chaos theory - heraklion, crete, greece · 2006-03-06 · our scholarly community that we have...

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Heraklion, Crete, Greece Research & Application in Behavioral, Social & Life Sciences I n t e r n a t i o n al N o n l i ne a r S c i e n c e C o n f e r e n c e 2 0 0 6 * S o c i e t y f o r C h a o s T h e o r y i n P s y c h o l o g y a n d L I f e S c i e n c e s * S o c ie t a I t a l i a n a C a o s e Co m p l e s s i t a * U n i v e r s i t y o f C r e t e * F o u n d a t io n f o r R e s e a r c h & T e c h n o l o g y Conference Program March 10-12, 2006

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Page 1: Chaos Theory - Heraklion, Crete, Greece · 2006-03-06 · our scholarly community that we have presenters from many countries to share their work in nonlinear dynamics, including

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Research & Application inBehavioral, Social & Life Sciences

I nternational Nonlinear Science Co

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Conference Program

March 10-12, 2006

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Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology & Life Sciences

(SCTPLS)

Società Italiana Caos e Complessità(SICC)

&University of Crete, Medical Division

W e l c o m e Y o u

2 N D I N S C 2 0 0 6

V e n u e

Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas

F O R T H

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

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Messages from the SCTPLS President and the INSC Conference Chair

Welcome to the 2nd International Nonlinear Sciences Conference. Thisconference has been organized by the Society for Chaos Theory inPsychology and Life Sciences in conjunction with the Società Italiana Caos eComplessità. The event reflects a commitment on the part of ourorganizations to facilitate international collaboration and to encourage thecultivation of scientific partnerships across the globe. We are able to offeryou a rich and varied program, covering a wide range of scholarly disciplinesincluding theoretical as well as applied approaches. It attests to the international character ofour scholarly community that we have presenters from many countries to share their work innonlinear dynamics, including scholars from the U.S., Eastern and Western Europe as well asAsia. We hope that this conference will become part of a long-standing tradition ofinternational scholarly exchange, which surely will strengthen our nonlinear dynamicalsystems community, and the impact of our work, in the long run.

Matthijs Koopmans, Ed. D.PresidentSociety for Chaos Theory and Life Scienceshttp://www.societyforchaostheory.org

Dear Conference Participants,

I would like to extend a warm welcome to the 2nd International Nonlinear SciencesConference of 2006 on behalf of the scientific and conference committees. This year we aregathering at the Foundation for Research & Technology (Forth)in Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. As a place to gather -FORTH-affords participants the opportunity to experience a scholarly self-organized and emergent environment. As a destination, it is the worldscientific canvas for the 2nd INSC of 2006. We trust that you will find theconference presentations insightful and energizing. Nonlinear sciences play an important rolein the development of models and applications at all levels of educational and clinicalpractice. Thus, it is our hope, that you enjoy the conference and find the scholarly exchangesand our wonderful venue inspiring.

Ivelisse Lazzarini, OTD, PhDChair, 2nd INSC 2006Creighton University Medical CenterOmaha, Nebraska

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Conference Committee

Ivelisse Lazzarini, OTD, PhDConference Chair,

SPAHP, Creighton University Medical CenterOmaha, Nebraska, [email protected]

Dimitrios Stamovlasis, PhDProgram Co-Chair,

Education Research Center, Ministry of EducationAthens, [email protected]

Sifis Micheloyannis, MD, PhDFacilities Manager,

University of Crete Medical DivisionHeraklion, Crete, Greece

[email protected]

Gernot Ernst, MDPromotion Co-Chair,

Blefjell Hospital Kongsberg Anaesthesiology,Pain & Palliative Care Unit Kongsberg, Norway

[email protected]

Maria Karanika, PhDFacilities Co-Chair,

Institute of Work, Health & OrganizationsUniversity of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

[email protected]

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Scientific Committee

Yuji Aruka, PhDFaculty of Commerce,Chuo University, HigashinakanoHachioji-shi, Tokyo, [email protected]

Fortunato Tito Arecchi, Ph.DDipartimento di Fisica,Universita di Firenze & INOA,Largo E. Fermi, 6, Firenze, [email protected]

Tassos Bountis, Ph.DCenter for Research & Applicationsof Nonlinear SystemsDepartment of MathematicsUniversity of Patras, [email protected]

Jeffrey Goldstein, Ph.DAdelphi University, Garden City, New York, [email protected]

Timo Honkela, Ph.DNeural Networks Research CenterLab of Computer and Information ScienceHelsinki,University of Technology, [email protected]

Sifis Micheloyannis, MD, PhDUniversity of Crete Medical Division,Heraklion, Crete, [email protected]

Tullio A. Minelli, Ph.DSchool of Information Engineering,University of Padova, Italy [email protected]

David Popivanov, Ph.DInstitute of Physiology,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,Sofia, [email protected]

Alexander B. Medvinsky, Ph.DDirector of the Lab of Biophysics of Active,Media; Institute for Theoretical & ExperimentalBiophysics,Russian Academy of Sciences,Pushchino, Russia. [email protected]

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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Peter M. Allen, PhDProfessor of Evolutionary Complex SystemsHead of Complex Systems Management CentreCranfield University, School of ManagementCranfield, England

*Complexity: the Challenge of a co-evolvingEpistemology and Ontology*

Tassos Bountis, PhDProfessor of MathematicsCenter for Research and Applications of Nonlinear SystemsUniversity of Patras, Greece

*The New Science of Complexity: Promises andChallenges for the 21st Century*

Stephen J. Guastello, PhDProfessor of PsychologyEditor in Chief of the journal, Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life SciencesMarquette University, Milwaukee, USA

*Leadership Emergence in Coordination-Intensive, Creative Problem Solving, and Production Groups*

Wolfgang Tschacher, PhDProfessor of Clinical PsychologyUniversitätsklinik für Sozial- und GemeindepsychiatrieUniversity of Bern, Germany

*Self-Organization of Cognition*

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Friday, March 108:45 R EG IS TR AT IO N

9:30-10:30

Plenary Session - Professor Peter Allen Complexity: The Challenge of a Co-Evolving Epistemology and Ontology

10:3011:00 COFFEE BREAK

Amphitheatre Meeting Room 1 Meeting Room 2

Session 1Application in Neuroscience

Session ChairPatrice Renaud

Session 2Application in Economics I,

Session ChairPasquale Commendatore

Session 3Application in Education

Session ChairCarlos A. Torre

11:0013:00

Kinetographic Approach inNeurorehabilitation ResearchOlga Maksakova and ValeryLukianov,Neurorehabilitation department,Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute,Russia

Windows to Brain ComplexityUsing Electroencephalographic(EEG) SignalsSifis Micheloyannis,Medical School, University of Crete

Modeling the Neurobiology ofSchizophrenia: Present Status andPerspectivesFelix Tretter,State mental Hospital, Department ofAddiction, Haar/Munich

Nonlinear Perceptual LearningDynamics in Visual ResearchPatrice Renaud, Guillaume Albert,Sylvain Chartier, Lise Renaud,Louise Sauve and StephanieBouchard, O/IPPM/Hexagram,Department of psychology, T_LUQ,UQAM, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada

Chaotic Footloose CapitalPasquale Commendatore,Dipartimento di Teoria Economica eApplicazioni,Universite di Napoli 'Federico II';Martin Currie,University of Manchester, UK;Ingrid Kubin,Vienna University of Economicsand Business Administration,Austria.

Title Stabilization of ChaoticDynamic in Micro-EconomicalModel of Competing FirmsMaria DavidichBremen University, GermanyAleksandr Loskutov,Physics, Department, Moscow StateUniversity, Russia.

Towards Self-OrganizingEconomyElena Pugacheva, Irkutsk StateUniversity, Russia;Konstantin Solovienko,Kiev University of Economics andManagement, Russia

The Ecology of Education andOur Biological Heritage: HowDynamics Can Get Us Back to theFuture.Carlos A. Torre, SouthernConnecticut State University &YaleUniversity, USA.

Nonlinearity, Complexity,Engagement Learning, and theRole of the Arts in HumanDevelopmentMartin F. Gardiner, Center for theStudy of Human Development,Brown University, U.S.A.

Nonlinear Dynamics and BeliefSystemsIoannis Arohovitis,University of Athens, Departmentof Mathematics, Athens, Greece

The Nonlinear DynamicalHypothesis In Science EducationProblem SolvingDimitrios Stamovlasis, Education Research Center,Ministry of Education, Athens,Greece

13:00-14:00

LUNCH BREAK

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Friday pmSessions

Amphitheatre Meeting Room 1

Symposium ( 60)Nonlinear Properties of Physiological

& Pathological Time Series in Acute Illnesses

Session 4Application in Psychology 2

Session ChairPerakakis Pandelis

14:00-15:00 M. Costa, C.-K. Peng, A. L. Goldberger,

Cardiovascular Division,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts,USA.

Gernot ErnstBlefjell HospitalKongsberg, Anesthesiology,Pain and Palliative Care unit, Kongsberg,Norway.

A Dynamical Perspective of Post-Traumatic StressDisorderStanley Krippner, Elizabeth Earle-Warfel, and PerakakisPandelis,Saybrook Graduate School,San Francisco, California

A Complexity Analysis of Borderline Personality DisorderTarynn Witten,Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Richmond, Virginia, USA

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Friday pmsessions

Amphitheatre Meeting Room 1 Meeting Room 2

Session 5Mathematical Applications

Session ChairCaroline Hagerhall

Session 6Application in Management

Session ChairMyriam Melgar

Session 7Psychology Applications

Session Chair Rita Weinberg

15:30-17:00

Semantic Evaluations ofSilhouettes with Different FractalDimensionCaroline Hagerhall, SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences,Sweden; Thorbjorn Laike, Dept. ofArchitecture & Built Environment,Lund University, Sweden; RichardTaylor, Dept. of Physics, Universityof Oregon, Eugene, USA; MarianneKoller, Dept. of Architecture & BuiltEnvironment, Lund University,Sweden; Rickard Koller, Dept. ofArchitecture & Built Environment,Ted Martin, Dept. of Physics,University of Oregon,

Study of Fractal PatternsFeedback as an Element of Makingon Identity for City in the Iran.Younes M. Sohrabi, University ofYazd,Yazd, Iran; Narciss M.Sohrabi,University Esfahan, Iran

Assessment of EmbeddingDimension and Sensitivity to InitialConditions Based on StatisticalTestsXavier Rifa-Ros and Manel Viader-Junyent,Department of Methodology for TheBehavioral Sciences, University ofBarcelona, Spain

Individual and Collective ActionCompetence in DecentralizedOrganizations: A Frame ofReference in Progress and SomeEmpirical IllustrationsTom Hagstrom, Tomas Backstromand Susanna Goransson,National Institute for Working Life,Stockholm, Sweden

Emergence of Core Teams inOpen Source CommunitiesGeorge Michaelides and GeorgeKuk,Nottingham University BusinessSchool, Univ. of Nottingham, UK

Patterns of NonverbalInteraction in PsychotherapyFabian Ramseyer andWolfgang Tschacher,University Psychiatric ServicesBern (UPD), Switzerland

Chaos Theory, Change, andthe Process Of PsychotherapyRita Weinberg,National-Louis University,Wheeling, Illinois, USA

On the Edge of PsychosisMaija-Leena Setala,Finnish Institute ofOccupational Health, Tampere,Finland

17:00-17:30

COFFEE BREAK

17:30-18:30

**WELCOME RECEPTION**

18:30 POSTER SESSION 1a, 1b

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Saturday, March 11

9:30-10:30

Plenary Session: Professor Wolfgang Tschacher

Self-Organization of Cognition

10:30-11:00 COFFEE BREAK

Amphitheatre Meeting Room 1 Meeting Room 2

Workshop (90)

Neural and Other Models in Pain,Anesthesia and Addiction

Session 8Applications in Economics I

Session ChairYuji Aruka

Session 9Biomedical Applications

Session ChairGaetano L. Aiello

11:00-13:00 Modelling the Complexity of Pain

– Possibilities and ProblemsGernot Ernst, Andrew Seely, &Cornelia Bollen,Blefjell hospital Kongsberg,Anesthesiology, Pain and PalliativeCare unit, Kongsberg, Norway.

Neural Sensitisation andProgression of Affective DisordersModelled by Nonlinear FeedbackSystems with Noise.Hans A. Braun, Bastian Wollweber,Karlheinz Voigt, Martin T. Huber,Institute of Physiology andDepartment of Psychiatry, Universityof Marburg

Models of Ion Channel DensityRegulationLiljenstrøm H,Dept. of Biometry and Engineering,SLU, Uppsala, Sweden.

Oscillations, Chaos andNoise in Peripheral SensoryReceptors and Neural Networks.Svetlana Postnova, Horst Schneider,Hans A. Braun,Institute of Physiology, University ofMarburg

Knightian Uncertainty andPoverty Trap in a Model ofEconomic GrowthShin-ichi Fukuda,University of Tokyo, Japan

Foreign Aid andDemocratization, Evidencefrom a Nonlinear MultinomialLogit ModelIrene Vlachaki and SarantisKalyvitis,Department of International andEuropean Economic Studies,Athens University of Economicsand Business

Evolution Of Utility TheoryFor Heterogeneous InteractionAnd Coordination In TermsOf Discrete Choice Models.Yuji Aruka,Faculty of Commerce, ChuoUniversity, Tokyo, Japan.

Nonlinear Model of B-Cell ChronicLymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)Mladen Martinis,Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division ofTheoretical Physics;Branko Vitale,Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division ofMolecular Medicine

Medicine Simulation: NonlinearModel of Epidemic Spreading in theComplex Social NetworkRobert Kosinski,Central Institute for Labor Protections;Andrzej Grabowski,National Research Institute and Facultyof Physics, Warsaw University ofTechnology

Nonlinear Stochastic Modeling ofMultiscale Parasitic Behavior -Handling Chagas DiseaseTarynn Witten and Michael Chaplin,Center for the Study of BiologicalComplexity, Richmond, USA

Phase Portrait of Cell MembranePassive DepolarizationGaetano L. Aiello,Dipartimento di Fisica & TecnologieRelative Universita di Palermo

13:00-14:00 LUNCH BREAK

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14:00-15:00

Plenary Session- Professor Stephen J. Guastello

Leadership Emergence in Coordination-Intensive, CreativeProblem Solving , & Production Groups

Amphitheatre Meeting Room 1 Meeting Room 2

SaturdaypmSessions

Session 10Mathematical Applications 2

Session ChairMilan Stork

Session 11Application in Social Science I

Session ChairYuri Yegorov

Session 12Philosophical issues

Session ChairJeffrey Goldstein

15:00-17:30 Signal-Energy-Metric Approach to

Chaotic Phenomena: Theory andSimulationsJosef Hrusak (1), Milan Stork (1)and Daniel Mayer (2), Department ofApplied Electronics andTelecommunications (1) Dept. ofTheory of Electrical Engineering (2)University of West Bohemia, Plzen,Czech Republic.

The Sign of the LyapunovExponent is Insufficient toDescribe Synchronization ofCoupled Chaotic SystemsGholamhussian Erjaee,Mathematics Department, Universityof Qatar, Doha, Qatar

Asymptotic Behavior in a ModifiedLiu's SystemLourdes Molera and M. VictoriaCaballero, Universidad de Murcia,Spain

Chaotic and Pseudo-chaoticSystems: Simulations andImplementationMilan Stork (1), Josef Hrusak (1)and Daniel Mayer (2)Department of Applied Electronicsand Telecommunications (1)Department of Theory of ElectricalEngineering (2) University of WestBohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic.

Ising Model of SocietyYuri Yegorov,Institute for Advanced Studies,Vienna, Austria

How to Describe DynamicEncounters with Police Officersand CitizensTuula Leino,Helsinki, Finland

Use of Artificial Neural Networksfor Risk Assessment for Workand Organizational IssuesMaria Karanika,Institute of Work, Health &Organizations, University ofNottingham, Tom Cox, Science &Technology Park, UK

A Self-TranscendingConstructional Logic forEmergenceJeffrey Goldstein,School of Business, AdelphiUniversity, USA

Fractal Time in CognitiveProcessesSusie Vrobel,The Institute for FractalResearch, Kassel, Germany.

Walking Straight and WalkingCrooked: Mythic Apperceptionsof ComplexityCheryl De Ciantis, Kairios Group, Santa Cruz, CA.

17:00-17:30 COFFEE BREAK

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Amphitheatre Meeting Room 1 Meeting Room 2

Saturdaypmsessions

Session 13Theoretical Issues

Session ChairRaymond Pavloski,

Session 14Application In Management II

Session ChairJoseph Jacobsen

Session 15Application in Social Sciences I

Session ChairIoannis Katerelos

17:30-19:00 Simple Nonlinear Models

That Produce LatentEmergent Order:Implications forConsciousnessRaymond Pavloski,Psychology, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania, USA

Critical, Subcritical, andSupercritical States in theBrainIgor Yevin and Anna Yevina,Mechanical EngineeringInstitute, Russian Academy ofSciences, Russia.

Creativity as an "OrderThrough Emotions" ProcessKrystyna Laycraft, Equilibrium InternationalEducation Institute, Center forChaotic Studies, Calgary

Comparing Linear to NonlinearModels: Plant Manager's EnergyInnovation OutlookJoseph Jacobsen and StephenGuastello,Marquette University, USA

Making Sense of Complexity andChaos as Applied to ExecutiveCoaching: A Case Study”Daphne Halkias,Graduate School of Business,American College of GreeceGeofrey Mills,School of Business andManagement, American College ofGreece

Values and Complexity inLeadership and OrganizationsKenton Hyatt,Kairios Group, Santa Cruz, CA,USA.

Complex Dynamics of Socio-NaturalSystemYuri Yegorov,Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna,Austria

Unpredictability, Chaos and Order inSocial SystemsIoannis Katerelos, PsychologyDepartment, Panteion University, AthensGreece

Living Artifacts Need Chaos forGrowing-up?Giovanna Morgavi, IEIIT- National Research Council

19 :00Poster Session 2

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Sunday, March 12

9:30-10:30

Plenary Session: Professor Tassos Bountis

The New Science of Complexity: Promises and Challenges for the 21st Century

10:30-11:00

COFFEE BREAK

Amphitheatre Meeting Room 1 Meeting Room 2

Session 16 Application to Economics III,

Session Chair:Akio Matsumoto

Session 17 Mathematical Applications 1

Session Chair:David Mayer-Foulkes

Session 18 Applications to Environmental

Science,Session ChairOsama Badr

11:00-12:30 Mixed Duopoly Dynamics with

Product DifferentiationAkio Matsumoto, ChuoUniversity,Tokyo, Japan;Mami Suzuki,Aichi-Gakusen University,Tokyo, Japan

Subjective Expectations ofFinancial Series: ComparativeEvidence from Germany andJapanTobias F. Rötheli,Department of Economics,University of Erfurt, Germany

Fractal Dimensions and theLyapunov Exponents in thePhilippine Foreign ExchangeMarketMarites A. Khanser, JohnGokongwei School ofManagement Loyola Schools,Ateneo de ManilaUniversity, Quezon City,Philippines

Quasi-Diffusion Model of PopulationCommunityFaina Berezovskaya, Department of Mathematics, HowardUniversity, Washington, DC, USA

A New Method to Study DNASequences: The Languages ofEvolutionDavid Mayer-Foulkes,División de Economía, Centro deInvestigación y Docencia Económicas,Mexico.Gino Spinelli,University of Bari, Department ofPathologic Anatomy and of Genetics,Genetic Sector.

Spike Propagation as TravelingWaves in the Fitzhugh Model withCross-DiffusionFaina Berezovskaya,Mathematics Department, HowardUniversity Washington DC USAGeorgy Karev,MSD Inc., National Institute of Health,Bethesda

The Space-Time Model of NaturalSystem Conditions AppraisalElena Musikhina,Irkutsk StateTechnical University,Irkutsk, Russia

Abnormal Release Of DangerousGases And Vapors in LNG Plantsin QatarOsama Badr, Basim Al-Jamal andAbdel-Hamid Marafi, Mechanical EngineeringDepartment, Engineering,Qatar University,Qatar.

