channeling projects at lnf: from crystal undulators to capillary waveguides sultan dabagov
DESCRIPTION
CHANNELING projects at LNF: From Crystal Undulators to Capillary Waveguides Sultan Dabagov. CC-2005, CERN, 8 March 2005. Channeling: Orientational Effects of Transmission & Radiation. 1962-63: Robinson & Oen: Prediction of anomalous penetration Piercy & - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHANNELING projects at LNF: From Crystal Undulators to Capillary Waveguides
Sultan Dabagov
CC-2005, CERN, 8 March 2005
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Channeling: Orientational Effects of Transmission & Radiation
Rev. Mod. Phys. 1974: 1 MeV e- @ Cu crystal
• 1962-63:Robinson & Oen: Prediction of anomalous penetrationPiercy & Lutz: Experimental discovery
• 1965:Lindhard: Theoretical description…..AndersenUggerhoj Classical theoryKagan Quantum theoryKononezFirsovTsyganov GibsonKumakhovBeloshitskyGemmelAppleton…..
more than 1000 articles + a number of monographs
Prediction of channeling radiation (ChR)
Experimental confirmation: positron channeling in diamond crystalUSSR-USA collaboration, SLAC 1978JETP Lett. 1979 (Miroshnichenko, Avakyan, Figut, et al.)
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@ Channeling:
e+
Atomic crystal plane
)~(1 EU
L - the Lindhard angle is the critical angle for the channeling
Channeling of Charged Particles
Atomic crystal row (axis)
e-
e-
planar channeling
axial channeling
@ Amorphous:
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Lindhard:
Continuum model –
continuum atomic plane/axis potential
Channeling: Continuum model
arr
eZZrV 2
21screening function of Thomas-Fermi type
3/22/12
2/1108853.
ZZaa
screening length
:ar Molier’s potential ariii
exp3
1
311 22/1
2
CrCa
Lindhard potential
…… Firsov, Doyle-Turner, etc.
dxxVd
VRS221
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Channeling: X-Rays and Neutrons
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X-ray and neutron capillary optics
@ Basic idea of polycapillary optics is very close to the phenomenon of charged particle channeling
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X-ray Channeling: samples of capillary optics
2d generation:[cm]
3d & 4th generations:[mm]
?n-capillaries?
http://www.unisantis.comhttp://www.iroptic.com
5th generation:[m]
1st generation: [m]
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Quantum base
kk
11stst order: order: 0 r - no roughness- no roughness
kk
1Wave equation:Wave equation:
0222 rEkrk
00 ceffVTotal external reflectionTotal external reflection
effV
12
02
122
22
,,
rrkrrk
rk
plane(flat)surface
2k
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Quantum base (2) - curvature
approximationapproximation
simplificationsimplification
additional term toadditional term to
effVcurvr
rk 2
2““potential energy”:potential energy”:angular momentum of photonangular momentum of photon
curvkr
curveff r
rrkV 222
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Surface channeling - “whispering X gallery”
continuumcontinuum
discretediscrete
SS
* Whispering:* Whispering: wall
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Modes of channeling along curved surfacesModes of channeling along curved surfaces
Effective guide channel
J.Synchrotron. Rad. 1995Phys. Lett. A 1995
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Down to bulk photon and neutron Down to bulk photon and neutron channelingchanneling
mm
00
3
:101~
)10~(1
dmmd
c
: grazing incidence optics: grazing incidence optics: from nm to : from nm to mm: : surface channelingsurface channeling
nmnm
1~~
0
0
dd cd
: diffraction angle approaches Fresnel angle: diffraction angle approaches Fresnel angle: : bulk channelingbulk channeling
Ne
Usp. Fiz. Nauk – Physics Uspekhi 2003
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Nanotubes: continuum potential exampleNanotubes: continuum potential example
Base: fullerene molecule C60
sphere of d ~ 0.7 nm
Nanosheet CC
Roled graphite sheets:nested nanotubes
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Potentials: Doyle-Turner approximation
dR
r – distance from the tubeI0(x) – mod. Bessel function
continuum potential as sum of row potentials
Phys. Lett. A250 (1998) 360NIM B143 (1998) 584
- form-factor for the separate fullerene
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X-Ray channeling in nanotubesX-Ray channeling in nanotubes
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Channeling: Electrons and Positrons
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Channeling Radiation & Coherent Bremsstrahlung
MAMBOMAMBO
+ ChannellingChannelling
FEL project at FrascatiFEL project at FrascatiSSourceourcePPulsedulsed
SelfSelf AAmplifiedmplified RRadiationadiation
CCoherentoherent Self-Amplified PulsedSelf-Amplified Pulsed Coherent Radiation Coherent Radiation SourceSource
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Channeling Radiation…
@ Channeling Radiation:
cos1
)(||
fi
- optical frequency Doppler effect 2/30 2
0-
Powerful radiation source of X-rays and -rays: •polarized
•tunable•narrow forwarded
fi
1
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Bremsstrahlung & Coherent Bremsstrahlung vs Channeling Radiation
@ amorphous - electron:•Radiation as sum of independent impacts with atoms•Effective radius of interaction – aTF
•Coherent radiation length lcoh>>aTF
•Deviations in trajectory less than effective radiation angles:
paTF /
Quantum energy
Nph
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Bremsstrahlung & Coherent Bremsstrahlung vs Channeling Radiation
@ interference of consequent radiation events:
phase of radiation wave
Radiation field as interference of radiated waves:
Coherent radiation length can be rather large even for short wavelength
@ crystal:
d
Quantum energy
Nph
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Bremsstrahlung & Coherent Bremsstrahlung vs Channeling Radiation
@ crystal:
d
0
channeling
3/22/1 ZB
ChR at definite conditions channeling radiation can be significantly powerful than bremsstrahlung
B: CB: ChR:
2NZ
NZe
2NZ
effcoh NlN /2
2ZNeff
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ChRChRlab 022
2
12
2/1
ChR
ph
dtdN
2P
- radiation frequency -
- number of photons per unit of time -
- radiation power -
Channeling Radiation vs Thomson Scattering
Constdt
dN
TS
ph
2P
2/3 2
@ comparison factor:Laser beam size & mutual orientation
@ strength parameters – crystal & field:
By Carrigan R. et al.
