changing the game - home - peregrine · 4 how does it work? when the explosive detonates, it...
TRANSCRIPT
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Productivity
Injectivity
Treating Rate
Breakdown Pressure
Treating Pressure
Tortuosity
Screenout
2
F or the first time in more than twenty years, something
truly new has arrived in the world of perforating.
GEODynamics has introduced a new class of Reactive™
shaped charges that deliver a step‐change improvement in
perforation geometry and performance.
CONNEX® Perforating products generate a secondary
reaction in the perforation tunnel thanks to proprietary liner
metallurgy and charge design. The reaction breaks up and
expels debris to leave a clean, undamaged tunnel, even in
variable or low‐quality rock (see p.4‐5 for a detailed
explanation). The technology was developed under license
from QinetiQ with the vision and support of Shell.
CONNEX® Perforating delivers debris‐free tunnels without
depending on underbalance. The result is incredible
perforating efficiency, superior productivity, enhanced
injectivity, and dramatic improvements in stimulation
parameters and performance (see p.8‐9 for examples.)
Hundreds of wells around the world have already benefited
from CONNEX® Perforating … the new, preferred solution for
high‐performance completions.
Contact GEODynamics or your perforating service provider
about running CONNEX® to maximize your well performance.
Changing the Game
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Adding Value
Clean, Open Tunnels Independent of Rock Type
Highly Beneficial for Stimulation
Independent of Rock Properties & Underbalance
No Risk, Massive Rewards
Every tunnel receives its own cleaning action, independent of other perforations, resulting in near‐100% tunnel cleanup and
an ideal flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore.
Clean tunnels with fractured tips—what better place to initiate a matrix or fracture stimulation? CONNEX® charges reduce breakdown pressures, improve treating rates, eliminate tortuosity, and minimize screenout.
Unlike traditional underbalanced perforating, the effectiveness of CONNEX® does not depend on rock properties, wellbore or formation pressures. Debris is expelled from every tunnel,
even across the most heterogeneous intervals.
CONNEX® products deploy in standard hardware. Gun performance and wellbore integrity are unaffected. Penetration into stressed rock is equivalent or better than GEODynamics’ industry‐leading RaZor™ charges. The only thing CONNEX® will do to your well is make it better.
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How Does It Work?
When the explosive detonates, it collapses the conical shaped charge liner into a fast‐moving jet of particles, which penetrates the gun body, casing, cement sheath and formation in exactly the same way as a standard perforator.
The perforating event drives crushed formation material, cement, charge liner and wellbore casing debris into surrounding pore throats — creating the “crushed zone”. Jet remnants and formation material plug the tunnel tip with compact, impermeable debris.
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CONNEX® Perforating charges are deployed in conventional gun hardware, without requiring any special handling, storage, loading or running procedures. Shot density and phasing are the same as conventional charges.
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While conventional charges rely on underbalance surge flow to clean the tunnel, CONNEX® charges create a secondary reaction to do the work. Liner material deposited along the tunnel reacts exothermically, generating heat and pressure within and around the tunnel.
The resulting over‐pressure breaks up and expels crushed zone material and compacted debris. When the rock is sufficiently competent, fracturing of the tunnel tip is also observed. This is highly beneficial to inflow performance and stimulation treatments.
Tunnels produced with CONNEX® Perforating charges exhibit ideal characteristics: large diameter, cleaner ‐ often fractured ‐ tips, and entirely free of crushed zone and compacted fill. Depth of penetration in stressed rock is comparable to GEODynamics’ industry leading RaZor™ charges.
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The Opportunity
T he photograph above illustrates the typical features of a deep‐penetrating tunnel in stressed rock. As is typical for any charge when shot into stressed rock, the
total penetration of ±12 inches is significantly less than the registered API RP‐19B
Section 1 concrete penetration of 47.3 inches. The clear tunnel is relatively narrow,
surrounded by a zone of disturbed rock—the ‘crushed zone’ ‐ about one quarter inch
thick, and only extends to three‐quarters of the total penetration. The remainder of
the tunnel is plugged with compacted fill.
U nderbalanced perforating relies on the pressure difference between formation and wellbore inducing a surge of flow to break up and remove debris from the perforation tunnels. If the reservoir pressure and/or permeability is low, or the wellbore pressure cannot be lowered substantially, there may be insufficient driving force to fail or remove the debris. Where the formation properties vary significantly across the zone, only shots within better intervals will clean up. Dynamic underbalance techniques generate a stronger, more sustained underbalance but cannot mitigate inadequate reservoir energy, heterogeneity, or critically low formation permeability.
UNDER
BALA
NCE
?
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The Solution
T his image vividly captures the dramatic improvement in tunnel geometry and
quality delivered by the CONNEX® Perforating technology. The entire crushed
zone has been removed, as has the compacted fill, to leave a wide, clean tunnel. Note
also the fractured tunnel tip, a highly beneficial feature for pre‐stimulation
perforations seen frequently when applying CONNEX® charges in competent rock.
A
B
C
Extensively Tested While the photo’s above show test shots into Berea sandstone (8,000 psi UCS), CONNEX® has also been tested extensively into a range of other reservoir analogs, such as Castlegate sandstone (Fig. A ‐ 4,000 psi UCS), Parker County sandstone (Fig. B ‐ 10,000 psi UCS) and Lueders limestone (Fig. C ‐ 7,000 psi UCS). In total, more than 400 laboratory test shots have been completed.
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Natural Flow ...
D eep, clean tunnels provide the ideal flow path from undamaged reservoir rock to the wellbore ‐ and vice versa, for injection wells. The
CONNEX® family of products is the first in the industry to be entirely developed and optimized for flow performance, using all natural rock targets.