12:30-13:00 COFFEE BREAK & CONFERENCE CLOSURE

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POSTER PRESENTATIONSRoom: Foyer 1st Floor

Friday, March 10, 2006

Poster session Ia: Neuroscience

Variability of Brain Coordination Dynamics in Normal Physiology and PathologyJason Belkas, Ramon Guevara, Luis Garcia Dominguez, Vera Nenadovic, Martin Gray, Richard Wennberg,Jamie Hutchison, and Jose-Luis Perez-Velazquez,Brain and Behavior Program and Toronto Western Hospital, Canada

EEG Responses To Complex Fractal StimuliSophia Erimaki, Kassia Kanatsouli and Eleni Karakonstandaki,Lab. of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical School, University of Crete, Greece;Michalis Vourkas, Physics Dept., University of Crete, Greece;Vangelis Sakkalis, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology, Heraklion Crete;Sifis Micheloyannis, Medical School, University of Crete

Mapping the MindIvelisse Lazzarini,Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

Studies On Dyslexia Dynamics: Empirical characterization with Respond Time Series Analysis.Anastasios Ragkousis University of Athens;Dimitrios Stamovlasis, Education Research Center

Modeling Stress Induced Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System ActivitySmiljana JelicDepartment of Theoretical Physics and Physics of Condensed MatterInstitute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia and MontenegroZeljko CupicInstitute of Chemistry, Technology and Methalurgy,Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering,Belgrade, Serbia and MontenegroLjiljana Kolar-AnicFaculty of Physical Chemistry,University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

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POSTER PRESENTATIONSRoom: Foyer 1st Floor

Friday, March 10, 2006

Poster session Ib: Psychology

An application of latent semantic analysis to a binary attractor neural network producing arbitrary states oflatent orderRaymond Pavloski, Psychology, IndianaUniversity of Pennsylvania, USA

Effects of shallow breathing on the fractal correlation properties of heart rate dynamics: An alternativeexplanation for the Buteyko effectPandelis Perakakis, Department of Psychology, University of Granada, Andalucia, Spain;Michael Taylor, Department of Theoretical Physics, Autonomous University of Madrid;Jaime Vila Castellar, Department of Psychology, University of Granada, Andalucia, Spain.

Language development as a dynamic process: Language attrition in German migrants in the NetherlandsPetra Prescher, Applied Linguistics, University of Groningen, Netherlands;Kees de Bot, University of Groningen

Sexual presence and genital arousal as modulated by fractal ocular dynamicsPatrice Renaud, Jean Proulx, Joanne Rouleau, John Bradford, Paul Fedoroff, Guillaume Al-Bert, Louis-Georges Cournoyer and Stephane Bouchard,UQO/IPPM/Hexagram, Montreal University/IPPM, Montreal University, ROH, ROH, UQO,Montreal University, UQO, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada

The feeling of presence as modulated by nonlinear perceptual processesPatrice Renaud, Guillaume Albert, Sylvain Chartier, Jean Decarie, Louis-Georges Cournoyer, StephanieBouchard, Louise Sauve, and Lise Renaud, UQO/IPPM/Hexagram,Department of psychology, UQAM, University of Montreal

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POSTER PRESENTATIONSRoom: Foyer 1st Floor

Saturday, March 11, 2006

Poster session II:Health, Biology & Environmental Applications.

A Study Of Mental Health Problems Among the Aged in Chandigarh (India)SPS Bhaia; HM Swami, JS Thakur, and AK GuptaDepartment of Biostatistics and Department of Community Medicine,Chandigarh, India

Technologies for Biomass ConversionFelicia Bucura, Niculescu Violeta, Elena David, Claudia Sisu, and Marius ConstantinescuNational R&D Institute for Cryogenics and Isotope Technologies,Rm Valcea, Romania

Clean Technologies for Energy Production from CoalsNiculesca Violeta, Elena David, Claudia Sisu, Marius Constantinescu, and Felicia BucuraNational R&D Institute for Cryogenics and Isotope Technologies,Rm Valcea, Romania

Nonlinear Oscillating Phenomena in Biosystems: Statistical ApproachVesna Mikuta-MartinisRudjer Boskovic Institute,Theoretical Physics Division, Zagreb, Croatia,Ljubica Matijevic-MasicClinical Hospital Dubrava, Department of Clinical Immunology and Reumatology,Zagreb, Croatia

College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty Members` Attitude Toward Using InformationTechnologies for TeachingGholamreza Pezeshki-Raad, Maryam Mahmoodi, and Mohammad ChizariTarbiat Modares University, Agricultural Extension and Education Department.

Reversal of Ecology & Improvement of Ground Water Quality by HRTSP. Subramanian and K. SwaminathanDepartment of Chemical & Environmental Engineering,Sathyabama Deemed University,Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Using of complex systems theory for optimum (ideal) blood pressure determinationAnatoly Zhirkov and Victor KostenkoThe Dzhanelidze State Research Institute for Emergency Medical Care,Saint-Petersburg RussiaAlexander Subbota,Military Medical Academy,Saint-Petersburg Russia

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BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

2nd International Nonlinear Sciences Conference

March 10-12, 2006

Research & Applications in Behavioral, Social & Life Sciences

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Phase Portrait of Cell Membrane PassiveDepolarizationAiello, GaetanoDipartimento di Fisica & Tecnologie RelativeUniversita di [email protected]

Shall a persistent blockage of the ionic pumpsbring the cell membrane voltage to zero? Thisapparently trivial question of basic cellularBiology stirred up an intriguing problem ofnonlinear dynamics. A 3-ion model based oncontinuity and charge conservation, suggeststhat the membrane voltage actually approachesnegative values, meaning that chemicalequilibrium is never reached. As such, at leastin theory, repolarization always should bepossible independently of how close thevoltage is to its asymptotic value. For a typicalisolated cell electrochemical equilibrium isreached through an inversion of the Na+concentration gradient. For an inactive cell thisinversion occurs hours after the blockage ofthe pumps. With data for the squid nerve celland the cat spinal neuron, the inversion occursfrom 32 hours (squid) to 8 hours (cat) past theblockage of the pumps. Thereafter all Nernstpotentials run negative, and so does themembrane voltage. The asymptotic values ofthe ionic concentrations vary with the type ofcell but are independent of the electricalparameters of the membrane. In the 3D spaceof the ionic concentrations the depolarizationprocess reveals an intriguing, non-intuitivetopological structure: i) trajectories startingfrom points lying on a plane run on the sameplane, and end at the same fixed point; ii) foreach plane there is a unique fixed point, whichacts as a global attractor for all trajectories inthe plane; iii) all trajectories in a plane merge,on their way to equilibrium, into acommon escape route, which is to beinterpreted as an infinitely dense set oftrajectories; iv) as a result of time-reversalsymmetry, backward trajectories initiating inthe escape route land at unpredictable points,either in the upper or in the lower half of theplane. This last feature is particularlyinteresting as it reveals the system s potentiallyhigh sensitivity to initial conditions, whichwould affect repolarization near equilibrium:the later the repolarization the more uncertainthe return to the same initial conditions. Ifpassive depolarization involves many cells in

close proximity to each other, like in aneuronal module, the external ionicconcentrations vary in time to an extent, whichdepends on the volume fraction. When asuitable correction factor is entered in themodel, the Na+ inversion times reduceconsiderably. Thus, for a volume fraction of25%, the inversion times reduce by 60-70%,with asymptotic values of membrane voltagebeing more negative. Unlike the case of anisolated cell, trajectories are no longer planar.Near equilibrium, however, the phase portraitstill shows an escape route, but now 3Dtrajectories also merge in the common tract,which increases the degree of irreversibilityaccompanying near-equilibrium repolarization.

Nonlinear Dynamics and Belief SystemsArahovitis, IoannisUniversity of Athens, Department ofMathematics, Athens, [email protected]

Ben Goertzel in [2] discusses the possibility ofconsidering a particular human belief systemas an attractor of a "cognitive equation ofmotion" discussed in [3] and he poses thequestion: if one is to declare that beliefsystems are attractors, one must specify:attractors of what dynamical system? In thesequel we are proposed to find attractors forsome particular human belief systems, bysearching for their appropriate dynamicalsystem. The resulting dynamical systems arenonlinear ODE systems or IFS treated with theRandom Iteration Algorithm of [1] anddescribing people having phalocratic beliefs,people always acting under a "square logic"(no EQ) people evolving optimistically orpessimistically, as well as a conspiratorialbelief system and another one describing thesocial phenomenon of vendetta. The presentnote aims, for educational reasons, at theapproaching of Psychology to NonlinearDynamics and the Mathematics of Chaos andFractals.

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Evolution of Utility Theory forHeterogeneous Interaction andCoordination in Terms of Discrete ChoiceModelsAruka, YujiFaculty of Commerce, Chuo University,Tokyo, [email protected]

Social interaction and coordination betweenheterogeneous agents is a process of mutualinterdependent communication for better orworse. Utility of each agent is always affectednot only by his own specific attribute andother behaviors but also by subgroup ofcharacteristics to which each belongs. In suchan environment, the neoclassical utility theorydoes not work. There may be found a certainprospect to correct the concept of utility. We,on one hand, describe an adoption of discretechoice model under uncertainty and sequentialchoice. On the other hand, we suggest anadoption of master equation as the method ofsocio-dynamics. In this paper, we areinterested in an attempt to integrate both autility based prediction and socio-dynamics bymeans of discrete choice model and masterequation approach. This way of integrationcould successfully depict a complex evolvingdynamics of human nature and societies. Themultinomial logit model is now quite popularin the filed of traffic or transport problems. Inthe context of socio-dynamics pioneered byWeidlich, Helbing (1995) in particular,favored to replace the transition rates in theirsocio-dynamical master equation with themultinomial logit type utility. This approachmay remarkably improve our applied skills ofeconomics to develop socio-dynamics inSchumpeterian context.

The Necessity for Incorporating NonlinearTeaching Practices and New Technologiesin the Lab Environment: A CriticalApproach on Recent StudiesAthanasopoulos, EvangelosSchool of Pedagogical and TechnicalEducationGreek Open University

The purpose of this paper is to examine thehypothesis that nonlinear integration of newinteractive multimedia and the use of theinternet in the lab environment improve indepth student comprehension and motivation.

Nonlinearity is one of the basic traits ofinteractive multimedia and all hypermedia-learning environments such as web-basedhypermedia environments accessed via theinternet. The traditional approach ineducational laboratories follows highlystructured and predetermined teachingsequences, in other words “linear instruction”which consists of presenting skills, formulas,techniques and other details, one by one, in asequential and orderly “single-path”progression leading to a conclusion. Thetraditional approach was fostered mainly fortwo purposes. Firstly, teachers tend to teachwhat they can teach, not necessarily what theythink it would be useful to teach. This is whatOsborne calls technological determinism “thatwhich we do teach is limited by that which wecan teach” (Osborne, 1990, pp. 193). Second,for control purposes, to be able to controllarger groups of students in the lab with lesswasted materials within the specified timeconstraints. Research has shown that theseapproaches do not meet learners’ expectationsconsidering the variety of abilities, interestsand cognitive styles. They do not enhancestudents’ comprehension and motivation andthey do not promote social interaction amongpeers. Nonlinear instruction on the other hand,is a gestalt in which learners initiallycomprehend the whole, rather than the parts.Once viewers grasp the whole, they are able toidentify details and relationships among theparts. The learners are challenged to seerelationships, to discriminate important ideasfrom less essential ones, to sequence andorganize facts, to make comparisons, and todraw logical conclusions based upon soundinductive and deductive reasoning (Khalifa,1993). Nonlinear teaching originates fromrecent advances of nonlinear science and itsapplication to cognitive psychology. Learningis viewed as a nonlinear and self-organizedprocess that is dynamic in nature rather thanlinear one such as preset and predeterminedalgorithmic procedure. Several studies(Khalifa, 1993; Novak, 2003) have shownencouraging results, when applying nonlinearinstructions to traditional non-lab orientedclasses. Today, a growing number of educatorsand researchers alike believe that interactivemultimedia and the internet combined withnonlinear instruction elevate self-confidenceand social skills especially when combinedwith cooperative learning practices. Scientific

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discovery on the other hand is based onnonlinear research and teamwork that ischallenging and requires in depthcomprehension on many levels. In a similarfashion, students must be stimulated andallowed to think creatively in groups in orderto discover science, and learn to take intoaccount the relationship of the parts to thewhole. Although much more research stillneeds to be done on the critical and practicalframeworks regarding the integration ofnonlinear interactive multimedia and the useof the internet in the lab environment,sufficient evidence exists in relevant trainingenvironments that can be highlighted andcontextualized accordingly.

Abnormal Release of Dangerous Gases andVapors in LNG Plants in QatarBadr, Osama, Al-Jamal, Basim andMarafi,Abdel-HamidMechanical Engineering Department,Engineering, Qatar University, [email protected]@yahoo.com [email protected]

Qatar, one of the Gulf States, possesses one ofthe world’s largest non-associated gas fields.LNG plants, thus, represent a major source ofthe national income. The main objective ofthis paper is to study the environmental impactdue to abnormal releases of toxic andflammable gases and vapors within suchplants. Hazardous zones due to toxicity,flammability, and thermal radiation fromsubsequent fires are being considered.Software based on EPA-developed dispersionmodels was utilized to estimate the size andlocation of the toxic and flammable clouds atdifferent elapsed times from the start of theaccident. The growth and decay of the formeddangerous zones with respect to time were alsoobtained showing them in downwind,crosswind, and vertical directions. The paperconsiders three case studies. The first caseinvolved the formation of an LNG pool due toa rupture in the delivery system containing apipe connecting the production line to thestorage tank. The second case considered a fulldepressurization of the plant; a situation inwhich the entire flow of incoming sour gas isflared. The third case considered the abnormalsituation of flaring of acid gas (H2S-rich). Forthe first case study, non-linear mathematicalmodels were developed to evaluate the

transient LNG pool size and temperature aswell as evaporation rate. For such a case therupture of a pipe downstream of theproduction line, produced toxic and flammablezones with maximum size of 2310 m and 755m in the downwind direction and 45 m and 18m in the vertical direction, respectively. Therupture of a storage tank, on the other hand,produced an extremely hazardous situationwith toxic and flammable zones withmaximum size of 38 km and 16 km in thedownwind direction and 35 m and 20 m in thevertical direction, respectively. If such LNGpools catch fire, zones with thermal radiationlevels exceeding the allowable values of 5.05kW/m2 extended to 1300m from the fire edge.Fire fighting people with proper clothing thatstand up to 31.5 kW/m2 can not come closerthan 700 m from the fire edge. For the secondcase study of full depressurization of theincoming sour gas, flaring of the gas forms aflammable zone extending to 200 m. If ignited,this may create a shock wave hitting the LNGplant facility. For the third case study ofabnormal acid gas release, ignited andunignited flares produced both toxic and orflammable zones that depend on the stackheight. The results mentioned earlier wereimported automatically to the Qatar GISsystem in order to show the importantlandmarks affected by the accident.

Quasi-Diffusion Model of PopulationCommunityBerezovskaya, Faina.Department of Mathematics, HowardUniversity, Washington, DC 20059, [email protected]

By methods of qualitative theory of ODE andtheory bifurcations [2, 8, 10, 11 et. al.] weanalyze the model dynamics of the communityconsisting of “predator-prey” and “prey”systems interacted by prey inter-migrations;we suppose that Allee effect is incorporated ineach prey population. We show that the modelcommunity persists with parameter values forwhich any “separate” population system cango to extinction. We investigate the dynamicsof coexistence, in particular, showed that themodel community can either exist in steadystate or with oscillations, or get to extinctiondependently on initial densities.

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Spike Propagation as Traveling Waves inthe FitzHugh Model with Cross-DiffusionBerezovskaya, FainaMathematics Department, Howard UniversityWashington DC [email protected]@howard.eduKarev, GeorgyMSD Inc., National Institute of Health,[email protected]

We utilize a modified version of the Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations to model the spatialpropagation of neuron firing assuming that thispropagation is (at least, partially) caused bythe cross-diffusion connection between thepotential and recovery variables. We analyzeparametric conditions of arising and spread aneuron firing along a nerve- space, specially,revealing the dependence between cross-diffusion coefficient D and velocity of itspropagation C. A neuron firing corresponds toa traveling wave solution (impulse) in frame ofthe model. We studied the wave system of thecross-diffusion model and explored itsbifurcation diagram. We have shown that thecross-diffusion model possesses a large set oftraveling wave solutions; besides giving rise tothe typical fast traveling wave solutionexhibited in the diffusion Fitzhugh-Nagumoequations, it also gives rise to a slow travelingwave solution. The domains of existence ofthe fast and slow waves in the parametricspace (D, C) are separated by a parabolicboundary, D=KC2. After the intersection ofthis boundary, due to very large of the cross-diffusion coefficient or too small speed, anormal propagation of the nerve impulse isimpossible and some violations are inevitable:nerve impulses propagate with decreasingamplitude or as damping oscillations. It meansthat if the speed of transmission of a signalalong the axon is reduced, then the normalneuron firing propagation in the form of atraveling spike is impossible. The increase ofthe cross-diffusion coefficient beyond thenormal value implied the same result.

Neural Sensitisation and Progression ofAffective Disorders Modelled by NonlinearFeedback Systems with Noise.Braun, Hans A., Wollweber, Bastian;Voight,, Karlheinz Huber, Martin T. HuberInstitute of Physiology and Department ofPsychiatry, University of Marburg

Electrophysiological recordings fromhypothalamic neurons have elucidated thatneuronal responses to a given stimulus candrastically change in the presence of anotherstimulus. Similar effects are known fromsystemic functions including autonomousprogression e.g. in addition or mood disorders.For a better understanding of the underlyingmechanisms we have used a generalizedmodelling approach which can be seen as acombination of diverse nonlinear, positive andnegative feedback loops with differentactivation levels and time delays. This modelcan be adapted to neural as well as systemicdynamics and exhibit a manifold ofbifurcations between different dynamic states,including clearly chaotic regimes. We candemonstrate general principles of mutualsensitisation, e.g. modifications of tuningcurves which can account for neural orsystems’ sensitisation by the broadening orshifts of the range of responsiveness, and evencan lead to an inversion of the response (seehttp://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.NC/0509028). Wewill emphasize on functionally relevantconsequences of cooperative effects betweennoise and nonlinear dynamics which especiallycan be seen near the thresholds of thesubsystems and at the bifurcations to chaos(see Braun et al, FNL 4, L207-L217, 2004).Additionally, we will give examples ofspecific functions which, at the neuronal level,shall focus on highly nonlinear alcohol effects(Wollweber et al. J Thermal Biol 29, 345-350,2004) and, at the systemic level, onautonomous progression of affective disorders(e.g. Huber et al. Neuropsychopharmacology,28: S13-S20, 2003). Supported by theEuropean Union through the Network ofExcellence BioSim, Contract No. LSHB-CT-2004-005137

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Chaotic Footloose CapitalCommendatore, PasqualeDipartimento di Teoria Economica eApplicazioni, Universite di Napoli 'Federico II'[email protected], MartinUniversity of Manchester, [email protected], IngridVienna University of Economics and BusinessAdministration, [email protected]

The Footloose Capital (FC) model is theanalytically most tractable variant of theinfluential Core-Periphery model (Krugman,1991, JPE). The FC model involves tworegions, each with a monopolisticallycompetitive manufacturing sector and aperfectly competitive agricultural sector. Thereare two factors of production. Labor is used inboth sectors. Capital is used only inmanufacturing. Workers are immobilebetween regions but instantaneously mobilebetween sectors within a region. A key featureof the FC model is that physical capital ismobile between regions but capital owners arecompletely immobile and they spend all theirearnings in the region in which they live. Therepatriation of capital earnings accounts for thegreater analytical tractability of the FC model.Since production changes brought about by themovement of capital are not accompanied byexpenditure switching, the demand-linkedcircular causality that features in the Core-Periphery model does not arise. Furthermore,since costs-of-living are irrelevant to theproduction location decisions of capitalists, thecost-linked circular causality of the Core-Periphery model is eliminated. Currie andKubin (JEBO, forthcoming) shows thatreformulating the standard continuous-timesymmetric Core-Periphery (CP) model indiscrete time has profound implications for itsdynamical behavior. In this paper, wereformulate the FC model in discrete time. Weexplore not only the complex dynamicalbehavior for the case of symmetric regions,where each region has the same number ofworkers and where the owners of half thecapital are located in each region, but also thedynamical implications of regionalasymmetries.

Analysis of Physiologic Time Series:Fractal, Complexity and TimeIrreversibility MeasuresCosta, M, Peng, C.-K and Goldberger, A.L.Cardiovascular Division, Beth IsraelDeaconess Medical Center,Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA

Physiologic processes are regulated by controlmechanisms that operate on multiple timescales. The time series generated by theseprocesses are nonlinear, non-stationary andnon-equilibrium in nature. However,conventional tools for the analysis ofphysiologic time series, such as analysis ofmeans, standard deviations and other featuresof histograms, along with Fourier powerspectrum analysis, assume linearity,stationarity, and equilibrium-like conditions.Consequently, these techniques do not fullycharacterize the dynamics of physiologicsystems. In recent years, we have developedseveral new algorithms aimed at quantifyingdifferent properties of complex physiologicfluctuations. Here, we discuss the detrendedfluctuation analysis, the multiscale entropyand the multiscale time irreversibilitymethods. Detrended fluctuation analysischaracterizes the fractal properties of non-stationary signals. The multiscale entropy andtime irreversibility methods quantify thedegree of irregularity and the degree of timeirreversibility of a time series over multiplescales, respectively. These methods wereapplied to the analysis of time series generatedby several physiologic systems of healthysubjects and patients with different types ofpathology. In this talk, I discuss applicationsof the three complementary methods to thecharacterization of heart rate dynamics ofhealthy subjects, patients with heart failure andsubjects with atrial fibrillation, under free-running conditions. The results consistentlyindicate that (i) the output of healthydynamics, which have highest functionalityand adaptability, are the most complex andtime irreversible and, that (ii) aging anddisease lead to the degradation of the overallsystem\u2019s complexity. Finally, we discussthe implications of our results for modeling thecardiac dynamics and the limitations of thesemethods.