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For X-ray frequencies: 100 MeV electrons channeled in 105 m Si (110) emit ~ 10-3 ph/e-
corresponding to a Photon Flux ~ 108 ph/sec
Channeling Radiation vs Thomson Scattering
ChR – effective source of photons in very wide frequency range:
• in x-ray range – higher than B, CB, and TS
• however, TS provides a higher degree of monochromatization and TS is not undergone incoherent background, which always takes place at ChR
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Electron Beam Parameter list
Electron Beam Energy (MeV) 155Bunch charge (nC) 1.1Repetition rate (Hz) 1-10Cathode peak field (MV/m) 120Peak solenoid field @ 0.19 m (T) 0.273Photocathode spot size (mm, hard edge radius) 1.13Central RF launch phase (RF deg) 33Laser pulse duration, flat top (ps) 10Laser pulse rise time (ps) 10%90% 1Bunch energy @ gun exit (MeV) 5.6Bunch peak current @ linac exit (A) (50% beam fraction)
100
Rms normalized transverse emittance @ linac exit (mm-mrad); includes thermal comp. (0.3)
< 2
Rms slice norm. emittance (300 m slice) < 1Rms longitudinal emittance (deg.keV) 1000Rms total correlated energy spread (%) 0.2Rms incorrelated energy spread (%) 0.06Rms beam spot size @ linac exit (mm) 0.4Rms bunch length @ linac exit (mm) 1
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MAMBOMAMBO
ChannellingChannelling
Experimental scheme
“Channeling” line layoutby Kharkov group
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SPARCSPARC R&D program towards high brightness eR&D program towards high brightness e--beam & SASE-FEL beam & SASE-FEL
experiment experiment 150 MeV e- : 150 MeV e- : ~ 500 nm~ 500 nm
SPARX Phase I - SPARXINOSPARX Phase I - SPARXINO R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source ( 1.25 GeV : R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source ( 1.25 GeV : < 10 nm )< 10 nm )
SPARC & SPARX & SPARXINO
S S ourceourceP P ulsedulsed
SelfSelf A A mplifiedmplified R R adiationadiation
XX
Self-Amplified Pulsed X Radiation Self-Amplified Pulsed X Radiation Source Source
SPARXSPARX (2.5 GeV e- : = 13.5 – 1.5 nm)
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SPARC Injector + DAFNE LinacSPARX-ino
a 5-10 nm SASE FEL source at LNF
SPARX-ino proposal
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• upgrade the DAFNE Linac to drive a 5-10 nm SASE-FEL (available budget 15 M€)
• Beam energy : 1.2 - 1.5 GeV
• upgrade the injector to a RF photo-injector (SPARC-like)
• Study group will preparea proposal within 2005
SPARX-ino proposal
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- The SPARC project engineering has been completed
- The LINAC is entering, on schedule, the installation phase
- First beam delivery in 2006
- The SPARX project has been funded
- With an up-grade of Dafne Linac the region of a few nm would be achievable.