Frazier Sand re‐perforation, Texas Courtesy of Crawford Energy
In the first 15 months since launch:
More than 250,000 CONNEX® charges have been deployed…
In over 500 wells…
By more than 30 service companies…
For more than 40 different operators…
In 9 countries on 4 continents
CONNEX® has become the charge of choice for many operators, both for new wells and re‐perforation. In fact, many of GEODynamics’ customers have been so successful with CONNEX® they are specifying the technology on every completion program. Wells making almost no gas have been brought on at over 4 million scf/d. The productivity of oil wells has been increased up to 10 fold compared to previous best‐in‐field offsets. In no case has a well perforated with CONNEX® produced less than a conventionally perforated offset.
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… and Stimulation
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4,000
5,000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Near‐Wellbore Pressure Drop [kPa]
Pump Rate [m³/min]
New Charge Conventional Charge
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1,000
2,000
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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Near‐Wellbore Pressure Drop [kPa]
Pump Rate [m³/min]
New Charge Conventional Charge
C ONNEX® Perforating offers many advantages when shot prior to a
stimulation treatment: For matrix stimulation: High percentage of clean, open tunnels ensures excellent zonal coverage and reliable diversion with limited entry perforating; Deep, clean tunnels are perfect for acid wormholing.
For hydraulic fracture stimulation: Fractured tunnel tip and modified stress cage significantly reduce fracture initiation pressure—by as much as 70% in field applications; Open tunnels with fractured tips eliminate near‐wellbore pressure losses (tortuosity); High percentage of clean, open tunnels ensures high treating rates at minimum pressure and hydraulic horsepower, with minimal risk of screenout— which means reliable fracs at lower cost.
In combination with propellant: Ensures reliable fracture initiation and maximum fracture coverage.
TORTUOSITY ELIMINATED
From SPE 116226, Courtesy Weatherford Canada & Devon Energy
Courtesy Enseco & Suncor
“...step‐down and mini‐frac data indicate all shots were open…”
RELIABLE TREATMENT EXECUTION
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Initial Completion When better to apply CONNEX® than while the well has maximum potential? Provide the ideal flow path and see the difference in production.
Prior to Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation
Lower initiation pressure, zero tortuosity, lower horsepower requirements, reduced risk of screenout … can you afford not to run CONNEX®?
Limited Entry Perforation Shoot a limited number of holes with confidence that the calculated flow area will actually be delivered down hole.
Achieving Underbalance is Operationally Difficult
Then shoot CONNEX® and don’t worry about underbalance! Let the charge do the work and still see the benefit of clean perforations.
Heterogeneous Pay Zone Permeability varying wildly within your zone of interest? No problem—CONNEX® will ensure clean tunnels in spite of the rock quality contrast.
Injector Wells Open, clean tunnels across the entire injection interval mean near‐ideal flow distribution and minimized injection pressures.
Re‐perforation &/or Depleted Zones
If your well was perforated with an out‐of‐date system or more than five years ago, chances are it will benefit significantly from re‐perforation. If the zone is depleted, only CONNEX® can assure you of clean tunnels and maximum productivity.
T he table below provides some examples of how CONNEX® Perforating products
are adding value to assets around the world:
Putting CONNEX® to Work
For More Information: [email protected] +1 (817) 341‐5363
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CONNEX® Products SIZE NAME PART NUMBER SHOT
DENSITY PHASING EXPLOSIVE ENTRY HOLE
[inches] [shots/ft] [deg] [grams] [inches]
2” 2007 CONNEX® EC2‐20A0722‐RC 6 F 60 6.8g HMX 0.26
2007 CONNEX® XLS EC2‐20B0722‐RC 6 F/D 60 6.5g HMX 0.26
2.3/4” 2715 CONNEX® EC2‐27A1522‐RC 6 F 60 15g HMX 0.39
3.1/8” 3323 CONNEX® EC2‐33A2322‐RC 6 F 60 22.7g HMX 0.46
3323 CONNEX® XEH EC2‐33A2342‐RC 6 F 60 22.7g HMX 0.56
3.3/8”
3323 CONNEX® EC2‐33A2322‐RC 6 F/D 60 22.7g HMX 0.47
3325 CONNEX® EC2‐33B2522‐RC 6 F 60 25g HMX 0.48
3325 CONNEX® XEH EC2‐33B2542‐RC 6 F 60 25g HMX 0.54
4” 4039 CONNEX® EC2‐40A3922‐RC 4 F 90 39g HMX 0.49
4.1/2” 4039 CONNEX® EC2‐40A3922‐RC 5 F 60 39g HMX 0.46
3323 CONNEX® EC2‐33A2322‐RC 12 F 135/45 22.7g HMX 0.40
7” 4039 CONNEX® EC2‐40A3922‐RC 12 F 135/45 39g HMX 0.44
Notes
D Qualified for shooting dry
F Qualified for shooting in fluid
XEH eXtra Entry Hole
XLS eXtra Low Swell
Legend
API penetration values cannot be obtained for CONNEX® charges because the secondary reaction destroys the cement target and prevents useful data from being gathered. CONNEX® penetration in stressed rock is equivalent to that of GEODynamics’ RaZor™ products. Data from stressed rock tests is available on request.
Executive / Sales GEODynamics, Inc. 415 Woodline Drive The Woodlands, Texas 77386 Phone: +1 (281) 367-0413 Engineering / Manufacturing / Administration GEODynamics, Inc. Brazos Park Technology Center 10500 West Interstate 20 Millsap, Texas 76066 Phone: +1 (817) 341-5300
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