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Title Stabilization of chaotic dynamic inmicro-economical model of competing firmsDavidich, Maria and and Loskutov,AleksandrBremen University, Germany and Physics,Department, Moscow State University,[email protected]@polly.phys.msu.ru

We propose a method, which allows realizingthe stabilization of chaotic dynamic in asimple micro-economical model of competingfirms. Our model consists of two firmscompeting on the same market of goods. Thefirms perform active and asymmetricinvestment strategies, i.e. their temporaryinvestments depend on their relative positionson the market. Under certain parameter valuesthe given model exhibits the properties ofdynamical chaos that consists of continuouspower spectrum and positiveness of Lyapunovexponents. We show that by means of weakexternal direct parametric excitations it ispossible to suppress chaos and stabilize theprescribed periodical orbits. As controlparameters we choose such values thatdescribe the investment values of both firms.With economical point of view this means,that we may realize a quite simple control andpresent a way of increasing profit.

Walking Straight and Walking Crooked:Mythic Apperceptions of ComplexityDe Chiantis, Cheryl, Ph.D.Kairios Group,Santa Cruz, [email protected]

Hephaistos, the divine blacksmith, is theGreek god of technology (in Greek, techne).As the mythic emblem of techne, Hephaistosrepresents the branch of knowledge that theGreeks described as quantifiable, replicableand linear. Plato introduced the metaphor oft h o s e w h o w a l k w i t h a nunimpaired, straight gait to represent thelinearity of classical logic that still conferslegitimacy upon ideas in Western culture. Yet,Hephaistos, the only Olympian god who wassaid to be a cripple walks in a crooked,irregular gait. Close examination of his mythand related Mediterranean myths oftechnology reveals that Hephaistos alsopossesses the quality the Greeks called metis.

This includes the traits of resourcefulness,subtlety and deceptiveness, and the situationalcharacteristics of transience, ambiguity, andresistance to precise measurement or exactdescription. The quality of metis is onlypossessed by certain mythic figures,particularly those associated with metallurgyand knowledge of the forge. Myths remainalive because they emanate from unconsciousapperceptions of human and natural systems.This paper will examine the image of the godwhose very gait may be said to resembleirregular periodicity traced around a strangeattractor. Thus, the ancient god Hephaistosmay be seen to present an archetypal image ofboth mythic knowing as a human cognitivemode, and its applications to understandingand describing complexity and chaos.

A Systems-Based Approach to ManagementDraman, RexfordGraduate School of Management,St. Edwards University, Austin Texas, [email protected]

It has been said that organizations functionsperfectly. They are structured and organized(italics added for emphasis) just right to getthe results they get. Like any system, itsoutputs (both volume and variety) aredetermined by its inputs, structure, andprocesses. If we accept this as truth, and wealso recognize that most, if not all,organizations continually face the struggle toattain some level of sustainable success, thenthe logical conclusion one can draw is thatthey (organizations) need to change either theirstructure and / or organization if they desire toachieve some form of sustainable success.Using this as a starting point, I havesynthesized the following new systems-basedbusiness model from the wide variety ofsystemic tools and practices currentlyavailable. This model more realisticallyreflects the world, as we understand it today,which is not the Newtonian world that existedwhen today s business practices wereestablished. Given the known issues with thetraditional business practices, I chose to startover with a clean slate and use what we knowabout a living system (processes, resources,information, and goal) as a framework. I thentranslated the requisite conditions for a livingsystem, into what reflects the necessary

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conditions for a living (sustainable) businesssystem (functions & activities, inputs,organizational knowledge, and goal). Fromthis perspective, profit is recognized as theresults of the system s effectiveness andtherefore not its goal. With a model defined,the next step involved identifying an initial setof systems-based business tools to be includedin the model. Among these, I have includedthe Theory of Constraints for overseeing thevalue-adding processes , Requis i teOrganization for assisting in the people side,2nd generation knowledge management for theflow of information, along with a variety ofthinking and problem-solving tools andpractices. As in all well-working systems,each of these components must have theability and desire to coordinate their actionsand subordinate their efforts to the overall goalof the organization. The final segment will bean overview review of the current progress Iam having implementing this model in aconstruction-based start-up. This will alsoinclude a brief discussion relative to thesequencing of activities for any organizationwanting to implement this model.

Knightian Uncertainty and Poverty Trap ina Model of Economic GrowthFukuda, Shin-ichiUniversity of Tokyo,[email protected]

At the early stage of development, the degreeof uncertainty in the economy is extremelylarge. The purpose of this paper is to explorehow Knightian uncertainty affects dynamicproperties in a model of economic growth. The decision-making theory in the analysis isthat of expected utility under a non-additiveprobability measure, that is, the Choquetexpected utility model of preference. We applythis decision theory to an overlapping-generations model where producers faceuncertainty in their technologies. When theproducers have aversion to uncertainty, outputbecomes rigid for some measurable rage ofreal interest rate. In the dynamic equilibrium,the existence of the output rigidity makesmultiple equilibria more likely outcome underlog utility and Cobb-Douglass productionfunctions. We show that even if aversion touncertainty is small, poverty trap can arise fora wide range of parameter values. In

particular, we show that when two parametershave different degree of uncertainty, thedynamic equilibrium may have endogenouscycles. The introduction of the Choquetexpected utility model of preference in aneconomic growth model therefore inducescomplicated non-linear dynamic path thatclassical growth models do not have.

Nonlinearity, Complexity, EngagementLearning, and the Role of the Arts inHuman DevelopmentGardiner, Martin F.Center for the Study of Human Development,Brown University, [email protected]

This paper reviews and discusses recentevidence (1, 2) that arts learning, andespecially arts skill learning, can affect humanlearning and development more broadly –cognitively and socially. I am developingtheory to address certain features of these datathat are still not fully understood. Connectionsbetween arts and broader learning seem worthinvestigating for at least two reasons. One isthe more general new information on humanlearning they may provide. The other is thepossibility that such connections from arts tobroader learning may well be an essential partof the human meaning of the arts. Thisfollows, I propose, from the inherentcomplexities of the world which we help toform and in which we live. To survive in sucha world we must integrate accumulatingfactual knowledge into a larger developing andredeveloping complex fabric of brainprocessing by which we engage with theworld. This fabric of Engagement Learningand how it develops will be the principal focusof my talk. From the viewpoint of EngagementLearning, human development of spoken andthen written language, of mathematics andscience, enlarge and enrich our opportunitiesto develop our engagement, and so too, Iargue, do the arts. What we learn from the artscan complement and reinforce, but alsosupplements what we can learn from othersources. Historically, I argue, arts have oftenhad an important influence on how we havedeveloped our individual and social means ofliving together. The arts can providecomplexities of form and experience as high asavailable from other experience. We require

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such levels of complexity to prepare ourselvesto engage richly with our developing world.Such considerations may help to explain whyhumanity has included the arts in essentiallyevery human culture, and also the furtherhuman potential that they still hold.

Clinical time Series Analysis-Only aPrognostic Tool?Gernot ErnstBlefjell hospital Kongsberg,Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care unit,Kongsberg, Norway

Time series analysis of clinical data has beenused in several medical areas. Mostestablished is Heart Rate Variation (HRV)analysis. The heart rhythm changes showingcomplex nonlinear patterns that depend on theclinical conditions of the patient. Typicalalgorithms use time domain, frequencydomain, fractal analysis or measures ofentropy. In cardiology, different linear andnonlinear HRV-measures have been used forrisk stratification of sudden cardiac death.HRV seems to be feasible at bedside todistinguish between groups at risk and not atrisk, but there is a lack of interventionalstudies basing on HRV risk stratification. Inintensive care first studies show encouragingresults using HRV for risk stratification ofsepsis, respectively multi-organ failure. Otherareas of interest include prediction of strokeoutcome. Nonlinear time series analysis hasbeen used in broad areas. Approximateentropy or similar algorithms have been use inpsychiatric, endocrinological, andneurophysiological studies. Up to now thereexist only few interventional studies. Possibleapproaches will be discussed. Preliminaryresults of a study with palliative patients willbe shown.

Modeling the Complexity of Pain –Possibilities and ProblemsGernot Ernst, Andrew Seely, Cornelia BollenBlefjell hospital Kongsberg, Anesthesiology,Pain and Palliative Care Unit, Kongsberg, Norway

Our understanding about pain and painmechanisms has increased impressively in thelast two decades. We have learned regardingthe onset of nociceptive signals in the

periphery and on pain transmission in thedorsal horn, processes mediated byinnumerable substances and receptors at theselocations. In this review, our objective is todiscuss the possibilities and limitations of thecomplex systems approach for both researchand treatment of pain. Three generalapproaches to complex systems will bepresented, including examples: the “top-down”approach, the “hidden signals” approach andthe “bottom-up” approach. Examples includeclassical models of the behaviour of theNMDA-reseptor, the analysis of nonlinearsignals of neurons in the dorsal horn and ownbiopsychological models on the interarction ofpain pathophysiology and treatment.

The Sign of the Lyapunov Exponent isInsufficient to Describe Synchronization ofCoupled Chaotic SystemsGholamhussian, ErjaeeMathematics Department, University of Qatar,Doha, [email protected]

As discussed elsewhere [Pyragas, Phys. Rev.E54, RA508 (1996)], the threshold of weakand strong synchronization in coupled chaoticsystems depends on the signs of the Lyapunovexponents. Using this terminology, we havedemonstrated the occurrence of weak andstrong synchronization in a coupled chaoticGaussian map. Recently it has been shown thatthese criteria may vary from one coupledchaotic system to another [Vieira, et al.(1997)]. In this presentation we demonstratethat in the case of zero or negative Lyapunovexponents, these exponents alone may beinsufficient to differentiate among varioustypes of chaotic synchronization. In such casesthe various synchronization behaviors dependupon the eigenvalues of a system obtained bysubtracting two chaotic systems.

A Self-Transcending Constructional Logicfor EmergenceGoldstein, JeffreySchool of Business,Adelphi University, [email protected]

In this paper, I carry through on my proposalfor formalizing emergence in complex systemsaccording to the idea of self-transcending

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constructions (Goldstein, 2005, 2004, 2003,2002, and 2001). The formalism offers both ageneralization of and a template forunderstanding emergence in whatever contextit may occur whether mathematically,computationally, physically, or social-scientifically. I will offer a mathematicalrepresentation of the formalism, then wherethis representation falls within modernmathematics and logic, and next how it bothflirts with yet avoids a full embrace of self-referential paradoxes. More specifically, I willlayout the unique kind of logic required for theformalism of self-transcending constructionsin order for them to aid in our understandingof emergence. I will describe this logic of self-transcending constructions according to thefollowing five features of which it mustpartake: 1. A logic that allows for asimultaneous continuity with andtranscendence of that from which emergentsemerge, in other words, what I’ve been callinga logic of following and negating; 2. A logicthat accordingly flirts with paradox, i.e.,approaches paradox closely enough to partakeof its dynamism yet steers clear enough of theself-enclosing nature of this same dynamism;3. A logic that is constructional in nature butmay include processes such as self-organization and similar supposedlyspontaneous processes; 4. A logic thatconfounds previously separate categoriescharacterizing antecedent or lower levelcomponents from which emergents areconstructed; 5. A logic that, although it mayallow for the utilization of abstraction,induction, and synthesis, neverthelessconstructionally surpasses what can begenerated by these three modalities.

Semantic Evaluations of Silhouettes withDifferent Fractal DimensionHagerhall, CarolineLandscape Architecture, Swedish Universityof Agricultural Sciences, [email protected], ThorbjornDepartment of Architecture & BuiltEnvironment, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,[email protected], RichardDepartment of Physics, University of Oregon,Eugene, [email protected]_ller, Marianne

Department of Architecture & BuiltEnvironment, Lund University, Lund, [email protected]_ller, RickardDepartment of Architecture & BuiltEnvironment, Lund University, Lund, [email protected], TedDepartment of Physics, University of Oregon,[email protected]

The reported studies investigate therelationship between the fractal dimension ofartificial landscape silhouettes and a numberof established perceived dimensions.Naturalness predicts environmental preferenceand nature is suggested to be restorativebecause it is fascinating but effortless to attendto. The organized complexity in fractals couldexplain why attending to such patterns isfascinating but effortless. Artificial landscapesilhouettes were created by filling in the spaceunder fractal lines generated with a computerusing a Fast Fourier Transform technique. Thelines had fractal dimensions, 1.14, 1.32, 1.52and 1.70, respectively. Subjects rated thesilhouettes for naturalness and for 6 selectedsub-scales from the 3 dimensions pleasantness,unity and complexity of the SemanticEnvironment Description scale. Results showa decrease in pleasantness and naturalnesswith increasing fractal dimension. The samerelationship was found in a previousexperiment using simple outlines. Contrary,complexity shows a positive linear relationshipwith increased fractal dimension. Theperception of the silhouettes as a unified figureis the weakest for the outline with D 1.52indicating that both the lower and higherdimensions are more easily recognizable as awhole with a dominating character. Thereappears to be a difference between artificialand extracted real silhouettes, for whichpreference and naturalness seem to peak at afractal dimension of 1.3. A second part of thisstudy, from which data is currently beinganalyzed, involves EEG responses to the sameartificial silhouettes. The research is supportedby the Swedish Research Council forEnvironment, Agricultural Sciences andSpatial Planning.

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Individual and collective action competencein decentralized organizations: A frame ofreference in progress and some empiricalillustrationsHagstrom, Tom, Backstrom, Tomas andGoransson, SusannaNational Institute for Working Life,Stockholm, [email protected]@[email protected]

A case study of a decentralized andcompetitive bank in Sweden is in progress.The organization is guided by a companyculture characterized by a "humanistic" beliefin the capability of employees, trying togenerate a sustainable "win-win" situationtaking into account both the demands of theorganization and the employees. Decentralizedwork systems are based on the assumption thatexternal regulation of work can be replaced byinternal regulation of work both on anindividual and a collective level. However,sustainable work systems also seem to requirethe capability and possibility of individualsand organizations to develop highercomplexity levels of internal work regulation,i.e. higher action competence. This way ofreasoning lead to some overriding issuesconcerning our case, namely whether suchinternally regulated action competence is athand, whether this competence can developtowards higher complexity and what changemechanisms are involved in such processesaims and framework. The paper takesdeparture in theories of Complex adaptivesystems (CAS) when reasoning about thedevelopment of schemata and competenceindividually and collectively. CAS developsby the process of collecting information aboutthe environment and the consequences ofacting in it in an internal and an externalphase. The internal phase of development isunderstood as strive to be an integral part of anaggregate (social integration) and to follow thelegitimate schemata of this meta-individual.The external phase is the strive towards ofself-assertion (autonomy). The overriding aimof the paper is to tentatively outline how suchways of reasoning in theories of CAS can berelated to similar ways of reasoning in actiontheory and adult development theory(Hagstr_m & Hanson, 2003) and about theholon concept (Koestler, 1978), in order to

broaden our understanding of individual andcollective change mechanisms towards highercomplexity levels. A collective is understoodas a holon of aggregated individuals with agestalt of its own, e.g. partly joint values(Backstr_m, 2004). Furthermore, our ambitionis to elucidate our ways of reasoning withempirical illustrations from our case study.

Making Sense of Complexity and Chaos asApplied to Executive Coaching: A CaseStudyHalkias, Daphne,Graduate School of Business, AmericanCollege of GreeceMills, Geofrey T,School of Business and Management,American College of [email protected]

The Edge of Chaos refers to the critical pointof a system, where a small change could eitherset the system into chaotic behavior or securethe system into a set behavior. The system canbe seen as dynamically unstable to someperturbations, yet stable to others. Most livingsystems are understood to operate within inthis region (Lucas, 1999). It is this region,which Marion (1999) believed could be bestunderstood through Complexity Theory. Inexecutive coaching, working at the “edge ofchaos” can be powerful. It is a high leveragepoint where maximum change can occur withminimal effort. Many times executives cometo or are referred for coaching because they areeither “stuck” and appear unable to change orare out of control, in a state of internal orexternal chaos, having trouble adapting,developing, growing or changing. It can bethrough an effective coaching relationship thatthese individuals get back into balance withtheir systems and as a result achieve greaterbottom-line results for every aspect of theirinternal system and external environment.Using an “edge of chaos” perspective, thecoach can use effective questioning and otherresources to encourage the executive to allowcreativity and efficiency to emerge naturallywithin organizations rather than imposing theirown solutions on employees. ComplexityTheory can best be applied in executivecoaching by guiding the executive to arenewed perspective of his role as a leader byredefining working relationships as non-linearand containing feedback loops, realizing that

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complex challenges in organizations are bestdealt with by understanding their history,treating them as naturally open system, withfluid boundaries and dynamically interwovenwithin a network of other complex sub-systems. Apart from the coaching relationshipit, Goodman (2002) suggests that there is amore important relationship that will have aneven more profound and lasting impact on theindividual being coached is the executive’sown internal relationship with the self. Theeffective coach needs to provide a safe andtrusting environment and relationship for theexecutive to explore, learn and embracechange. It is the coaching relationship thatoften provides the leverage needed by theexecutive to create change internally andfacilitates the development of self-empowerment in the form of self-correctingand self-generative thinking, beliefs, andbehavior. In this research, a case study ispresented of the development of a coachingrelationship between a consulting psychologistand an executive presenting himself as beingin conflict and crisis within his organization.The application of chaos and complexitytheory to the process of intervention andexecutive coaching is thoroughly presented.Results of the intervention and follow-up arep r e s e n t e d b y t h e c o n s u l t i n gpsychologist/coach.

Signal-energy-metric Approach to ChaoticPhenomena: Theory and SimulationsHrusak, Josef, Stork, MilanDepartment of Applied Electronics andTelecommunicationsMayer, DanielDepartment of Theory of ElectricalEngineeringUniversity of West Bohemia, Plzen, [email protected]; [email protected]@kte.zcu.cz

A new approach to problems of nonlinearsystem analysis, synthesis and design,including generation of different classes ofdeterministic, chaotic, pseudo-chaotic andhyper-chaotic signals is presented. Theproposed method insists on a new abstractformulation of the energy conservationprinciple, based on the idea of introducing aproper state-space metric as measure of total

energy, accumulated in the state space of asystem representation. Instability and/orunwanted chaos are often considered as themost important phenomena, which should beinvestigated before any other aspect of realitywill be attacked. Two typical situations shouldbe distinguished in causal systems theory. Thefirst one arises if the energy function of agiven system is known in mathematical formand can be explicitly used to describe the timeevolution of internal system energy. In suchsituations some form of the energy non-increasing test can bring useful informationabout the system state evolution.Unfortunately, in most real-world situationssome form of energy conservation law isknown to play a crucial role, but anymathematical expression for the system energyis not available. One standard way toovercome this difficulty is to make someadditional restrictive assumptions, such aslinearity and time-invariance, and try to useexplicit knowledge of the solution ofdifferential or difference equations describingstate trajectories of the system, combined withcomputer simulations, laboratory experiments,and with sophisticated mathematical methodssuch as, for instance, the bifurcation analysis.The fundamental idea is illustrated byexamples.

Values and Complexity in Leadership andOrganizationsHyatt, Kenton Ph.D.Kairios Group, Santa Cruz, CA, [email protected]

Humans are psychologically and sociallycomplicated, complex, and often confusing.Complexity and Chaos theory has offered ageneral model with which to help make senseof that human complexity. Much of theapplication of Complexity Theory to humanorganizations has necessarily begun in makinganalogies from mathematical concepts toapparently relevant concepts and dynamics.This paper continues with that practice,suggesting that organizational values areconcepts that describe the landscape of anorganization, which in turn forms a basin ofattraction and holds various types ofattractors. Values theory, in particular thestructure of 125 values appearing indevelopmental and increasingly dynamic

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stages, has been described by Brian Hall. Thiswork shows not only how organizationalvalues depend on increasingly dynamicunderlying values, but also indicates thechanges that increasing complexity requires interms of leadership behavior. Thisexamination has particular utility at threelevels of observation. At the level of theindividual one can understand and managedevelopment, as well as prepare for complexand dynamic organizational situations in aninformed manner. At the group level, it ispossible to predict what sorts of values andskills will support high level values that attendcomplexity, like collaboration. And at theorganizational level, as an aid to strategicplanning and development.