SPARC & SPARX & SPARXINO
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Channeling 2004 – Channeling 2006@ “Channeling 2004” Workshop on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena(Frascati 2-6 November 2004) http://www.lnf.infn.it/conference/channeling
• Radiation of relativistic charged particles in periodic structures • Coherent scattering of electrons and positrons in crystals • Channeling radiation of electrons and positrons in crystals• Channeling of X-rays and neutrons in capillary systems (micro- and nano-channeling)• Novel types of sources for electromagnetic radiation (FEL, powerful X-ray sources)• Applications of channeling phenomena (novel radiation sources, X-ray waveguides, capillary/polycapillary optics)
@ “Channeling 2006”International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena (LNF INFN, May - June 2006)
…with extended subjects for topics…
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We have started collaboration with groups from:
Italy, Russia, USA, France, Germany, Switzerland, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia
…list will be extended…
Collaboration & Acknowledgements
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Appendix
Additional material
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The Scientific Case in the 10 nm 1 nm range:High Peak Brightness ( > 1030 ) Ultra-short (< 100 fs) radiation pulses are of
great interest in various areas
• molecular physics (vibrational modes, bond breaking and formation at =10-1 nm)
• physics of the clusters (phase transitions at =10-1 nm,)
• surface and interfaces (real time dynamics and phase transitions, =10-1 nm)
• time resolved chemical reactions (metastable and transition states, magnetic scattering, confined systems, =10-1 nm)
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Free Electron LaserFree Electron LaserSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-EmissionSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission(No Mirrors - Tunability - Harmonics)(No Mirrors - Tunability - Harmonics)
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Collaborations
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R. Saldin et al. in Conceptual Design of a 500 GeV e+e- Linear Collider with Integrated X-ray Laser Facility, DESY-1997-048
SASE FEL Electron Beam Requirements:SASE FEL Electron Beam Requirements:High Brightness BHigh Brightness B => High Peak Current & Low => High Peak Current & Low
EmittanceEmittance
Bn 2In
2B
rMIN
1K 2 2 BnK
2 B
Lg 3 2
K Bnn 1K 2 2 B
energy energy
spreadspread
undulator undulator
parameterparameter
minimum radiation minimum radiation wavelengthwavelength
gain lengthgain length
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The SPARX-ino The SPARX-ino opportunityopportunity
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Energy [GeV]
cr [nm]
I = 1 kAI = 1 kAK = 3K = 3e e = 0.1 %= 0.1 %
nn=4=4
nn=1=1
Energy [GeV]
I = 2.5 kAI = 2.5 kAK = 3K = 3e e = 0.03 %= 0.03 %
cr [nm]
nn=1=1
nn=4=4
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Potentials: Doyle-Turner approximation
Phys. Lett. A250 (1998) 360NIM B143 (1998) 584
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Potential for neutral particles: Moliere approximation
“Continuous filtration”Ne
lengthscreeningZa
ZCar
raZrN
i
iiie
3/1
3
1
22
05.0
6:
exp4
)(
2/122
00
22
cos2
)(
curvcurv
i
iii
acurve
rrrr
aKd
aZnrrN
Phys. Lett. A250 (1998) 360NIM B143 (1998) 584
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Nanocapillary: Bending efficiency
frequencyphoton
frequencyplasmam
eN
n
ep
pc
2
2
22
4
11
d
rcurv
Effective bending:
12
2
d
r ccurv
-capillary: 100-300 through 10-20cm
n-capillary:the reduce of the dimensions by several orders with much higher efficiency
Nuovo Cimento B116 (2001) 361
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Channeling Radiation
eV100
keVforward 200max2 20
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EEx x 2222laslas (1-cos (1-cos))
• Produzioni di impulsi X : 101099 fotoni/s fotoni/s, durata 3 ps, monocromaticimonocromatici tunabili nel range 20 keV - 1 MeV20 keV - 1 MeV. Raggiungimento di 10101111 fotoni/s fotoni/s con spot focali
all’interazione di 5 5 mm.• Studi di tecniche di mammografia (e angiografia
coronarica) con X monocromatici.
• Studi di single molecule protein cristallography.
NX T fN
e Nh
coll2 2109 / 11
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La realizzazione di una immagine (su superficie 18x24 cmLa realizzazione di una immagine (su superficie 18x24 cm22) ) in tempi di in tempi di 2600 s2600 s scende a scende a 2.6 s2.6 s con l’upgrade previsto su con l’upgrade previsto su SPARC che porta il num. di fotoni a 2.5 10SPARC che porta il num. di fotoni a 2.5 101111 /s /s
The constrast (sensitivity to tissue density variations) goes from 8% to 0.1%, while thespatial resolution goes from 0,15 -0,3 mm to 0.01-0.015 mm. This means the capability todetect a tumor 30 times smaller in volume, i.e. a 2 year earlier detection of the tumor.
MaMBO Experiment: MaMBO Experiment: Mammography Monochromatic Beam OutlookMammography Monochromatic Beam Outlook
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Accelerazione a plasmaAccelerazione a plasma di pacchetti di elettroni di pacchetti di elettroni ((25 pC25 pC) da ) da 100 MeV a 130 MeV100 MeV a 130 MeV con spread con spread energetico < 5%, emitt. < 1 energetico < 5%, emitt. < 1 m, con laser non m, con laser non guidato (5 mm acc. length). Accelerazione con guidato (5 mm acc. length). Accelerazione con laser guidato (laser guidato (5 cm5 cm) fino a 400 MeV, ) fino a 400 MeV, gradienti > 5 gradienti > 5 GV/mGV/m..
p 50 mp 30 100 m
n npnp
p2