly major achievement –
Independent Treasury Bill passed in 1840 “Divorces” gov’t from
banking Gov’t could then keep
surpluses rather than having to put them in banks as reserves
Bill gets repealed the next year when the Whigs take power
Van Buren (“Van Ruin”), D, runs for reelection
Whigs adopt D strategy of backwoods Westerner and run Gen. William Henry Harrison & VP John Tyler (states’ rightist)
““TIPPECANOE & TYLER TOO!”TIPPECANOE & TYLER TOO!”Misleading campaign; huge
voter turnout; 234 to 60 for Whigs
Harrison – shortest P termPrinciple established: party in
power during bad economic times will LOSE next election
LOG CABIN CAMPAIGN
Two major changes in American politics demonstrated in 1840:Triumph of the populist democratic style
Common man is now firmly at center stage, not “aristocracy”
Two party system reignsJacksonian Democrats
Liberty of the individual / common manStates’ rights and federal restraint in social and
economic issuesWhigs [Clay’s American System+]
Economic expansion – renewed National BankProtective tariffsInternal ImprovementsPublic schools; moral reforms (temperance,
slavery)
10th presidentFirst VP to succeed to office of the P
Will NOT be Clay & Webster’s puppet as Harrison was supposed to be
Becomes the P “without a party”
JOHN TYLER