Comparing Linear to Nonlinear Models:Plant Manager’s Energy InnovationOutlookJacobsen, Joseph & Guastello, StephenUniversity of Wisconsin,Milwaukee, [email protected]

One focal point of concern, policy and a newresearch will involve identifying individualand organizational facilitative and obstructivefactors within the context of energy innovationdiffusion in the US and other countries. Thisinterdisciplinary intersection of people,technology and change is one of seriousconsequence and has broad implications thatspan national security, energy infrastructure,the economy, organizational change, educationand the environment. This study investigatesfacilities and plant managers’ energyinnovation information seeking and energyadoption evolution. The participants aremanagers who use more electrical energy thanall other groups in the world and are amongthe top users of natural gas and oil in theUnited States. The research calls upon theTheory of Planned Behavior, the Diffusion ofInnovations and nonlinear dynamics in a studyof adoption patterns for 13 energy-relatedinnovations. Cusp catastrophe models werecompared to a counterpart multiple linearregression to examine and characterize data.Data was also tested for power lawdistributions. Findings reveal the group as awhole may resist change. Organizationalresistance emerged as a controlling variablethat split the group into two directions while

attitudes were asymmetric. Of the 13innovations, some exhibit very strong cuspcatastrophe distributions while support formultiple linear regressions and the power lawwere found.

Fractal Dimensions and the LyapunovExponents in the Philippine ForeignExchange MarketKhanser, Marites A.John Gokongwei School of ManagementLoyola Schools, Ateneo de ManilaUniversity, Quezon City, [email protected]

We report the results of a 58-year study on anew nonlinear model in analyzing thePhilippine peso-USD rate using chaos theory,which was applied on the raw data consistingof 1946-2004 (58 -year period, a total of15,153 observations) PHP-USD exchange ratetime series and daily volume trading data from1988-2004. The chaos techniques call for thecalculation of the correlation dimension as anestimate of fractal dimension and thecalculation of the largest positive Lyapunovexponent as evidence that the time series issensitive to initial conditions. A fractalstructure and sensitivity to initial conditionsare the basic features of chaos. Aside from thebasic chaos tests, we also subjected the timeseries to the following chaos-related tests:probability distribution, polynomial fit, powerspectrum, dominant frequencies, capacitydimensions, correlation function, correlationmatrix, phase-space plots, return maps, andPoincare movie. Chaos analysis shows that thetrading volume data registered a correlationdimension between 2 and 3, hence thepresence of a fractal dimension, approximatelybetween 2.941 and 3.840. This means that thevolume trading time series has a fractalattractor. A positive Lyapunov exponent wasalso found for the volume trading data whichis 0.114. The same findings were found for thePHP-USD time series with positive Lyapunovexponent found to be 0.010. The findingsdeclared the existence of chaos in thePhilippine foreign exchange market. Animportant objective of this study was todescribe the behavior of the Philippine foreignexchange market by examining whether itconforms to chaos theory, a nonlinear,dynamical model. It examines the presence of

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a fractal structure through the correlationdimension, and the largest positive Lyapunovexponent, which are the characteristics ofchaos. Finally, it tries to develop a chaos-based forecasting model to predict futuremovements of the exchange rate. This studypresents the basic concepts of chaos theory asan emerging paradigm to understand a worldmade up of adaptive, complex and dynamicalsystems. It also provides a methodology drawnfrom advanced physics and mathematics thatcan be applied in the study of how financialmarkets behave, particularly, in the localcurrency market. Results of the study showedthat the Philippine foreign exchange market’sbehavior since 1946 and up to 2004 can bedescribed as having a long period of stability(for the fixed exchange rate regime), amoderate degree of volatility (for the floatingexchange rate regime) and a period ofturbulence and chaotic behavior in the latterperiod, particularly, during the 1997 Asianfinancial crisis. Lastly, three dynamicalvariables (or value drivers) are needed tospecify the dynamics of the currency market.The research was partly supported by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA) research grant. This paper is alsopartly the results of the doctoral dissertation ofthe researcher for her Doctor of BusinessAdministration (DBA) Degree at the De LaSalle University, Taft Avenue, Manila,Philippines in 1998. The data were updateduntil December 29, 2004.

Use of Artificial Neural Networks for RiskAssessment for Work and OrganizationalIssuesKaranika, Maria and Cox, TomInstitute of Work, Health & Organizations,University of Nottingham,[email protected]

The prerequisites for planning and decision-making in risk assessment and managementfor psychosocial issues at work lie largely inbeing able to accurately assess, model andpredict the risks to individual andorganizational health (Karanika, Cox,Griffiths, in press). This study examined (a)the potential of using artificial neural networksto predict the impact of work andorganizational issues on health outcomes and(b) the application of such an approach on riskassessment for work and organizational issues.

It was a comparative study of a connectionistapproach (neural networks) and a statisticalapproach (multiple linear regressions) in thecontext risk assessment. The precept of thisinvestigation is that non-linear approaches canoffer better models of psychosocialphenomena than linear approaches (seeGuastello 2000), especially in relation tomodeling complex second-order emergentproperties such as risk, and can thus fortifyrisk estimation. Predictors were: age, gender,organization, social support, work andorganizational factors (control-demand, payand fairness, management, work-home issues,job a role, breaks, colleagues, information).Outcomes included: general well-being, jobsatisfaction, intention to leave, days ofabsence. 1003 cases (from 5 organizations)were used for model development andvalidation. The two approaches are examinedboth quantitatively (accuracy, R2, meanabsolute percentage error) and qualitatively(model specifications and weight ofpredictors). Results suggest that neuralnetworks offer slightly better but comparablemodels to linear regression. The implications(a) for use of neural networks in psychosocialresearch and (b) for a methodology of riskassessment for work stress will be discussed.

Unpredictability, Chaos and Order inSocial SystemsKaterelos, IoannisPsychology Department,Panteion University,Athens [email protected]

Since no one has ever observed an immobilesociety, the author attests the capability of asocial system to surprise us by alwayschanging and maintaining a fort dynamicalaspect of continuous movement. In a ratherimplicit but clear way, the author considerstable positions of the system (fixed-point) asunrealistic regarding the historical aspect inthe evolution of human societies. Thus, weshall present a model of opinion dynamicscalled X-Model, based on the MER Model; ittakes under consideration both anagents’ internal (intra-individual) regulationstructure among different opinions regardingthe same social issue and a tendency for socialequilibrium. In X-Model, we regulate both thesocial and intra-individual strive and we try to

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find in what conditions (parameters setting),equilibrium could be achieved. One of thefindings concerning MER Model is that withpsi=1, the system ends to a periodicequilibrium (if the communication topology isa complete graph). Therefore, if psi=1 andkappa = 1 is a pair of values that equilibratesthe system then, starting from this finding,there were two possible ways of confrontingthe problem: a/ these two forces are oppositesand, it would be sufficient to be of equalstrength for the system to stabilize(psi=kappa), b/ these two forces arecomplementary and, then, it would besufficient to maintain the same sum (accordingto previous findings, equal to 2) for the systemto equilibrate( psi + kappa=2). Then, weexplore this nonlinear model by a series ofcomputer simulations for a variety ofparameter values. We examine under whatconditions the model exhibits sensitivedependence on initial conditions and, finally,we calculate the Lyapunov Exponents. Ourresults show that for certain parameter values,the system exhibits final statesensitivity, thus it is chaotic( d e t e r m i n i s t i c a n dunpredictable). The crucialquestion is to find out underwhat conditions the systemstabilizes or destabilizes. Ourresults show that, in certainlocations of the parameter sspace (two-dimensional) thesystem becomes periodic while in others thesystem presents a far-from-equilibriumbehavior. Social systems, as represented by X-model, can be stable, near equilibrium or far-from-equilibrium. This is a dynamiccharacteristic that can be deterministicallypredicted by means of three major factors (twoindividualistic, bottom-up and onesocietal, top-down) which interact with eachother: a) The strive for social consistency(individualistic- bottom-up approach); B) Thestrive for the individual consistency(individualistic- bottom-up approach). Thesocial network-communication topology(societal top-down approach).

Nonlinear Model of Epidemic Spreading inthe Complex Social NetworkKosinski, Robert and Grabowski, AndrzejCentral Institute for Labor Protection –National Research Institute and Faculty ofPhysics, Warsaw University of [email protected]; [email protected]

The epidemic spreading in a human society isa complex process, which can be described onthe basis of a nonlinear mathematical model.In such an approach complex and hierarchicalstructure of social network (which has thebasic meaning for the spreading of pathogensand can be treated as a complex network), canbe taken into account. In our model eachindividual has one of the four permitted states:susceptible, infected, ill, unsusceptible/dead.This refers to the SEIR model used inepidemiology. The state of an individual,changes in time depending on the previousstate and the interactions with otherindividuals. Probabilities of the transitionsbetween different states are described by a set

of parameters (e.g. the averagetime of the incubation). Theirproper values enable to modeldifferent epidemics. Thedescription of the interpersonalcontacts is based on theexperimental observations ofthe social relations in thecommunity. It includes spatiallocalization of the individuals,

who can belong to different social groups, theeffectiveness of different interpersonalinteractions and the mobility of thecontemporary community. Numericalsimulations were performed for different typesof epidemics, giving the progress of aspreading process and typical relations (e.g.range of epidemic in time, the epidemiccurve). The spreading process has complexand spatially chaotic character, especially inendemic state. We investigate the influence ofthe preventive vaccinations on the spreadingprocess. In particular, for critical value ofpreventively vaccinated individuals thepercolation threshold is observed and theepidemic is suppressed.

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Dynamical Perspective of Post-TraumaticStress DisorderKrippner, Stanley and Earle-Warfel,ElizabethSaybrook Graduate School,San Francisco, [email protected] /[email protected]

On the basis of descriptions gathered from thepublished literature in post-traumatic stressdisorder (PTSD), chaos theory, andneuropsychology, a model was created withthe help of Atlas.ti, a computerizedimplementation consistent with the GroundedTheory method. The features of chaos theorythat enabled the construction of this PTSDmodel were: (1) bifurcation ties attractorstogether across various locations in the brain;(2) fractal firing patterns contribute to vertical,functional convergence from the molecularlevel up to entire systems; (3) attractor patternsformed in respond to new experience andstored as memory are associational in nature,thus connecting neuronal, physiological, andpsychological processes. This model suggestsfour correspondences between PTSD andchaos theory: (2) The periodic attractorconcept and the tendency of PTSD victims torepeat traumatic experiences; (2) neuronalchaos and the negative effect that low levels ofchaos exert on mental health; (3) sensitivity toinitial conditions in chaotic systems and riskfactors in PTSD; (4) the idea of chaoticbifurcations and the possibility for takingadvantage of this phenomenon to effectpositive outcomes as a result of psychologicaltherapy. These relationships suggest that chaosdynamics are active in the brain and body, andrepresent a useful model for understanding andtreating PTSD, whose symptomatology maybe endlessly related through a type of devil'spolymer. Hence, chaos on the neuronal levelmay result in physiological responses andemotions associated with PTSD, precipitatingthoughts and behaviors manifestedpsychologically.

Creativity as an "Order through Emotions"ProcessLaycraft, KrystynaEquilibrium International Education Institute,Center for Chaotic Studies, [email protected]

We analyze the Theory of DissipativeStructure (I. Prigogine, 1984) and the Theoryof Positive Disintegration (K. Dabrowski,1970) as a potential theory for process ofcreativity. According to Prigogine's theory,dissipative structures are new types ofstructures originating spontaneously in far-from equilibrium conditions. There aretransformations from disorder to order. Thecharacteristic feature of these transformationsis change from repetitive and the universal tothe specific and unique behavior. When theflow of energy and matter through themincreases, they may go through bifurcationpoints of instabilities and fluctuations, andtransform themselves into new structures ofincreased complexity. This spontaneousemergence of new structures and new forms ofbehavior, which has become as self-organization, is the basis of the phenomena ofcreativity. The Theory of PositiveDisintegration, developed by K. Dabrowski(1970), is a complex and comprehensivetheory of personality development. Positivedisintegration process, through loosening andeven fragmenting the internal psychicenvironment, through conflict within theinternal environment and with the externalenvironment, is the ground for the birth anddevelopment of a higher psychic structure.Dabrowski found a fairly high positivecorrelation between mental disintegration,nervousness on one hand, and accelerateddevelopment and creative abilities on theother. It seems that a creative man, individualin the process of accelerated mentaldevelopment must experience states ofdisequilibrium. Based on these two theorieswe summarize that: 1. Creativity developsunder conditions of emotional fluctuations,tensions, and external as well as internalconflicts. 2. Creativity would be referred to as"self-organizing dissipative structure," an opensystem that can survive only through aconstant exchange of matter/energy andinformation with its environment. 3. Creativitycontinuously creates disequilibria andbifurcations, breaks barriers of routine, to

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liberate from automatic experiences in order toachieve inner autonomy. 4. Creativity can beregarded as a desire to build a new realitythrough an expanded awareness. 5. Creativityis an important outlet for the increased tensionof inner conflicts and defense force againstmental illness. The concept of a dissipativestructure and the theory of positivedisintegration provide a new point of view tothe process of creativity as a model "Orderthrough Emotions."

How to Describe Dynamic Encounters withPolice Officers and CitizensLeino, TuulaTopeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250Helsinki, [email protected]

Police officers control citizens' antisocialbehavior and this often places them in conflictwith citizens. It is important to understand thedynamics in order to be able to promote thepolice officers' safety during threatening andviolent encounters. The purpose of this studywas to examine the basic elements ofthreatening and violent encounters betweenpolice officers and citizens and describe thewhole process. Methods: 13 police patrolofficers were interviewed. Every police officerreported at least two encounters. The storieswere tape-recorded and put down in writing.Results: The interviews produced 28 storiesabout threatening or violent encounters. Akind of universe of actions, which was namedthe behavioral universe, was formed from allthe actions by police officers, during theseencounters. Besides the actions, the phaseswere also roughly named and marked in thisbehavioral universe. The stories showed thatthe encounters did not proceed linearly.Instead, many of them calmed down andchanged to threatening again because of sometrifle. They again calmed down and suddenlychanged to threatening once more. Many timesduring the encounter the police officers had tosize up the situation, and make strategic plansand quick decisions. The encounter analyzedin this presentation began with the followingstory: " A woman called the emergency phone112 and told how she had run out of herapartment. Her husband had battered her. Hewas drunk and was inside the apartment withtheir four-month-old baby." The emergency

center sent a police patrol to the apartment.The encounter was drawn as a line in thebehavioral universe. The decision points weremarked on the drawing. It was seen that thestrategic planning, the decisions and the actswere the basic elements; they could be foundby using the story and drawing a flow chart ofits events in the behavioral universe.Conclusions: During threatening and violentencounters police officers act as decisionmakers who size up the situation to recognizewhich course of action makes sense. The basicelements in this encounter were strategicplanning and the decisions the police made.The encounter did not proceed linearly, but itcould be drawn in the behavioral universe withthe help of the story. While reading the textand looking at its flow-chart of events, actions,and decision points, one could realize thenonlinearity of the encounter. The wholeencounter could be seen as a dynamic processcontaining many independent decisionsituations. This behavioral universe can beused as a method of analysis, while trainingsafety-promoting practices and it also addsclarity to understanding why people actviolently.

Models of Ion Channel Density RegulationLiljenstrøm HDept. of Biometry and Engineering,SLU, Uppsala, Sweden

The dynamics of a neural network depends ondensity parameters at (at least) two differentlevels: The subcellular density of ion channelson single neurons, and the density of synapsesat a network level. For the FrankenhauserHuxley (FH) neural model the density ofsodium and potassium channels determine thebehavior of a single neuron when exposed toan external stimulus. The features of the onsetof single neuron oscillations vary qualitativelyamong different regions in the channel densityplane. At a network level the density ofneurons is reflected in the global connectivity.We study the relation between the two densitylevels in a network of oscillatory FH-neuronsby qualitatively distinguishing between threedomains where the mean network activity (1)is spiking, (2) oscillating with envelopedfrequencies, and (3) where it shows burstingactivity, respectively. The global activity canbe shifted between regions by changing, eitherthe density of ion channels at the subcellular

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level, or the connectivity at the network level,suggesting that different underlyingmechanisms can explain similar globalphenomena. Finally, we model a possibleeffect of anaesthesia by blocking specifici n h i b i t o r y i o n c h a n n e l s .

Kinetographic Approach inNeurorehabilitation ResearchMaksakova, Olga and Lukianov, ValeryNeurorehabilitation department, BurdenkoNeurosurgical Institute, [email protected] / [email protected]

New approach for monitoring and assessmentof functional state (FS) of an individualviewed as complex system generatingmechanical response to inner and outerperturbation is presented. Kinetographicmethod is applicable to quantification ofrehabilitation process. Methods: Kinetography,clinical observation, neuropsychologicalassessment. Results: Basic technique used is tomeasure movement of human body total centerof pressure (TCP), or stabilography. The toolworked out is authors updating ofstabilography for sitting position. Individualfunctional condition study is carried out withspecial platform reinforced in adapted chair.Measuring system gives chance to recordsmall (in rest state) and larger (hyperkinesiasor purposeful activity) TCP deviations ofsitting individual in relation to platform center.Taking into account the integral nature of TCPmovement for numerous biomechanicalprocesses of human body and yet peculiarityof signal analysis used the method was definedas kinetography. FS of any individual ascomplex system was axiomatically consideredin terms of energy, entropy and stability. Datareceived in healthy volunteers in twoconditions (awaking with open and close eyes)revealed set of three descriptors for current FSestimation, and transitional coefficients for FStransformation. Conclusion: Kinetographicdata obtained in brain injured patients duringand after rehabilitation merely coincide withclinical observations, yet revealing peculiarfeatures of individual process which suit forelaboration of current rehabilitation activities.

Nonlinear Model of B-Cell ChronicLymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)Martinis. Mladen Rudjer Boskovic Institute,Division of Theoretical [email protected], Branko, Rudjer Boskovic Institute,Division of Molecular [email protected]

Background and Purpose: B-cell chroniclymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)is defined as alym-phopro l i f e ra t ive d i so rde r o fmorphologically mature but immunologicallyless mature lymphocytes and is characterizedby the uncontrolled expansion of a singleclone of B-cells. The disease is oftenaccompanied by immunological abnormalitiesinvolving at the same time B, T, and NK cells.The CLL patients can be divided into twogroups: those with a slow progressing andthose with a fast progressing pathway of thedisease, respectively. A search for specificdifferences in functional activities of bothleukemic B-cells and T-cells which might berelated to a slow or fast progression rate of thedisease is important for the betterunderstanding of the complex CLLpathogenesis. Material and Methods: Wepropose a nonlinear dynamical toy-model tomimic the interaction between the B-cell cloneand the developmentally altered or weakenedT-cells in CLL. The growth rate of these twoactive groups of cells is described by two non-linear first-order cubic differential equationswith three control parameters and a feedbackeffect incorporated. Depending on the relationbetween the control parameters and the initialcount of the B-T cells in the peripheral blood,the future behavior of the B-T system can bepredicted. Results: The quantitative imbalancebetween T-cells in the peripheral blood wasfound to play an important role in modulatingthe CLL clinical evolution. The progressiveexpansion rate of B-cell clone is found to berelated to the total tumor mass (TTM)predictor. The level of T-cells activity in theindividual patient becomes an importantdeterminant and a useful prognostic indicator.Conclusion: Our nonlinear dynamics toy-model qualitatively describes some of theinteresting features of the CLL disease, inparticular, the accuracy of the fast and slowpathways.

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Mixed Duopoly Dynamics with ProductDifferentiationMatsumoto, AkioChuo University, Tokyo, [email protected], MamiAichi-Gakusen University, Tokyo, [email protected]

We extend a nonlinear duopoly model inwhich demand is isoelastic and productioncost is linear by introducing twoheterogeneities; heterogeneity in production(i.e., product differentiation) and heterogeneityin strategy (i.e., price-competition andquantity-competition). Profit-maximizationyields mound-shaped best replay functions.We demonstrate the analytically as well asnumerically principles of the following: (1) ina mixed duopoly market, quantity-competitionis dominant over price-competition in a sensethat profit of a quantity-setter duopolist islarger than profit for a price-setter duopolistwhen an equilibrium is stable; (2) chaoticdynamics can be emerge via period-doublingbifurcation when the equilibrium is unstable;(3) for the quantity-setter, a long-run averageprofit taken along chaotic trajectory can belarger than a profit obtained at a stationarypoint while for the price-setter, a long-runaverage profit becomes negative. The resultsimply that (1) the chaotic market is preferablefor the quantity-setter but harmful for theprice-setter; (2) a birth of monopoly out ofduopoly is explained endogenously because,sooner or latter, the price-setter leaves themarket due to negative profit and then thechaotic duopoly market turns to be a stablemonopoly market.

Emergence of Core Teams in Open SourceCommunitiesMichaelides, George and Kuk, GeorgeNottingham University Business School,University of Nottingham, [email protected]@nottingham.ac.uk

Open Source Software (OSS) communities aretypically organized into a two tier structure ofcore and peripheral developers. Yet, little isknown about the process through which suchstructure manifests. Following the theory ofleadership emergence (Guastello, 1998) wemodel the emergence of core teams using the

rugged landscape self-organization processes(Kaufman 1993) and the cusp catastrophe(Thom, 1975). The data were collected fromtwo mailing lists from the KDE community fora period of two weeks. Social network analysiswas used to quantify (a) the prestige ofdevelopers as the order parameter in the cuspcatastrophe model, (b) the knowledge sharingactivities that developers utilize in theirinteractions as the asymmetry parameter (b)the coordination challenges of developers asthe bifurcation parameter. The results showthat when developers utilize a more diversespectrum of knowledge sharing activities theycan become more prestigious and emerge ascore team members. When they face fewcoordination challenges the process tends to begradual, slow and evolutionary. When theyface many coordination challenges the processis sudden and discontinuous. By providing adynamic account of how structure emerges inOSS communities, this study makes variouscontributions to the extant literature on opensource communities, dynamic systems, andknowledge sharing.

Windows to Brain Complexity UsingElectroencephalographic (EEG) SignalsMicheloyannis, SifisMedical School, University of [email protected]

It is well known that EEG (and MEG) signalsare the expression of interaction of a hugeamount of neurons and their interplay.Complexity of the brain expresses the complexinteractions during each function and betweendifferent functions or self-organization andeffect of one unity to others. It quantifies thenumber of independent variables of a system.The Brain web is a nonlinear system. Themodel of chaotic EEG dynamics is inaccordance to flexibility and rapid reactivitiesof brain networks. Nevertheless, evidence forchaotic EEG dynamics is controversial andinconclusive. Although Chaos in the Brain isno longer a field of research, the studies usingmethods derived from nonlinear dynamics(chaos theory), are proper to study normal orpathological EEG and MEG signals. DifferentEEG frequency bands are known to havediffering functional significance and interplay.Thus, the evaluation of the different bands ismore informative. The nonlinear methods we

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use are: D2, Nonlinear cross prediction (CJ.Stam), Prediction using ANN andSynchronization Likelihood a new methodevalua t ing l inear and nonl inearsynchronization (CJ. Stam). Examples: (A)Deaf people, during reading activate a widerregion of cortex expanded to the temporalcortices. At rest, the signals are more complexon the whole cortex explained as an elevatedreadiness to process the incoming information.(B) Mathematical thinking in normals revealedlocal (almost invisible) activation duringnumber comparison (parietal sulcus activation)and widespread activation during difficultmathematical thinking. Recently, methods ofGraph Theory seem to be promising to studycomplex phenomena such as the NeuralNetworks. There are findings supporting theSmall-World Networks (SWN) architectureand interplay in Brain during the neuronalactivity. Using a software developed by CS.Stam, we evaluated the mathematical thinkingand found that the difficult mathematics showthe SWN organization for low frequencies i.e.frequencies involved in widespreadsynchronization. In another study,undereducated individuals showed more SWNorganization in most EEG bands during 2Back WM in relation to higher education. Theformer group needed more attempt leading tohigher organization. At end, schizophrenicsduring WM showed significantly less SWM inrelation to normals. Thus methods derivedfrom two developing fields i.e. chaos theoryand graph theory are proper to study functionsof the Complex Brain.

Asymptotic Behavior in a Modified Liu'sSystemMolera, Lourdes and Caballero, M. VictoriaUniversidad de Murcia, [email protected] / [email protected]

Over the last forty years, several three-dimensional autonomous dynamical systemswith chaotic attractors have been studied. Thefirst one was the Lorenz’s system (1963),where cross-products in the second and thirdequations introduce the nonlinearity necessaryfor folding trajectories. Other 3D butterfly-shaped chaotic attractors based in cross-products are found by Chen et al. (1999) andL_ et al. (2002). Recently, Liu et al. (2004)have proposed a new nonlinear three-

dimensional system, with a cross-product inthe second equation and a quadratic term inthe third one, exhibiting chaotic dynamics.This paper considers a modified Liu's system,adding a constant in the third equation. Theaim is to study the asymptotic behavior of thesystem depending on the value of thisparameter. It is interesting to notice that thebehavior is not symmetrical for negative andpositive values. We analyze the stability of theequilibrium points and investigate theexistence of different kind of bifurcations(pitchfork, Hopf, period doublingbifurcations). In addition, Lyapunov exponentsare calculated, confirming the results. Finally,we also present some numerical simulationsthat allow visualizing the most interestingsituations.

Living Artifacts Need Chaos for Growing-up?Morgavi, GiovannaIEIIT- National Research [email protected]

Many research works in robotics andautonomous systems are focused on getting anagent to learn to do some task such asrecognizing an object or reaching a specificplace. The task can be learned, but in most ofthese works the robot s task was predefined bythe researcher. The next logical step is toproject an autonomous robot that can dive nunpredictable environments. That means toinvestigate how robots that are capable of`growing up' through experience can bedesigned. Living systems, starting from a pre-structured set of functions, developcompetence to better adapt to the environmentall life long. They present multiple levels oforganization, with elements at one levelinteracting and aggregating to create morecomplex behavior at a higher level. Manyrecent investigations on the spatio-temporalactivity in living being showed the presence offeatures common to the behavior of self-organizing dynamical systems. Thus aquestion arises: is this chaos useful forgrowing up? In this paper we present anddiscuss that question, and we try to give someindication for a possible answer, with the aimof defining the basic features of a behavioralkernel for growing up artifacts.

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The Space-Time Model of Natural SystemConditions AppraisalMusikhina ElenaIrkutsk State TechnicalUniversity, Irkutsk, [email protected]

Traditionally, when appraising the damage to anatural system caused by external influencesonly geometrical properties of time are takeninto account. Physical properties, such as timepace and time density, are never account for.Time pace and time density were theoreticallyfounded and experimentally proved byastrophysicist Kozyrev Nikolai (1971). Basedon Nikolai discoveries, the space-time modelof appraising ecologic and economical damageto the environment caused by externalinfluences was worked out. In our model, timeis considered to be structured according withsynergetic views. The model acceptsnonlinearity of system’s time and allowsappraising the rate of influence on differenthierarchical levels of the system. This allowsthe more adequate appraisal of the naturalsystem condition and helps to predict the pointof transition of the quantitative changes intoqualitative. The universal formula ofappraising the damage on any level of thenatural system, including the whole planet, isdeduced and can be applied in conditions ofboth single and complex external influence.

Simple Nonlinear Models that ProduceLatent Emergent Order: Implications forConsciousnessPavloski, RaymondPsychology, IndianaUniversity of Pennsylvania, [email protected]

According to the theory of Primary MentalModels (Pavloski, 2005a,b) qualities ofexperience are expressions of global order in amental space of relations that emerges fromcertain types of neural interactions. Buildingon earlier work (Pavloski, 2005b), this paperdescribes two nonlinear models that have beendeveloped to understand further the propertiesof such spaces, their relationship to neuralactivities, and their detection from outside thesystem. The attractor dynamics of the modelsare governed by virtual interactions betweenthe relations of activities within clusters ofneurons. Every relation is produced by many

specific patterns of neural activity, so theglobal order is latent (i.e., not expressed bystate vectors of neural activities). Althoughlatent order depends on interactions ofrelations, it is determined by the nature of theneural interactions and is therefore a definiteglobal physical property of the system. Thefirst model developed (Pavloski, 2005b) is anadaptation of the Ising model of aferromagnet. Binary neurons with states ±1combine the outputs of neurons within eachcluster multiplicatively rather than additively,as they do in attractor neural network models.The dynamics of the model reduce an energythat depends on alignment of products ratherthan on alignment of states of elements.Simulations confirm that global order emergesat a critical noise level, and that this order isnot evident in the space defined by neuralactivities. The model has therefore beentermed a virtual Ising model. Twogeneralizations of this model are reported.First, it is easily generalized to a virtualHopfield network that produces patterns ofproducts rather than patterns of states ofelements. An energy function is derived andminimized when specific patterns of productsof activities within clusters are present.Simulations demonstrate that this networkstores and retrieves latent patterns of relationsjust as the Hopfield network stores andretrieves manifest patterns of neural activity.Furthermore, the virtual network showsinterference effects among latent patterns, andis influenced by external inputs at the level ofthe latent patterns. The second modelgeneralizes products to arbitrary relationshipsbetween elements comprising clusters. Thiscan be done using feed forward networks withhidden layers. Neural interactions producevirtual interactions between these arbitrary setsof relationships. An energy function is derivedand minimized when each cluster expresses aparticular relationship. Simulations confirmthat global order is produced and is not evidentin the state space of neuron activities. Inconclusion, both models exploit equivalencesof the formal expressions for energy whenabstract relational states are substituted forstates of neurons. This equivalence shows thatthe corresponding network demonstratesbehavior in a space of relations thatcorresponds to the behavior of a typicalattractor network in the state space of activitiesof elements. Although the two models

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presented here are extremely simple, they areuseful for studying aspects of the theoreticalconstruct of latent order. Implications for thedevelopment of more realistic models andtheir potential use in the analysis of actualneural data are discussed.

Oscillations, Chaos and Noise in PeripheralSensory Receptors and Neural Networks.Postnova, Svetlana; Schneider, Horst andBraun, HansInstitute of Physiology,University of Marburg

Electrophysiological recordings in the centraland peripheral nervous system have shownthat neurons can generate a fascinating arrayof different impulse patterns which includeregular and irregular single-spike discharges,burst activity and also chaotic dynamics. Wehave developed computer models of theHodgkin-Huxley type which, in addition to thespike-generat ing currents , possesssubthreshold currents. The subthresholdcurrents activate at lower membrane potentialsand have slower time-constant which can giverise to subthreshold oscillations. Oursimulations and nonlinear data analysiselucidated that complex interactions betweenthe oscillatory and spike-generatingsubsystem, with additions of noise, providesthe basis for a most flexible pattern generator(Braun et al., Biosystems 71: 39-50, 2003;Sosnovtseva et al. FNL 4: L521-L533, 2004).The model neuron can be tuned through alltypes of patterns with physiologicallyplausible parameter scaling. This goes frompacemaker-like tonic firing via chaos to burstdischarges and back to single-spike dischargesagain, which are riding on subthresholdoscillations. Moreover, the model can easilybe adapted to account for specific processes ofneural encoding and neuromodulationincluding experimental ly observedsensitisation phenomena in peripheralnociceptors. Our simulations also demonstratethat the internal dynamics of such neurons canhave significant impact on the activity patternsand synchronization phenomena in neuralnetworks especially at the transitions betweentonic, chaotic and burst activity which are ofparticular relevance for diverse physiologicaland pathophysiologal processes (Postnova etal. Biosystems, in rev.). Supported by theEuropean Union through the Network of

Excellence BioSim, Contract No. LSHB-CT-2004-005137

Towards Self-Organizing EconomyPugacheva, Elena and Solovienko,KonstantinIrkutsk State University, RussiaKiev University of Economics andManagement, [email protected]/ [email protected]

Self-organizing economy is considered as analternative to centralized one. The experienceof Russian economy is analyzed in the light ofsynergetics. Over the last two decades Russiahas passed a great variety of dynamic states:order, crises, chaos, deep chaos, and edge ofchaos. The current state of Russian economycould be described as stability that includesinstabilities. The traditional way of economicinvestigation lies in the searching for theinterdependence between main economicindicators (inflation, rate of economic growth,budget deficit, export, import, etc.). In theframework of synergetic approach thetransition from one state to another is analyzedas the development of complex adaptivesystems. From this point of view the mainattention is devoted to determination of controlparameters, dominate adaptive strategies,principles of management, and variants ofeconomic development. The strategies thatblock natural tendency of self-organization arealso discussed. Four basic types ofmanagement given by Charles Handy (roleculture, task culture, power culture, starculture), are added by anarchy culture. Theresistance of this type of culture to chaos, tonatural ability to change by self-organizationis demonstrated. This research sheds light onthe processes of economic development andmechanisms underlying the socio-economictransformations.

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Patterns of Nonverbal Interaction inPsychotherapyRamseyer, Fabian and Tschacher, WolfgangUniversity Psychiatric Services Bern(UPD), [email protected]@spk.unibe.chs

Synchrony is a universal concept in nonlinearsystems science. Synchronization phenomenahave been conceptualized as importantfeatures of successful psychotherapy dyads.Aims: Various characteristics of nonverbalbehavior in dyadic psychotherapies wereanalyzed in a sample of videotapedpsychotherapy sessions in order to explorebehavioral synchrony. Inclusion criteriaembraced both patients reported quality of thetherapeutic bond and multiple ratings byindependent observers. Methods: Nonverbalanalysis focused on movement patterns ofclient and therapist during the course ofselected sessions. The raw data consisted ofvideo-sequences recorded by two cameraswhose signals were joined to a split-screen.This technique yielded a full-length portrait ofboth subjects. Target areas for motiondetection were the subjects head and trunk.Data collection was accomplished by motionenergy analysis carried out by a fullyautomated frame-by-frame examination of thesequences resulting in basic descriptors ofeach subject s individual movement patterns.Additionally, time series of the temporal flowof motion energy were compared and signs ofsimultaneous and time-lagged movementswere being automatically detected. Results:Findings showed that synchronized nonverbalbehavior occurred independently of the qualityof the therapeutic bond. Features of synchronyseemed to be nonlinearly associated withpatients' interpersonal styles. The comparisonof observer ratings and movement patternsshowed interesting relationships requiringfurther investigation. Conclusions: Theexploratory analysis of the selected therapysessions (N=20) indicated that the chosenmethodology is a feasible approach to studyvideotaped psychotherapies

Nonlinear Perceptual Learning Dynamicsin Visual SearchRenaud, Patrice, Albert, Guillaume, Chartier,Sylvain, Renaud, Lise, Sauve, Louise andBouchard Stephanie,UQO/IPPM/Hexagram, Department ofpsychology, T_LUQ, UQAM,Gatineau, Quebec, [email protected]

Perceptual learning is an increase in the abilityto extract information from the environment,as a result of experience and practice withstimulation coming from it (Gibson, 1969;Kellman, 2002). From this theoreticaldefinition, it seems possible to assessperceptual learning by tracking motorbehaviors involved in visual perception inorder to detect changes in the dynamics of thelatter during a learning process. Aims andFramework: Our main goal is to develop anobjective index of perceptual learningdynamics that would be based on head and eyemovements and that could be used in virtualreality environments. Methods and Samples: Asmall sample (N=11) of subjects wereimmersed in virtual reality environments toexecute visual search tasks while their eyemovements were tracked from a head mounteddisplay combined with an infrared eye-tracking device. Learning level was controlledby varying the amount of time allowed tosubjects to get acquainted with virtualenvironments before visual search was done.Gaze behavior, as it relates to the geometry ofthe searched virtual objects, was recorded(Duchowski et al., 2003; Renaud et al., 2002,2003) and correlation dimension analysis wasdone on the time-series resulting from thisrecording. Results: First, from correlationdimension analyses and surrogate data tests, itappears that gaze behavior dynamics isnonlinear, fractal and distinct from noise.Second, visual search performance (i.e. thenumber of true detections) is highly correlatedwith the value of correlation dimensions.Finally, fractal dimensionality in this caseseems to be modulated by learning. Conclusion and implication: These resultspoint toward the possibility of an objectiveindex of perceptual learning dynamics invisual search that would reflect thenonlinearity of the perceptual invarianceextraction process.

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Assessment of Embedding Dimension andSensitivity to Initial Conditions Based onStatistical Tests.Rifa-Ros, Xavier and Viader-Junyen, ManelDepartment of Methodology for theBehavioral Sciences, University of Barcelona,[email protected]; [email protected]

Nonlinear forecasting of Time Series can beused to estimate Embedding Dimension (ED)and to assess Sensitivity to Initial Conditions(SIC) (Sugihara and May, 1990). We canmake these analyses using Artificial NeuralNetworks (Rifa-Ros and Viader-Junyent,2000). On both cases decision-making is basedon the observation of graphs. We havedeveloped a method that allows us to makedecisions based on statistical tests. We haveperformed the forecasts using feed forwardArtificial Neuronal Networks. Two simulationexperiments have been designed to estimatethe ED and to assess SIC. In the firstexperiment, the independent variable is thenumber of components of the reconstructedattractor and the dependent variable is thecorrelation between forecasting estimates andthe original series. For the estimation of theED we have to look for an invariant usingHelmert contrasts. In the second experiment,the independent variable is the number ofiterations of the forecasting and the dependentvariable is just as in the first experiment. Inorder to assess the presence of SIC it isnecessary to contrast if there are significantdifferences in correlation decay between thedifferent consecutive iterations. Ten sampleshave been used in both simulation experimentsfor each ten conditions. The ED estimatedwith this method is ED= and Presence of SIChas been found too, so we have achieved ourobjectives. One inconvenience found is theamount of computational resources needed. Itwill be necessary in the future to contrast ifthis method can be useful for the analysis ofpsychological time series.

Subjective Expectations of Financial Series:Comparative Evidence from Germany andJapanRötheli, Tobias F.Department of Economics,University of Erfurt, [email protected]

We experimentally explore how subjectsextrapolate different stylized patterns infinancial time series like stock prices orexchange rates. The study identifies thepatterns in the recent past of a series whichlead decision makers (i) to anticipate large orsmall future changes in a series, (ii) to makesimilar or widely differing assessments of thefuture course of a series, (iii) to make more orless correct judgments of the averageassessment of all participants, and (iv) to bemore or less confident about their ownforecasts. The experiment which is the basis ofthese assessments was conducted both inGermany as well as in Japan and the resultsprovide an interesting comparison ofsimilarities and differences of forecastingstyles relevant for asset pricing.

On the Edge of Psychosis?Setala, Maija-LeenaFinnish Institute of Occupational Health,Tampere, [email protected]

Thirteen years ago, I analyzed theorganizational change-taking place at thattime. Unfortunately the conclusion drawn inthat study, that mania within organizations anddepression among personnel would increase,has come true. During the symposium, I wouldlike to ask the symposium participants to usereflection and association to (1) consider whatorganizational phenomenon is currentlyunderway and what the concepts of the non-linear change represent, (2) predict in whatdirection the phenomenon will continue todevelop, and (3) consider how the manicdevelopment of organizations such as the onesdescribed can be influenced. A summary ofthe example to be used for this purposefollows. Organizations have reacted externallyand internally to demands for change by, forexample, initiating various developmentprojects. The cultures of public organizationshave, as cultures in general, interpreted thenew and foreign influences in their own

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traditional manner that effectively repelsoutside influences and retains their ownculture untouched, the new being partiallymerged with the old. Management by results isa good example of a cultural product borrowedfrom the private sector. Public organizationshave used consultants to help them learn a newand foreign cultural language: results, keyresults, results area, results unit, resultsbudget, results manager, and the like.Although the terms have been rather welllearned, has the new culture behind the termsaccompanied them? Sometimes the philosophyof management by results is adopted by publicinstitutions but remains harmless. A lot offorms are filled out, but, in practice, nothingchanges. In other words, issues and changesare made on paper and in working groups, butthey have no connection to daily work life orthe practical aspects of the organization. Interms of the organizations' regulations, the"real work" is paperwork, and the so-calledclient-oriented tasks are "non-work", done outof necessity. At other times results bymanagement has even strengthened theorganizations' regulation culture. Thenmanagement by results - which originally hadadministrative reduction as a major objective -has led to administrative expansion and thestrengthening of its hold, the result being evenmore bureaucracy. In both cases, work hastaken a step even farther away from the realworld into a paper-filled abstract world. Atworst, regulated organizations become driveninto a manic-depressive psychosis. Theadministrative machine functions faster andrequires ever more manic actions from itsemployees. The more enthusiastic andefficient the functioning of the administrationbecomes, the more depressed the employees’feel. What can be used to treat anorganization's manic-depressive psychosis, adisease that is predicted to become even moreprevalent? If an organization recognizes a needfor help, then its administration, management,and employees must first be directly treated.Then treatment must focus on reawakening thespirit of the organization and helping theorganization face reality. This process canonly take place through animate interchangeand discussion between the people involved -no matter how foreign and difficult it is forthose who have grown up in a regulativeculture

Study of Fractal Patterns Feedback as anElement of Making on Identity for City inthe IranSohrabi, Younes MUniversity of Yazd,Yazd, [email protected], Narciss M.University Esfahan,Iran

Mathematics and geometry were considered asa powerful tool for analyzing circumstances,comparison of situations and designing forarchitecture and urban construction whichwere regarded as the builder of public andprivate legible and, having identity spaces.The life of all live systems has a fractalpattern, it is the same for cities with all theirspaces, and this structural relationship may beobserved. This work is concerned with thefollowing three issues:-Recognition of fractalpatterns and complicated relationship withurban phenomenon; -Relationship betweensomatic and structural identity in urban spaceswith fractal pattern; and-The pattern’scorrelation with urban spaces andreconstruction of urban spaces.

A New Method to Study DNA Sequences:The Languages pf EvolutionSpinelli, GinoUniversity of Bari, Department of PathologicAnatomy and of Genetics, Genetic SectorMayer-Foulkes, DavidDivisión de Economía, Centro deInvestigación y Docencia Econó[email protected]

In the last years several authors have reportedthe finding of deterministic dynamics in theflux of genetic information. Such dynamicssuggest that evolution occurs with theemergence and maintenance of a fractallandscape in DNA chains. In this work weexamine the idea that the repetition of motifslies at the origin of these statistical propertiesof DNA. To analyze such dynamics ofrepetition we apply a modification of the BDSstatistic, a method borrowed from economicstatistics, and we adapt it to DNA sequenceanalysis. We compare the statistical propertiesof naturally occurring sequences along theevolutionary tree with simulated randomlygenerated sequences and also simulatedsequences with repetition motifs. We provide anew method to analyze DNA information,

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which is able to search for a structured signalin genetic information. To better understandthe graphic results, we also define a newstatistic for a DNA sequence. On the basis of amathematical interpretation of repetitionpatterns, a specific fingerprint of DNAsequences is proposed. With this new methodwe study the statistical properties of exon andintron DNA sequences finding specificstatistical differences. Moreover, by analyzingDNA sequences of different species fromBacteria to Man, we estimate the evolution ofthese linguistic DNA features along theevolutionary tree. The results are consistentwith the idea that the flux of DNA informationis not random, but that it is formed by patternsof repetitions along the evolutionary tree. Theimplications for evolutionary theory will bediscussed.

The Nonlinear Dynamical Hypothesis inScience Education Problem Solving: ACatastrophe Theory ApproachStamovlasis, DimitriosEducation Research Center,Ministry of Education, Athens, [email protected]

The current study tests the nonlineardynamical hypothesis in science educationproblem solving by applying catastrophetheory. Within the neo-Piagetian framework acusp catastrophe model is proposed, whichaccounts for discontinuities in students’performance as a function of two controls: thefunctional M-capacity as asymmetry and thedegree of field dependence/independence asbifurcation. The two controls have functionalrelation with two opponent processes, theprocessing of relevant information and theinhibitory process of disembedding irrelevantinformation respectively. Data fromachievement scores of freshmen at atechnological college, were measured at twopoints in time, and were analyzed usingdynamic difference equations and statisticalregression techniques. The cusp catastrophemodel proved superior comparing to the pre-post linear counterparts. Besides the empiricalevidence, theoretical analyses are provided,which attempt to build bridges between NDS-theory concepts and science educationproblem solving and to neo-Piagetian theoriesas well. This study sets a framework for theapplication of catastrophe theory in education.

Chaotic and Pseudo-chaotic Systems:Simulations and ImplementationStork, Milan and Hrusak, JosefDepartment of Applied Electronics andTelecommunicationsMayer, DanielDepartment of Theory of ElectricalEngineeringUniversity of West Bohemia,Plzen, Czech [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]

Almost in any field of science and technologysome sort of stability problem can appear.Instability and chaos are certainly the mostimportant phenomena which should be treatedbefore any other aspect of reality will beattacked. Hence, it is not very surprising that abroad variety of approaches to the problem ofstability, instability. and analysis of chaoticphenomena exists. Many of the most populartechniques in the field of stability and chaosare in a certain sense related to the work of A.M. Lyapunov. For instance the well knownLyapunov exponents in chaos theory orLyapunov functions in stability theory can bementioned as typical examples which seem tobe energy oriented. Tellegen’s theorem is oneof the well known and appropriate forms ofenergy conservation statement in the field ofelectrical engineering. The most importantfeature of Tellegen’s approach is the fact thatthe energy conservation principle holdswithout any regard to physical nature ofconstituent network elements. This is the keyidea of the proposed approach to problems ofstability, dissipativity, and chaos. Certainly,any realizable system has to fulfill somecausality and energy conservationrequirements. Recall that existence of anabstract state space representation is necessaryfor a system to be causal. On the other hand,causality does not imply energy conservation.In the paper basic concepts concerningdissipativity, conservativity, state minimality,internal stability, instability and chaos areexamined from a unified structural point ofview. Both the linear as well as non-linearstate-output system representations arediscussed.

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Modeling the Neurobiology ofSchizophrenia: Present Status andPerspectivesTretter, FelixState mental Hospital, Department ofAddiction, Haar, [email protected]

Schizophrenia is a very complex with regardto the symptomatology, the time course, andthe aetiology. Nevertheless, neuropsychiatryhas therapeutic success by dopamine D2r e c e p t o r b l o c k i n g m e d i c a t i o n s .Neurobiological research is focusing ontomesocortical hypoactivity of D1 receptor-based, and mesolimbical hyperactivity of D2receptor-based dopaminergic transmission.Basically, the neurocircuitry models proposedby Nobel price winner Arvid Carlsson are usedas a framework to explain positive symptoms(e.g. hallucinations, delusions) and negativesymptoms (e.g. withdrawal on a qualitativelevel (comp. Carlsson et al. 1999). Still nearlyno mathematical descriptions and analyses ofthose circuits were developed, probablybecause they are to complex. However,mathematical models in the form of artificialneural networks were applied to simulvateacoustic hallucinations showing that intensepruning (loss of synapses) inadolescence could be the cause ofspontaneous production of worddetection (Hoffman & Hawkins1989). Lately, the neurobiologicaldata of prefrontal microcircuitswere integrated in network modelswhich use biophysically basedneurons to explain deficiencies inworking memory tasks as they are seen inschizophrenia (Wang et al. 2004). Thosemodels show the relevance of localdisinhibitory feedback loops for persistence ofneuronal discharge and resistance to destructorstimuli. Now the influence of dopamine can bet e s t ed , howeve r mode l i ng t hedopamine synapse is another challenge in thisnew field of computational neuroscience.

The Ecology of Education and OurBiological Heritage: How Dynamics CanGet Us Back to the FutureTorre, Carlos A.Southern Connecticut State University& Yale [email protected]

The concept of “ecology” serves as an organicmodel (and metaphor) for studying andexplaining complex educational processes aswell as for predicting possible trajectories andoutcomes of these processes. Underlying thisecological approach is the assertion thathuman nature is amiss with life in schoolsbecause these are, often, artificialenvironments that run counter to our geneticmake up. Findings in History; Psychology;Anthropology; Biology; Ecology; and otherdisciplines corroborate that our biologicalheritage is essentially that of pre-agricultural,pre-industrial revolution humans who lived insmall, interdependent, egalitarian bands/clans.Consequently, we do poorly in large formalbureaucratic hierarchies with one-wayimpersonal communication, information anddecision-making denied the majority, andcogs-like behavior so common to schools andschool systems. To be effective, pertinent, and

efficient, schools need to addressour biological heritage: small,band-like collaborative groups;personal recognition, respect,acknowledgement as important;opportunities to feel trustworthyand that we can count on others,know what's going on, have a sayin important decisions, and

influence over our own learning process;occasion to belong and feel part of somethinguseful and significant; etc. In combination, theNonlinear Sciences (human, physical, and lifesciences) can help us get back to(reclaim/understand) our biological past aswell as create educational processescompatible with our genetic make-up and thecomplex realities of our agricultural-industrialworld. I’ll discuss how fractal geometry, self-organization and complexity theories, andother Nonlinear Sciences can help us perceiveeducation in more organic ways conducive toaccomplishing these goals.

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Economics, Politics, Econometrics ForeignAid and Democratization, Evidence from anonlinear Multinomial Logit ModelVlachaki, Irene and Kalyvitis, SarantisDepartment of International and EuropeanEconomic Studies, Athens University ofEconomics and [email protected] / [email protected]

The promotion of democracy has emerged as amajor objective of aid in recipient countries(Barro, 1999; Przeworski et al., 2000; Epsteinet al., 2004). Aims and Framework: We adoptan econometric approach to investigate anypotential political effect of foreign aid flows inrecipient countries. The assessment of theempirical impact of aid on democracy hasbeen confined to the effect of total aid flows,which has been found insignificant. Moreoverin these studies it is implied that the causallinkages of political regime with variouseconomic and non-economic variables can bedescribed in a context of simple linearrelationships ignoring the fact democratizationis often documented to occur globally ininfrequent but massive waves. Anotherdrawback of previous empirical studies is thathave largely relied on cross-section analysiswhich is subject to several statisticaldrawbacks, such as limited robustness in thepresence of nonlinearit ies, modelmisspecification, co-linearity of explanatoryvariables, simultaneity bias, and parameterheterogeneity. We extend this literature in atwofold manner. First, we use a discreteresponse nonlinear approach in a probabilisticframework that is better suited to capture thenonlinear behavior of democratictransitions. Second, we identify the impact ofan important determinant of democracy,namely democratic aid, which has increasedsubstantially in the recent years as a tool topromote democracy in aid-recipientcountries. Methods and Samples: We classify61 aid-recipient countries according to theirprevalent political regime into three broadclasses (termed non-free, partly free, and free)following their Freedom House political statusratings over the 1972-2004 period. We thenuse a large set of lagged exogenous variables,including political, economic, social, and otherfactors, to control for the impact of othervariables on the political regime of recipientcountries. Results: The main results of thepaper can be summarized as follows. First, we

do not find any evidence that the probability acountry demonstrates democratic transitiondepends on the level of total foreign aid. Incontrast, we find that democracy aid flowsexert a statistically significant positive impacton the likelihood of democratic transition.Conclusions: Given the lack of any democraticimpact of total aid disbursements and thestrength of the assessed positive impact ofdemocracy aid, a by-product of our analysis isthat other aid categories may have operatedadversely on the democratization ofrecipients. Implications: Our findings indicatethat general-purpose assistance ordevelopment aid does not affect thedemocratization of recipients; in contrast, theresults highlight the essential role ofdemocracy aid projects in promoting thedemocratic transition of recipient countries.

Fractal Time in Cognitive ProcessesVrobel, SusieThe Institute for Fractal Research,Kassel, [email protected]

The way an observer perceives the world isdeeply rooted in the structure of thisobserver’s interface with the outside world [1].In order to account for cognitive performancessuch as the generation of succession andsimultaneity, the internal organization andcomplexity of the world/observer interface isassumed to display a fractal structure [2]. Thefractal structure is the result of repeatednestings of temporal intervals into the windowof the present, the Now. This iterativeembedding process shapes the world/observerinterface by increasing its complexity withevery new nesting of temporal intervals. It isshown that we must assume simultaneity tologically precede succession in order toexplain the structures of our temporalinterfaces. This assumption is supported byexperimental data on the subjectively varyingtemporal extensions perceived by differentobserver types. Against the background of myTheory of Fractal Time, which differentiatesbetween Δtlength (successive events), Δtdepth

(simultaneous events) and Δtdensity (the fractaldimension of time, a derivative of Δtlength andΔtdepth), such observer types are defined [3].The fractal structure of our temporal interfacesmay result in both complexification and

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decomplexification of our perceptions. Thestructure of our interface realities, i.e. ourperceived temporal extensions, may thus bemodified by adjusting existing relations ofinside/outside simultaneity. This would inducean entrainment process, in which theobserver’s internal temporal structure isenslaved by the embedding one or (vice-versa)makes the outer structure lock into the internaldynamics of the observer.

Chaos Theory, Change, and the Process ofPsychotherapyWeinberg, RitaNational-Louis University, WheelingIllinois, [email protected]

Both chaos theory and psychotherapy dealwith the process of change. Change is aconstant in any system. In dynamical systemschange can occur at different rates. We look atthree questions in this paper. How does changeoccur? What facilitates the process? What areoutcomes or goals of this process inpsychotherapy? Is the therapist a fixed orstrange attractor who draws the client intodissipating a system of patterns and habits andinto building a new and more complexsystem? Chaos theory clarifies what happensin non-linear systems. This applies topsychotherapy where change is the goal.Clients come into treatment because ofproblems they are unable to resolve or becauseof strong emotional states, which aremaladaptive. The process of undergoingpsychotherapy de-stabilizes the existingsystem to re-organize into a new moreadaptive and balanced system. Bifurcationoccurs very quickly when the controlparameter is accessed, or increased. Energyseeks to flow as fast as possible and structuredflow moves energy faster as increased levelsof ordered complexity are achieved andchange is expedited. We discuss how it occurs,when it occurs, internal/external factors,outcomes. This paper will also examinechanges in patterns, which occur as improvedmental health in a re-organized system isachieved via therapy. Implications: This paperexamines chaos theory, the nature and pace ofthe change process in dynamical systems in acontext of psychotherapy.

A Complexity Analysis of BorderlinePersonality DisorderWitten, TarynnCenter for the Study of Biological Complexity,Richmond, Virginia, [email protected]

Borderline Personality Disorder (BDP, DSMIV-TR 301.83) is described as a pervasiveinstability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects and marked impulsivitybeginning by early adulthood and present in avariety of contexts as indicated by five ormore of nine criteria (see DSM IV-TR, pg.710). “There is considerable variability in thecourse of BDP. The most common pattern isone of chronic instability in early adulthoodwith episodes of serious affective and8impulsive discontrol and high levels of use ofhealth and mental health resources … Duringtheir 30’s and 40’s, the majority of individualswith this disorder attain greater stability intheir relationships and vocational functioning… (DMS IV-TR, pg. 711-712).” Individualsdealing with Borderline Personality Disorderissues frequently demonstrate oscillatory-likebehavioral dynamics in which, for a period oftime, they will appear to exhibit “negative”behaviors and then, at some unpredictablepoint, they will appear to alter their behaviorsuch that it appears to exhibit more “positive”behaviors. The unpredictability of theswitching between two apparent behavioralpseudo steady-states suggests that BDB couldbe viewed within the framework of chaoticdynamics as a strange attractor. This alsosuggests that perhaps nonlinear complexityanalysis methods might be applicable to boththe understanding of and the potentialclassification/prediction of BorderlinePersonality Disorder Dynamics. In thispresentation, we examine the construct of BDPfrom a complexity theoretic approach. Wedemonstrate different algorithms for encoding“borderline” behavior patterns, focusing onsymbolic encoding in order to make use ofsymbolic dynamics as a means ofunderstanding, potentially predicting, andhopefully classifying Borderline PersonalityDisorder client behaviors. We employmeasures of complexity to analyze thestatistics of the symbols and discuss theimportance of random (stochastic) nonlinearerror catastrophe and stochastic resonance.

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Nonlinear Stochastic Modeling ofMultiscale Parasitic Behavior - HandlingChagas’ DiseaseWitten, Tarynn and Chaplin, MichaelCenter for the Study of Biological Complexity,Richmond, Virginia, [email protected]; [email protected]

Infectious diseases, in spite of antibiotic andother treatments, remain one of the biggestmedical problems to date. The overall problemof understanding host-parasite dynamics isextremely important, as it is intrinsic to thestudy of infection at all organismal scales.Many examples of such host-parasite systemsexist, with debilitating and/or fatalconsequences for humans all over the planet;malaria, schistosomiasis, and Chagas’ Diseasefor example. Epidemiologically, it is estimatedthat around 2 billion people are estimated toharbor STH and schistosomiasis worms.Morbidity estimates are that 300 millionindividuals are severely ill with worms, ofwhich 50% are school-age children. Mortalityestimates, for Africa alone, find that the deathtoll due to schistosomiasis may be as high as200,000 per year. Despite recent advances inthe control of Chagas’ Disease,millions of Latin Americans andnumerous US citizens remain atrisk for infection with the T. cruziparasite, the causal agent inChagas’ Disease. In terms ofdisability adjusted life years,Chagas’ Disease is globally rankedbehind only malaria andschistosomiasis as the most serious parasiticdiseases worldwide. Twelve species oftriatomines are known to occur in the UnitedStates, the most important being Triatomasanguisuga in the eastern United States,Triatoma gerstaeckeri in the region of Texasand New Mexico, and Triatoma rubida andTriatoma protracta in Arizona and California.Because of its complex life-cycle, T. cruziprovides one of the most fascinating andcomplex, yet sophisticated initial modelsystems for investigation. Americantrypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is aprotozoan zoonotic disease caused by thehaemoflagellate Trypanosoma cruzi, and istransmitted to humans either by blood-suckingtriatomine vectors, blood transfusion orcongenital transmission. This parasite infectsover 150 species from 24 families of domestic

and wild mammals, as well as humans. In thevertebrate host, T. cruzi infects many differentcells, but in the human host, the disease isconspicuously limited to the myocardium andto gut nerve fibers. Chagas’ disease is presentin 18 countries on the American continent intwo different ecological zones. Country-widecross-sectional surveys in the 1980s found anoverall prevalence of 17 million cases, with4.8–5.4 million people exhibiting clinicalsymptoms, an annual incidence of 700,000-800,000 new cases and 45,000 deaths due tothe cardiac form of the disease. Other studiesindicate an infection prevalence of 13 million,with 3.0–3.3 million symptomatic cases and anannual incidence of 200,000 cases in 15countries, with estimates of death around50,000 people. Despite nearly 100 years ofresearch on the T. cruzi parasite, we stillunderstand very little about its dynamics.Possible outcomes are infection with nosymptomology, Chagasian cardiomyopathy(which is frequently fatal), or megasyndromes(which primarily affect the digestive tract, areuntreatable, and fatal). In this presentation weexamine the use of high performancecomputational modeling as a means of

addressing this large class ofresearch problem. Highperformance computers havebeen around since the earliestgenerations of the Cray, ETA10,Connection Machine and manyothers. However, with the newadvances in grid computing, thenew generation of the internet

and of software/hardware capabilities coupledwith the lambda rail and the teragrid, it is nowpossible to envision the use of HPCenvironments coupled in a way that creates,what we have chosen to call “an in silicolaboratory.” Such an environment provides acomputer-based laboratory to study host-parasite dynamics in ways that are not readilyamenable to in vivo/in vitro laboratoryresearch. In this presentation, which requiresno biological background, we will examine thedevelopment and visualization of a large-scale“in silico” laboratory environment to modelhost-parasite dynamics that focuses onunderstanding Chagas’ disease. This project iscalled the Virtual Parasite Project.

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Complex Dynamics of Socio-NaturalSystemYegorov, YuriInstitute for Advanced Studies, Vienna,[email protected]

While non-linear dynamic systems have beenproved to be a proper tool of modeling inphysics, their application in social sciences isstill very limited. The interaction betweensocial and natural phenomena clearly escapesrationality trap, as nature cannot be rational.But very often low-dimensional systems canboth represent an interesting dynamics andallow for some analytical tractability alongwith numerical robustness of results. Here twothree-dimensional models of such type will bepresented. The question about sustainability ofeconomic growth under limited naturalresources does not have a unique answer. Thefirst model focuses on interaction betweeneconomics and nature and shows thatMalthusian and neoclassical concepts canrepresent two extreme cases of more complexdynamical system, which is governed only bythree non-linear differential equations forpopulation, natural resources and technology.The system is derived using quite standardrelationships, but taking part of them fromeconomics and other part from biology. Thesecond model is about the link betweenurbanization and demographic transition.While more than three economic and socialvariables are used initially, the dynamics isgoverned by the system of three differentialequations for capital, total population and ruralpopulation. While the first model predicts apossibility of a catastrophe after a period ofalmost exponential growth, in the secondmodel population stabilization can take placedue to low fertility in urban areas.

Ising Model of SocietyYegorov, YuriInstitute for Advanced Studies,Vienna, [email protected]

Ising model is well known in physics, andGlaeser, Sacerdote and Scheinkman (1996)have used it to explain the spread ofcriminality. Earlier, T. Shelling (1971)explained segregation using two-dimensionalgrid with local interaction. In the most of

neoclassical economic models agents interactonly through markets. This limits the class ofinteraction mechanisms and does not allow forexplaining all socio-economic phenomena.Local interaction represents an alternativeorder-generating principle. In the presentarticle, the Ising model is used to demonstratethe emergence of spatial clusters due to localinteraction. The presence of external field isanother model extension. It changes theaverage preferences or actions in the society.Being combined with local interaction, itproduces a stronger effect, resulting in a kingof ``social magnetization' ' . Suchthermodynamic concepts as temperature andpressure have their analogies in socio-economic models. Temperature is proportionalto kinetic energy, which has an analogy withincome of agents; higher income gives highervariety of choices and mobility in actions. Onthe other hand, pressure can be treated asexternal field that limits this freedom. Thestandard neoclassical economic model is about``gas society'', with relatively high temperatureand low pressure. Local interaction makes thissociety more liquid, and we observe someclusters of neighboring agents who also havesimilar actions. High external field (pressure)and a low income can lead to solid state (orcrystal), where agents have low mobility andfew choices in actions.

Critical, Subcritical, and SupercriticalStates in the BrainYevin, Igor and Yevina, AnnaMechanical Engineering Institute, RussianAcademy of Sciences, [email protected]

Many researchers argue that the brain as acomplex system operates strongly at thecritical point. For instance, Per Bak wrote inhis book [1]: "The input signal must be able toaccess everything that is stored in the brain, sothe system cannot be subcritical, in which casethere would be access to only a small, limitedpart of information. Grains dropped on asubcritical sandpile can only communicatelocally by means of avalanches. The braincannot be supercritical either, because thenany input would cause an explosive branchingprocess within the brain, and connect inputwith essentially everything that is stored in thebrain. Hence, the brain must operate at thecritical state where the information is just

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barely able to propagate." This paper aims toshow that actually both subcritical andsupercritical states also exist in the brain andall three states have clear psychologicalmeaning. Subcritical state we associate withsubconsciousness, the critical state – withconsciousness, and supercriticality – withcreativity, which sometimes also callsuperconsciousness. Realization of these statesdepends on the branching parameter _ [2]. Thegeneral ensemble firing of neurons isclassified as subcritical (_ <1) if one neuronfiring leads, on the average, to less oneadditional neuron firing, critical (_ =1) if onefiring leads to another firing, or supercritical(_ >1) if a firing leads to two or more neuronsfiring. In this regard, neural cells triggeringeach other are somewhat like chain reactionsin a nuclear reactor. We relate the branchingparameter with degree of subdivision gintroduced by Y. Bar-Yam for neural attractornetwork models [3]. For g=0 (which meansalso low average number of neurons activatedby one neuron) we have completelysubdivided network and this case it is naturallyto relate with subconsciousness. We supposethat for 0<g≤ C<1 consciousness and differentaltered states of consciousness are taken place.For C<g<1 (high number of neurons activatedby one neuron) we have partially subdividedneural network which Y.Bar-Yam associateswith creativity. A comparison of our approachwith R .Ferrero I Cancho and R. Sole modelemergence of language is made [Cancho R F.,Sole R. (2003) Least Effort and the Origins ofScaling in Human Language. PNAS, vol.100,788-791]. We consider “no-communication”and “perfect-communication” phases in thismodel as “subconsciousness” and“superconsciousness” states respectively.Recently, D. Chialvo with coworkersexperimentally shown, that the brainfunctional networks are scale-free. We discussthe possibility of subcriticality andsupercriticality in such functional networkswhere control parameter is a clusteringcoefficient.

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

2nd International Nonlinear Science Conference

March 10-12, 2006

Research & Application in Behavioral, Social & Life Sciences

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Variability of Brain CoordinationDynamics in Normal Physiology andPathologyBelkas, Jason; Guevara, Ramon ;GarciaDominguez, Luis; Nenadovic, Vera; Gray,Martin; Wennberg, Richard; Hutchison,Jamie; & Perez-Velazquez, Jose-LuisBrain and Behavior Program &Toronto Western Hospital, [email protected]; [email protected]

Fluctuations in phase synchrony have beencharacteristically found in recordings fromboth normal physiological brains as well aspathological ones. These fluctuations,characteristically termed as noise, arelogistically difficult to separate from trueneuronal activity largely due to currentrecording and analysis methods. We proposethat phase synchrony fluctuations serve tomaintain brain activity in an optimal state forcognitive processing, thereby not allowing it tofall into long-term periodic behavior. Wecompared fluctuations from controls to thosefound in patients with epilepsy or traumaticbrain injuries (TBI). Phase synchronizationanalysis using the Hilbert Transform wasperformed on magnetoencephalography(MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG)recordings from controls and patients. In theMEG study, 4 epileptic patients and 4 controlswere tested. A total of 14 head-injuredchildren and 2 controls were analyzed usingscalp EEG, after performing a LaplacianDerivation. Results - Phase-locking patternsbetween brain areas were found to displayfluctuations at different scales. Bothepileptiform activity and TBI had relativelylow levels of fluctuations in phase synchrony. This may contribute to the generation ofsynchronized states seen in patients with thesebrain disorders. Conclusions and Implications.Determination of phase-locking patterns andtheir variability in brain recordings revealscharacteristics of the pathologies with whichthey are associated. While there is no cleardistinction between noise and high-dimensional dynamics, we propose that theexamination of neuronal fluctuations atdifferent levels will provide important insightsinto our understanding of the relationshipbetween brain and behavior

A Study of Mental Health Problems Amongthe Aged in Chandigarh (India) Bhatia, SPS Bhatia; Swami, HM; Thakur, JSand Gupta, AK Department of Biostatistics and Department ofCommunity Medicine, Chandigarh, [email protected]@yahoo.co.in

Results: A Cross-sectional study of 361 agedpersons of age 65 years and above wasconducted in Chandigarh city, India to studythe mental health problems and it was foundthat females had higher mean score on anxiety,depression, somatic and cognitive symptomsas compared to males anxiety, depression. Anxiety, depression mean score was higheramong the aged who lived alone and also itwas more in females than males. Widows hadhigher mean score than widowers among theaged who lived with the family on anxiety,depression and somatic symptoms. Depression and somatic mean scores washigher in females as compared to males in allthe microenvironment groups. StatisticalAnalysis: Statistical t-test & Z test were usedfor the analysis of the data.

Technologies for Biomass ConversionBucura, Felicia, Violeta Niculescu, David,Elena, Sisu Claudia & ConstantinescumMariusNational R&D Institute for Cryogenics andIsotope Technologies, Rm Valcea, [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]

Biomass processing is a new technologywithin the area of renewable energies. Currentenergy supplies in the world are dominated byfossil fuels (some 80% of the total use of over400EJ/year). Nevertheless, about 10-15% ofthis demand is covered by biomass resources,making biomass by far the most importantrenewable energy source used to date. Onaverage, in the industrialized countriesbiomass contributes some 9-13% to the totalenergy supplies, but in developing countriesthe proportion is as high as a fifth to one third.In quite a number of countries biomass coverseven over 50-90% of the total energy demand.A large part of this biomass use is howevernon-commercial and used for cooking andspace heating, generally by the poorer part of

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the population. The (technical) potentialcontribution of bio-energy to the future worlds energy supply could be very large. In theory,energy farming on current agricultural landcould, with projected technological progress,contribute over 800 EJ, without jeopardizingthe world s food supply. Organic wastes andresidues could possibly supply another 40-170EJ, with uncertain contributions from forestresidues and potentially a very significant rolefor organic waste, especially when bio-materials are used on a larger scale. In total,the upper limit the of bio-energy potentialcould be over 1000 EJ/year). Classicapplication of biomass combustion is heatproduction for domestic applications. This isstill a major market for biomass for domesticheating in countries like Austria, France,Germany and Sweden. Use of wood in openfireplaces and small furnaces in houses isgenerally poorly documented, but estimatedcontributions to meet heat demand areconsiderable in countries mentioned. A keyissue for bio-energy is that its use should bemodernized to fit into a sustainabledevelopment path. Especially promising arethe production of electricity via advancedconversion concepts (i.e. gasification andstate-of-the-art combustion and co-firing) andmodern biomass derived fuels like methanol,hydrogen and ethanol from ligno-cellulosicbiomass, which can reach competitive costlevels within 1-2 decades.

EEG Responses to Complex Fractal StimuliErimaki, Sophia; Kanatsouli, Kassia; &Karakonstandaki, EleniLab of Clinical Neurophysiology, MedicalSchool, University of Crete, [email protected], MichalisPhysics Dept.,University of Crete, [email protected], VangelisInstitute of Computer Science,Foundation of Research and Technology,Heraklion Crete, [email protected], SifisMedical School,University of [email protected] are complex geometric shapes with ahigh degree of self-similarity. Recent

investigations on humans have shown thatfractals have a profound aesthetic appeal;moreover they affect the physiologicalresponses during stress. In contrast, studies ofthe EEG responses to fractals are uncommon.AIM: The aim of this study is to describe theeffects of fractal patterns on the ongoing EEGactivity. METHODS: Continuous EEGactivities were recorded from 20 healthychildren during three different passive viewingconditions: a series of geometric figures, aseries of figures with imaginary contours(Kanizsa), and a moving fractal pattern(Mantelbrot set). The SynchronizationLikelihood -SL (C.J. Stam), a measure oflinear and non-linear interdependenciesbetween EEG segments was computed.Statistical evaluation was performed usingANOVA. RESULTS: The fractal patternresulted in an increased synchronization of theEEG activities over the parieto-occipital areas.This increase was observed for both gamma-1and gamma-2 bands SL, which are consideredas the physiological basis of perceptualbinding, as well as the broadband SL,indicative of a more complex pattern ofinterdependencies that is not frequency-specific. CONCLUSIONS: Complex fractalvisual stimuli are very useful in the evaluationof the EEG reactivity and the bindingphenomenon, and might provide aneurophysiological basis for the aestheticpreference of fractal images.

Chaotization and Synchronization OfRotifer Dynamics in a HeterogeneousEnvironmentGonik, MariaInstitute for Theoretical & ExperimentalBiophysics, Russian Academy of SciencesPushchino, [email protected], AlexanderInstitute for Theoretical & ExperimentalBiophysics, Russian Academy of SciencesPushchino, [email protected]

The current state of knowledge of planktonpopulation dynamics principles isunsatisfactory on empirical as well astheoretical grounds. The main problems arefirst, the complexity of plankton dynamics,which are impacted by both inherent non-

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linearity underlying changes in planktonabundance and some external factors, andsecond, the lack of experimental andobservational data. That is the reason whymathematical modeling is considered as theinstrument, which can furnish insights into thephenomena leading to complex planktondynamics. It is remarkable that complexplankton dynamics can be simulated with theuse of very simple conceptual mathematicalmodels. Within the framework of such anapproach, Snell and Serra [Snell T.W. & SerraM. 1998] have developed a discrete-timemodel (Consensus model) of rotiferpopulations. Rotifers are planktonic animalsand inhabit freshwater environments, such aslakes and rivers. Consensus model [Snell T.W.& Serra M., 1998] is realistic enough tocapture the relevant biology but is simplifiedto a level where the parameterization of themodel becomes possible. Subsequently,Berezovskaya et al. [Berezovskaya F., 2005]carried out a sophisticated mathematicalanalysis of the Consensus model and identifieda number of dynamical regimes, includingstable equilibrium, periodic oscillations andchaotic oscillations in a the model parameterspace. The freshwater reservoirs can besignificantly heterogeneous. This observationcreates the biological basis for considering thedynamics of aquatic communities in a patchyenvironment. In this connection, aquaticcommunities can be mathematically describedas a set of interconnecting habitats. Recently,we have modified the Consensus model inorder to study the role of biomass exchangebetween two rotifer populations with differentintrinsic dynamical properties in the dynamicsof the populations inhabiting heterogeneousenvironment [Medvinsky A. et al., 2005]. Herewe apply the modified Consensus model to aset of coupled habitats. We show that chaoscan disturb originally regular oscillations ofthe rotifer density as the biomass exchangebetween neighboring habitats increases. As aresult, regular oscillations can become chaoticleading to invasion of chaos. However thechaos invasion is found to be spatiallyconfined. This confinement is due toinvariance of the attractor size. The rotiferbiomass exchange leads to the formation of theregions, i.e. clusters, inside which the rotiferdensities oscillate synchronously, while thereis no synchronization between oscillations inseparate clusters. When the intensity of the

biomass migration is changed, the clusters canchange their size. The detection of chaoticdynamics in natural waters can be hamperedby the fact that chaotic oscillations arespatially confined. This research was partiallysupported by the RFBR grant 04-04-9649

Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamics of theAutonomic Nervous SystemKung-ming JanColumbia [email protected] Zhong and Ki ChonSUNY at Stony [email protected] / [email protected]

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is oneof many physiological systems that exhibitcomplex nonlinear dynamics. The ANSconsists of sympathetic and parasympatheticnervous subdivisions, the modulation of whichmaintains the homeostasis of visceral organs.Under normal conditions, the heart exhibits itsintrinsic rate and the sympathetic andparasympathetic tones increase and decreasethe rate, respectively. Their dual and mutuallyantagonistic actions form complex relations tothe heart rate variability (HRV) in themaintenance of homeostasis. In response tostress, the dual reciprocal complexityamplifies the stress response. Perfecthomeostasis requires such oscillations of theANS, whereas loss of the oscillations is astrong predictor of sudden cardiac death,especially after myocardial infarction. It ishypothesized that neural oscillations facilitatedefence mechanism and adaptation. To testthis theory, ten human volunteers wereinstrumented, both supine and upright, duringpharmacological infusions of sympathetic andparasympathetic blockades. The principaldynamic mode (PDM) methodology was usedto investigate separate dynamic characteristicsof the ANS. Results demonstrated that thePDM can separate the dynamics of the twosystems, which is important because the twonervous subdivisions are known to interact.Changing position from supine to uprightcauses an increase in sympathetic tone and adecrease in parasympathetic tone.Furthermore, with the pharmacologic blockers,the presence of the unblocked systemattenuates the response to perturbations,suggesting complex nonlinear interaction

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behavior. These findings support the thesisthat complex nonlinear dynamics of ANSfacilitate homeostasis in response tophysiologic stress.

Mapping the MindLazzarini, IvelisseSchool of Pharmacy and Health ProfessionsCreighton University Medical CenterOmaha, [email protected]

Traditional approaches to understandingperceptual processes emphasize staticrepresentational structures that minimize timedependencies and ignore the potentiallydynamic nature of such representations. Thisstudy explores the visual perceptual systemfrom a dynamic pattern formation concept inan attempt to describe individuals’ similaritiesand differences in shaping their internalrepresentations. Participants’ visual perceptualsystem is investigated with respect to aspecific object. The study particularly probeswhat is an individual sees when he/she islooking at something. For many investigatorsthe quandary of perception resides in howproperties of the world come to be representedin the mind of the perceiver. In this project,however, there is less concern with thecontents of perception and more interesttowards the dynamics of perceiving. Thisstudy explored individual concept space at aspecific point of time, and contrast it with theconcept space of other individuals.

Nonlinear Oscillating Phenomena inBiosystems: Statistical ApproachMikuta-Martinis, VesnaRudjer Boskovic Institute, Theoretical PhysicsDivision, Zagreb, [email protected], LjubicaClinical Hospital Dubrava, Department ofClinical Immunology and Reumatology,Zagreb, [email protected]

Biosystems have tendency to repeat theiractivities in time. These cycles are veryimportant in many essential biologicalprocesses that occur in a "scheduled” fashion(eating, sleeping, cellular regeneration).Chronobiology is a part of biology thatexamines these time related phenomena in

living organisms. The most important rhythmis the “circadian” rhythm, which refers to the(roughly) 24-hour daily biological cycle.There are many other important cycles likeinfradian rhythms (long-term cycles), ultradianrhythms (short-term cycles), tidal rhythms andthe others. We have studied the influence ofthe other biological oscillators on the circadianrhythm (the " internal body clock "). Somevery important oscillating parameters likeimmunoglobulin ( IgA, IgG and IgM ), theblood pressure and the heart frequency areexamined. Our sample was the group of 22young men in the age between 20 and 23. Weused ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) test.Our investigation confirmed that theoscillating character of these parameters iscorrelated to the circadian rhythm.

Clean Technologies for Energy Productionfrom CoalsNiculescu Violeta, David, Elena, Sisu,Claudia, Constantinescu, Marius andBucura, FeliciaNational R&D Institute for Cryogenics andIsotope Technologies, Rm Valcea, [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]

Carbon dioxide is captured from exhaust gasesby a selective separation using acyclic adsorption process, wherein theabsorption step of the process is conducted bypassing the gas mixture through an absorptionzone containing selective absorbents such ascarbon molecular sieve and zeolites. Physicalabsorption system is operated in pressureswing adsorption (PSA) or temperature swingadsorption (TSA), wherein the gas is absorbedand then the initial conditions are modified todesorb the gas. The technical feasibility of theprocess is dictated by the adsorption step,whereas the desorption step controls itseconomic viability. Strong affinity of anadsorbent for captured CO2 from exhaust gasis essential for an effective adsorption step andfor this it is developed regenerable sorbentsthat have high selectivity, high regenerabilityand high adsorption capacity for CO2,properties critical for the success of thePSA/TSA process. There will be used carbonmolecular sieve made of ICSI, zeolites,laboratory plant that there is at ICSI, gasanalyze devices (gas chromatograph, gas

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spec t rome te r , a tomic adso rp t ionspectrophotometer, etc).

Nonlinear Analysis of Digital Images andDoppler Measurements for TrophoblasticTumorOrel, ValeryMedical Physics and BioengineeringDepartment of Oncology, Institute ofOncology, Kiev, [email protected], TatyanaDepartment Radiation DiagnosticsGalachin, KonstantinDepartment of Clinics PathomorphologyRomanov, AndriyMedical Physics and BioengineeringDepartmentMorozoff, AlexanderMedical Physics and [email protected]

Cancer can be viewed as a complex adaptivesystem. Complex adaptive systems can bedescribed mathematically by nonlinear (chaos)theory including asymmetry, fractal structureand autocorrelation factor. Taking intoconsideration spatial irregularity andheterogeneity of internal structures of tumorcells, we examined deterministic chaos oftrophoblastic tumor for organ, cellular,molecular levels on digital images and theirDoppler measurements of blood flow. Thedigital images were tested by evaluation ofcontours deformation level and quantitativeheterogeneous pattern. The proposedalgorithm for estimation of spatial chaos indigital medical image is based on calculationof the skew and the spread parameters, fractaldimension and autocorrelation function.Ultrasound images demonstrated higher valuesof the skew parameter for the uterus ofchoriocarcinoma patients than hydatidiformmole and healthy individuals. The registeredchanges in nonlinear dynamics of uterineartery blood flow tending to diminishdeterminis t ic chaot ic process inchoriocarcinoma. Nonlinear analysis of cellimages for chorionic villi and tumorsuppressor gene p16 evidenced the tendencyof increase in spatial chaos for patients withchoriocarcinoma. The concept of deterministic

chaos is hierarchical for the host duringtrophoblastic disease.

An Application of Latent Semantic Analysisto a Binary Attractor Neural NetworkProducing Arbitrary States of Latent OrderPavloski, RaymondPsychology, Indiana University ofPennsylvania, [email protected]

Abstract: The theory of Primary MentalModels (PMM; Pavloski, 2005a,b) portraysqualities of experience as expressions of latentglobal order in a mental space of relations thatemerges from certain types of neuralinteractions. This presentation reports analyses(inspired by latent semantic analysis) of aneural network that produces latent orderthrough interactions of arbitrary relationswithin clusters of neurons (Pavloski, 2006).Ten simulations of a 441 neuron, 49 clusternetworks were run for the cases of 8, 16, 32,64, 128, and 256 patterns of neuron activitiessatisfying each of two possible relations withineach cluster (degree of degeneracy). On eachof 3600 iterations, the 441 neurons wererandomly sampled and their state was updatedaccording to Glauber dynamics (i.e., 1,587,600samples). Each simulation was then replicatedfrom the same starting state. Singular valuedecomposition (SVD) of matrices of neuronactivities for the final 3500 iterations was usedto identify the neurons composing the clusterswhose relations interact to produce the statesof latent order. The aim was to determine howaccuracy of identification varies with thedegree of degeneracy. The first matrix of theSVD portrays each neuron as a vector oflength 1 to 441. The task is to find the lengththat maximizes hits (H; the correct detection ofpairs of neurons that are members of the samecluster), and that minimizes false alarms (FA;the incorrect identification of pairs of neuronsthat are not members of the same cluster). Theoptimal length of neuron vectors increased,and Pr (H) Pr (FA) decreased with the degreeof degeneracy. Including data from bothsimulations having the same starting stateincreased Pr (H) Pr (FA). When Pr(FA) = 0,Pr(H) was increased substantially by includingas cluster pairs neurons that were each relatedto a third. It is concluded that SVD provides apromising approach for the accurate detection

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of latent order. Implications for the analysis ofactual neural data are considered.

Effects of Shallow Breathing on the FractalCorrelation Properties of Heart RateDynamics: An Alternative Explanation forthe Buteyko EffectPerakakis, [email protected] of Psychology, University ofGranada, Andalucia, SpainTaylor,[email protected] of Theoretical Physics,Autonomous University of Madrid -Vila Castellar, [email protected] of Psychology, University ofGranada, Andalucia, Spain

There is a growing interest in the nonlineardynamics of heart rate fluctuations and intheories, which view the heart as part of alarge feedback system, characterized bycomplexity and fractal long-term correlations.Breakdown of this fractal, scale freeorganization of cardiac dynamics, eithertowards periodicity, or uncorrelatedrandomness, has been associated with agingand serious heart diseases (Goldberger, Peng,& Lipsitz, 2002). It is also well known thatbreathing patterns affect the heart signaldirectly through respiratory sinus arrhythmia,or indirectly by altering blood CO2concentrations. Little is known, however,about the effects of respiration on complexityand the fractal correlation properties of cardiacinterbeat interval dynamics. Our main aim inthis study has been to investigate and quantifythe effects of a specific breathing trainingknown as the Buteyko method, on the fractalscaling of the heart rate signal. The ButeykoBreathing Method (BBM) is characterized byshallow and slow breathing, aiming atrestoring and preserving normal blood CO2concentrations. At the moment, the BBM iswidely used in clinical practice mainly as atreatment for asthma. Although the clinicalresults are impressive, there is controversyabout the physiological mechanismsresponsible for the observed improvements,mainly due to the lack of basic research on thesubject. Thirty-five undergraduate studentsparticipated in a physiological experiment

where we measured breathing parameters(amplitude, rate and PetCO2) and continuousECG, during two three-minute conditions(normal and shallow breathing) performed incounterbalanced order. To assess the fractallong-term correlations in the cardiac interbeatinterval time series, we used the fractal scalingexponent 'a' obtained by detrended fluctuationanalysis (Peng, Havlin, Stanley, & Goldberger,1995). The significant differences foundbetween breathing amplitude and PetCO2levels during the two experimental conditions(PetCO2 was higher and breathing amplitudelower during the BBM) were used as acriterion to verify the effectiveness of therespiratory intervention. Our results showedthat during shallow breathing the scalingexponent 'a'; was significantly closer to 1 (F(1, 34) =8.440; p<0.01), indicating strongerfractal long term correlations in the heart ratesignal. Our results show a clear effect of theBBM on the fractal properties of heart ratedynamics. To our knowledge, this is the firststudy suggesting that slow and shallowbreathing may be an effective way tovoluntarily improve cardiac dynamics towardsa scale invariant organization, characterized bylong term correlations and greater adaptability.The clinical implications of these results areimportant if we consider that traditionalbreathing training usually involves deep andpaced breathing. Viewed from the perspectiveof complex adaptive systems, this type ofrespiratory intervention may reduce heartadaptability by creating dominant frequenciesand mode-locking. In contrast, shallowbreathing is shown to improve the temporalcorrelation properties of heart rate behavior, aprobable indicator of a more flexible andadaptive system state.

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College of Agriculture and NaturalResources Faculty Members` AttitudeToward Using Information Technologiesfor TeachingPezeshki-Raad, Gholamreza; Mahmoodi,Maryam and Chizari., MohammadTarbiat Modares University, AgriculturalExtension and Education [email protected]@[email protected]

Rapid changes in the computer andinformation technologies have encourageduniversities to re-envision ways ofincorporating technology in educational andresearch functions (UC BerkeleyAccreditation, 2002). Faculty members playfocal role to incorporate equipment andsoftware into the educational and researchprocesses (Gilmore, 1998). In the meantime,faculty members` attitude toward usinginformation technologies for teaching andlearning activities is a determinative factor,because the attitude of faculty to onlineinstruction affects the willingness ofinstructors to teach online (Wilson, 2001). Themain purpose of this study was to determinefaculty members` attitude toward usinginformation technologies for teaching andlearning. The objectives of this study were to:1. Describe personal characteristics of facultymembers; 2. Describe the level of usinginformation technology by faculty members ineducational and research activities; 3.Determine the relationships between facultymembers` personal characteristics and theiratt i tude toward using informationtechnologies; 4. Determine the relationshipsbetween the level of using informationtechnology by faculty members in educationaland research activities and their attitudetoward using information technology. Thisstudy used a descriptive and correlationalsurvey method and the population of the studyincluded all faculty members at Tehran andTarbiat Modarres Universities, College ofAgriculture and Natural Resources (N=267). Asystematic sampling technique was used toselect faculty members in the study (n=158).Faculty attitudes toward informationtechnology were assessed using an on-linequestionnaire. Content and face validity wereestablished by a panel of experts consisting offaculty members at Tarbiat Modarres

University, College of Agriculture. A pilot testwas conducted with 20 faculty members atTarbiat Modarres University, College ofAgriculture. As a result of the pilot test, minorchanges were made in the questionnaire.Questionnaire reliability was estimated bycalculating Cronbach’s alpha. The overallCronbach’s alpha coefficient for theinstrument was 0.82. Results of this studyshow that nearly 92% of the respondentsreported owning a personal computer at homeand 98% of them cited that they have acomputer in their offices. The results of thestudy illustrated that faculty members useinformation technologies in research activitiesmore than educational activities. Most (89.9%)lacked experience in teaching learners E-learning. They did not perceive the climate tobe supportive of the use of these technologiesfor education. Almost eighty percent (79.5%)of the faculty members indicated that they hadnever taught an online class to learners.According to results, the respondents had apositive attitude toward online education andE-learning as a general concept, but they statedthat the most effective mode of instruction iscombined education (face-to-face classroominstruction and online education). Resultsindicated that there was a significantrelationship between respondents’ age,computer access, their knowledge and skillslevel, and their attitude toward usinginformation technology. In general, theyagreed that these technologies could make avaluable contribution to the learning process.The results of this research could help Iranianuniversities and educational institutions betterunderstand their faculty members’ toward elearning and the use of information technologyin education. Yet faculty members’ attitudesmust be addressed to integrate more fully thesetechnologies into the teaching and learningprocess.

Language Development as a DynamicProcess: Language Attrition in GermanMigrants in the NetherlandsPrescher, PetraApplied Linguistics, University of Groningen,Netherlands [email protected] Bot, Kees, University of [email protected]

Language can be seen as a dynamic system ondifferent levels: as an inter-individual system

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in itself that changes due to social changes andlanguage contact, and as an intra-individualpart of the cognitive system. Thedevelopments of a language, its emergence,change and decline over time are againdynamic developmental processes as is thedevelopment of language in individuals, frombirth to old age. Language as an intra-individual system is part of the largercognitive system and it is fully interconnectedto other parts of that system. It also consists ofsubsystems itself, such as the lexicon, thegrammar and the phonological system. In thisposter a special case of language developmentwill be presented: language attrition, thedecline of language skills in individuals overtime. Data from a study of attrition in Germanmigrants in the Netherlands will be presentedshowing the close relation between languageand identity and language decline as a result ofinteracting factors over the life-span.Language attrition is not a linear process ofchange with a simple relation between non-useand decline, but a very complex and non-linearprocesses in which many variables interactwith that interaction changing over time aswell. In this poster we will show how languagedecline is viewed by those suffering from it,using first-person accounts relating to theprocess

Studies on Dyslexia dynamics: EmpiricalCharacterization with Respond Time SeriesAnalysis.Ragkousis, Anastasios, University of [email protected], Dimitrios, Education ResearchCenter, [email protected]

The present research is an empiricalexploratory study of Dyslexia dynamics.Dyslexia refers to a deficiency in theprocessing of distinct linguistic units. Currentlinguistic models of reading and dyslexiaprovide an explanation of why some veryintelligent people have trouble learning toread. These models emphasize defects in thelanguage processing rather than the visualsystem (Shaywitz, 1996). The present researchhypotheses are associated with the dynamicnature of the phenomenon and aims to revealits dynamic fingerprints. Seven subjects wereinvolved in a stimulus-respond process. Fourwere dyslectic and three were non-dyslectic.

The stimulus, a triplet of letters, was left for 30ms, and then the subjects had to recognize thestimulus between two triplets containing thesame letter but with different order. This test isactually part of a routine diagnoses test fordyslexia. The Response Times series, RT, (N= 1000), were measured, and they wereanalyzed as dynamic time series. Suchbiosignals in normal subjects have been foundto possess characteristics of pink noise,indicative of a self-organizing process. In thisstudy, the RT series were analyzed andcharacterized by recurrence methods ofanalysis. It was found that an effectiveapproach was the calculation of the ration ofconsecutive to total recurrence. This refers tothe concept of “Arrangement” (Sabelli, 2003),and it is a measure of nonrandom complexity.Plots of the ration of consecutive to totalrecurrence as a function of embeddingdimension were use and they were comparedwith the corresponding plots of surrogate data.The obtained plots provided a picture, whichdifferentiated dyslectic from non-dyslecticsubjects. This empirical investigation is of atwofold paramount importance. First itsupports the theoretical models, whichemphasize defects in the language processingrather than the visual system. Second providethe basis for further work towards thedevelopment of a diagnostic test, easilyperformed as a computer game, and easilyevaluated. In addition, further distinctionbetween dyslexia and dyslexia-likedeficiencies could be made.

Sexual Presence and Genital Arousal asModulated by Fractal Ocular DynamicsRenaud, Patrice; Proulx, Jean; Rouleau,Joanne; Bradford, John; Fedoroff, Paul; Al-Bert, Guillaume; Cournoyer, Louis-Georges;& Bouchard, StephaneUQO/IPPM/Hexagram, MontrealUniversity/IPPM, Montreal University, ROH,ROH, UQO, Montreal University, UQO,Gatineau, Quebec, Canada [email protected]

Background: Presence is a psychological stateor subjective perception in which even thoughpart or all of an individual's current experienceis generated by and/or filtered through human-made technology, part or all of the individual'sperception fails to accurately acknowledge the

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role of the technology in the experience (ISPR:http://www.temple.edu/ispr/). Sexual presenceis a special type of presence generated bysynthetic 3D sexual stimuli (Renaud, 2004;Renaud et al., 2005). As a kind of perception,sexual presence could possibly be inferredfrom ocular activity as well as from sexualarousal. Aims and Framework: Our main goalis to better understand the interplay betweenthe feeling of sexual presence generated by 3Danimated characters, the recording of eyemovements and sexual arousal. Methods andSamples: A small sample (N=17) of malesubjects were presented with a 3D animatedcharacter depicting a naked adult woman whiletheir eye movements were tracked from aninfrared eye-tracking device and their sexualresponse was recorded from a penileplethysmograph. Presence was measured froma homemade questionnaire. Detrendedfluctuation analyses (DFA) were performed ontime-series put together from the duration ofeach ocular fixation. Results: First, from DFAanalyses and surrogate data tests, it appearsthat eye movements dynamics is fractal anddistinct from noise (Renaud et al., 2003).Second, from regression analyses, it seemsthat feeling of presence as well as sexualarousal are modulated by fractal oculardynamics. Conclusion and implication Fractalocular dynamics, as a distinct level ofperceptual activity, seems to be in resonancewith how subjectively convincing and howsexually arousing a sexual illusion is.

The Feeling of Presence as Modulated byNonlinear Perceptual ProcessesRenaud, Patrice; Sylvain, Guillaume;Chartier, Albert; Decarie,Jean; Cournoyer,Louis-Georges; Bouchard, Stephanie; Sauve,Louise; & Renaud, LiseUQO/IPPM/Hexagram, Department ofpsychology, UQAM, University of [email protected]

Background: Presence is a psychological stateor subjective perception in which even thoughpart or all of an individual's current experienceis generated by and/or filtered through human-made technology, part or all of the individual'sperception fails to accurately acknowledge therole of the technology in the experience (ISPR:http://www.temple.edu/ispr/). As a kind ofperception, presence could possibly bemeasured from ocular activity recorded in

virtual reality. Aims and Framework: Ourmain goal is to better understand the feeling ofpresence from the recording of eye movementsin virtual reality. Methods and Samples: Asmall sample (N=11) of subjects wereimmersed in virtual reality environments toexecute visual search tasks while their eyemovements were tracked from a head mounteddisplay combined with an infrared eye-tracking device. Presence was measured withthe Presence questionnaire (Witmer andSinger, 1998). Gaze behavior, as it relates tothe geometry of the searched virtual objects,was recorded (Duchowski et al., 2003; Renaudet al., 2002, 2003) and correlation dimensionanalysis was done on the time-series resultingfrom this recording. Results: First, fromcorrelation dimension analyses and surrogatedata tests, it appears that gaze behaviordynamics is nonlinear, fractal and distinctfrom noise. Second, the feeling of presenceseems to be modulated by the nonlinearperceptual processes. Conclusion andimplication: The plasticity as well as theperceptual rooting of the feeling of presencecould be explained, at least in part, by thenonlinearity of oculomotor behavior displayedin virtual immersion.

Different Neurons Population Distributioncorrelates with Topologic-TemporalDynamic Acoustic Information FlowRiofrio, Walter and Aguilar, Luis AngelNeuroscience and Behavior Division,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, [email protected]@usal.es

It is reported a great variety of functionalac t ions of GABA in audi torysystem. Although many studies reports thepresence and distribution of GABA receptors;nevertheless, the studies about the inhibitoryGABA-dependent neurons distribution in theInferior Culliculus are scarce. We areinterested in studies on the role played byGABAergic neurons in the acousticinformation transmission in the CentralNucleus of Inferior Culliculus. The existenceand distribution of GABAergic neurons inCNIC, could give us understandings on howthe inhibitory actions of neurotransmitters areparticipating in ways which the informationflow is spatial-temporal associated with thefiring synchrony in each isofrequency region.

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And with these results, we could achieve someinsights over the emergence of certain mindproperties from neurons dynamics interactions.

Modeling Stress Induced Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System ActivitySmiljana, JelicDepartment of Theoretical Physics andPhysics of Condensed Matter, Institute ofNuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia [email protected] CupicInstitute of Chemistry, Technology andMethalurgy, Department of Catalysis andChemical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia [email protected] Kolar-AnicFaculty of Physical Chemistry, University ofBelgrade, Serbia and [email protected]

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) andthe rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS)system are both activated in stress reaction, inwhich the hippocampus plays very importantrole. Final products of these two systems,cortisol and aldosterone, share the samereceptors, as well as the same precursors, so inour previously published model of the HPAsystem activity we have considered these twohormones as each others competitiveantagonists, regarding the hippocampal MR.Aldosterone occupied MR exert disinhibitinginfluences on the HPA system activity(increasing GR mediated cortisol positive, anddecreasing MR mediated cortisol negativehippocampal feedback actions), thusincreasing the HPA system activity, and finetuning the individual threshold for the HPAsystem activation. In this paper, we havefurther developed our previously publishedmathematical model, and considered theactivity of this system during stress. Numericalanalysis based on proposed model showsincreased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system caused by increasedCRH secretion, in agreement with known factsfrom medical literature.

Reversal of Ecology & Improvement ofGround Water Quality by HRTSSubramanian. P. and Swaminathan. K.Department of Chemical & EnvironmentalEngineering, Sathyabama Deemed University,Chennai, Tamil Nadu, [email protected]

We are presenting results of more than 2 yearresearch and a data of our Implementedproject. Out particular Inspire is the area inthe utilization of industrial waste & improvingground water quality as well as the disposal ofwaste with out any treatment cost. The keyarea is utilizing the tannery waste to the well-planned and designed particular species ofplants and therefore by utilizing the waste asfeed to the plants. As well as the waste will beutilized for ground water Qualityimprovement. By this research activity anyindustries can also put up their waste in theseareas and there by Green Environmentis maintained and sustainability will besupported strongly. Biological output of theplants were collected and analyzed and thedata will be projected. To confirm the groundwater quality, Piezometer was installed andthe Ground water quality sample will besubmitted with respect to design in the fullpaper. Keywords: High Rate TranspirationSystem (HRTS)

Clean Technologies for Energy Productionfrom CoalsVioleta, Niculescu; David, Elena; Sisu,Claudia; Constantinescu, Marius; & Bucura,FeliciaNational R&D Institute for Cryogenics andIsotope Technologies, Rm Valcea, [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]

Carbon dioxide is captured from exhaustgases by a selective separation using acyclic adsorption process, wherein theadsorption step of the process is conductedby passing the gas mixture through anadsorption zone containing selectiveadsorbents such as carbon molecular sieveand zeolites. Physical adsorption system isoperated in pressure swing adsorption(PSA) or temperature swing adsorption

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(TSA), wherein the gas is adsorbed andthen the initial conditions are modified todesorb the gas. The technical feasibility ofthe process is dictated by the adsorptionstep, whereas the desorption step controlsits economic viability. Strong affinity of anadsorbent for captured CO2 from exhaustgas is essential for an effective adsorptionstep and for this it is developedregenerable sorbents that have highselectivity, high regenerability and highadsorption capacity for CO2, propertiescritical for the success of the PSA/TSAprocess. There will be used carbonmolecular sieve made of ICSI, zeolites,laboratory plant that there is at ICSI, gasanalyze devices (gas chromatograph, gasspectrometer, atomic adsorptionspectrophotometer, etc).  Key words:clean, technology, energy, coals.

How Chaosity and Randomness ControlHuman HealthYulmetyeva, Dinara, Yulmetyev, RenatDepartment of Theoretical Physics,Kazan State Pedagogical University,Kazan, Russia [email protected]

We discuss the fundamental role that chaosityand randomness play in the determination ofquality and efficiency of medical treatment.The statistical parameter of non-Markovityand informational measure of memory ofdynamical processes from non-equilibriumstatistical physics of condensed matters isoffered as a quantitative information measureof chaosity and randomness. The role ofchaosity and randomness is determined by thephenomenological property, which includesquantitative informational measure of chaosityand randomness and pathology (disease) in acovariant form. For the quantitative estimationof memory effects we use the results ofstatistical theory of random discrete non-Markov processes in complex systems.Manifestations of the statistical informationalbehavior of chaosity and randomness areexamined while analyzing the chaoticdynamics of RR intervals from human ECG s,the electric signals of a human muscle s tremorof legs in a normal state and at Parkinsondisease, the electric potentials of the human

brain core from EEG s during epileptic seizureand a human hand finger tremor in Parkinson sdisease. The existence of the above statedinformational measure allows to introduce thequantitative factor of the quality of treatment.The above-stated examples confirm theexistence of new phenomenological property,which is important not only for the decision ofmedical problems, but also for the analysis ofthe wide range of problems of physics ofcomplex systems of life and lifeless nature

Using of Complex Systems Theory forOptimum (ideal) Blood PressureDeterminationZhirkov, Anatoly and Kostenko, VictorThe Dzhanelidze State Research Institute forEmergency Medical Care, [email protected], AlexanderMilitary Medical Academy, Saint-PetersburgRussia

Blood pressure (BP) evaluation is nowadayspossible at clinic due to auscultatory methodof BP evaluation discovered by N. V.Korotkov. At the end of the 20th century ¨C atthe beginning of the 21st century arterialhypertension is widely spread worldwide Aclose relationship between arterialhypertension and the lethality and invalidityrates due to cardiovascular diseases isrevealed. Attempts of medical control over BPare accompanied both by decreasing andincreasing risk of these complications. Up tonow BP norms are determined statistically;this situation does not satisfy a lot of cliniciansand investigators. During 5 years we havebeen searching for regularities, which can bethe basis for the notion of the optimum (ideal)BP, using the complex systems theory. In thiswork the BP evaluation results of 1500persons and literature data are reviewed.Auscultatory and oscillographic methods ofBP registration are compared. Initialmultivariate statistical analysis did not revealunique dependence of systolic and diastolicBP values from the height, weight,cardiovascular diseases presence. Correlationswere both direct and inverse. Even morecomplex correlations were revealed betweenBP, central hemodynamics and hemorheologyparameters and functions and structure of

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individual bloodstream sections. Basing on theassumption that BP is an integral indicator ofblood circulation we used Mandelbrotequation and resonance theory elements. Wesupposed that the optimum BP is a resonanceof the diastolic and systolic BP (fs * Ts = fd *Td) and the pressure value can be determined,using the equation P = 1/T _* p* dt. Thesolution of the equation made it possible tosuppose and to confirm at the clinic that therelationship between the systolic and diastolicBP is close to (2 ¨C Ph) / (Ph- 1), where Ph ¨Cis a Phidias number. Obtained data are inagreement with Murray opinion about theminimum work of blood moving through thevessels. The results allow us to move from thestatistical to the physiologic principle ofoptimum BP determination in human beings.The results demonstrate that BP is adequatelydescribe in notions of complex systems theoryas applied to blood circulation.

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NOTES

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NOTES

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Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences

Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences publishes original papers that augment the fundamental ways we understand, describe, model and predict nonlinear phenomena in psychology, the life and social sciences. Nonlinear concepts include attractors, bifurcations, chaos, fractals, solitons, catastrophes, self-organization, cellular automata, genetic algorithms and related evolutionary processes, and neural networks. The broad mixture of the disciplines represented here indicates that many bodies of knowledge share common principles.

NDPLS is a refereed journal and published quarterly. It is currently abstracted in PsychINFO, Medline, JEL/Econlit and other important data bases. For author information, abstracts and contents, and institutional subscriptions please visit: www.societyforchaostheory.org/ndpls/ .For individual subscriptions please visit: www.societyforchaostheory.org/membership.htmlTopics Published in 2005 (Vol. 9):Missing third dynamics in Western philosophyDynamical models of happinessMapping knowledge in Bateson’s epistemiologyTalent identification and development in sportPerception of fractals in Jackson Pollack’s artCollectivities as simplex systemsAggressive behavior of elementary school boysVerbalizaion, replacement, group coordination Convexity and general equilibrium in economicsCo-evolution of behavior, culture, and technologyDynamics of tactile perceptionEmergent leadershipCapital accumulation and educationSpecial issue: NONLINEAR METHODS Part 1: Broad Issues

Topics Scheduled for 2006 (Vol. 10):Chaotic dynamics in simple neuronal systemsEMG signals under two static work posturesScience education problem solvingFractal analysis of Mesoamerican pyramidsChaos, complexity and classic Hollywood cinemaStructure of Japanese dry rock gardensSpecial issue: NONLINEAR METHODS Part 2: Domain-specific IssuesECG dynamics in flying phobiaAttractor lattices in mental modelsOperant learning as a self-organized processPhysiological linkage during conversationsBifurcations and action patterns in martial artsCatastrophe model for adolescent substance useSocieties that self-destruct

Published by the Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology & Life Sciences